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=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n such that its coefficients satisfy
0 ...
0 1 1
> > > > >
a a a a
n n
.
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in the closed unit disk 1 s z .
In the literature [1-9, 12] there exist several generalisations and extensions of this result .
Recently Y. Choo [3] proved the following results:
Theorem B: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o o o o o o o
> > > > s s s s
+ n n
k
0 1 1 1 1 2
... ... | | | | | | |
> > > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
2 1
R z R s s where
1
0
1
M
a
R = and
n
a
M
R
2
2
=
with
) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 1
| o | o + + + + =
n n n
k k a M ) ( ) (
0 0 1
| o | o + +
n n
k
and
) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2
| o | o + + + =
n n
k k M
0 0 0 2 1
) ( ) ( a k k
n n
+ + + | o | o .
M. H. Gulzar [8] made an improvement on the above result by proving the following result:
Theorem C: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
2 1
,t t ,
0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o
> > > s s s s
+ n n
k
0 2 1 1 1 2
... ... | t | | | | |
> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
4 3
R z R s s where
3
0
3
M
a
R = and
n
a
M
R
4
4
=
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 55
with
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 3 n n n n n
k k k k a M | o | o | o
+ + + + + =
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 4 n n n n
k k k k M | o | o | o
+ + + + =
0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
The aim of this paper is to find a ring-shaped region between two concentric circles with centre not necessarily
on the origin. More precisely, we prove the following results:
Theorem 1: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
2 1
,t t ,
0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o
> > > s s s s
+ n n
k
0 2 1 1 1 2
... ... | t | | | | |
> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
6 1 5
R z R s s where
n
n
a
k o
) 1 (
1
1
= ,
n
n
a
k
M
a
R
o ) 1 (
1
5
0
5
= and
n
a
M
R
6
6
=
with
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 5 n n n n n
k k k k a M | o | o | o
+ + + + + =
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and
n n n
k k k M | | o | o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2
2 2 1 6
+ + + =
0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
Theorem 2: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
1
k ,
2
k ,
2 1
,t t ,
0 1 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o
> > > s s s s
+ n n
k
0 2 1 1 1 2
... ... | t | | | | |
> > > s s s s
+ n n
k .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
8 2 7
R z R s s where
n
n
a
k i |
) 1 (
2
2
= ,
n
n
a
k
M
a
R
| ) 1 (
2
7
0
7
= and
n
a
M
R
8
8
=
with
) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1 7 n n n n n
k k k k a M | o | o | o
+ + + + + =
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and
n n n
k k k M o | o | o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2
1 2 1 8
+ + + =
0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
Remark 1: The bounds for the zeros of P(z) in both Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 are easily seen to be sharper
than those of Theorems B and C. For different values of the parameters
2 1 2 1
, , , t t k k , we get many other
interesting results. For example for
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 56
1
1
= k , 1
2
= t , in Theorem 2 ,we get a result due to B. L. Raina et al [11].
For 1 , 1
2 1
= = t t , Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem B.
For 1
1
= k , 1
2
= k ,, in Theorem 1, we get the following result:
Corollary 1: Let
=
=
n
j
j
j
z a z P
0
) ( be a polynomial of degree n with
n j a a
j j j j
,...., 2 , 1 , 0 , ) Im( , ) Re( = = = | o , such that for some and , and for some
2 1
,t t ,
0 1 1 1 1
... ... o t o o o o o
> > > s s s s
+ n n
0 2 1 1 1
... ... | t | | | | |
> > > s s s s
+ n n
.
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
10 9
R z R s s where
9
0
9
M
a
R = and
n
a
M
R
10
10
=
with
) ( ) ( 2
9 n n n
a M | o | o
+ + + =
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
and
) ( ) ( 2
10 n n
M | o | o
+ + =
0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( a + + + | t | t o t o t .
II. Proofs of Theorems
Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =
...... ) ( ) (
) ...... )( 1 (
1
2 1 1
1
0 1
1
1
+ + + =
+ + + + =
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z a a z a a z a
a z a z a z a z
0 0 1
2
1 2
) ( ) ( a z a a z a a + + +
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
2 1 1 1 1
1
+ + + =
+ n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
z z k z k z a o o o o o
} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) {( ) 1 ( ) (
0 2 0 2 1
1
2 1
2 1 2 0 0 1 0 1 1
z z z
z k z k i a z z
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
| t | t | | |
| | | o t o t o
+ + + +
+ + + +
...... ) {( } ) 1 ( [{
2 1
1 1 1
+
+ + =
z
k k z a z
n n
n n n n
n
o o
o o o
}]
) 1 (
......
) 1 (
) {( }
) 1 (
0 2
1
0 2 1 2 1
2
1 2
0
1
0 1
1
0 1 1
n n
n n
n
n n
n n n
z z z
z
k
k i
z
a
z z
| t | t | | |
|
| |
o t o t o
+ +
For 1 > z , we have n j
z
j n
,......, 1 , 0 , 1
1
= <
and, therefore ,
.... { ) 1 ( [ ) (
2 1
1 1 1
+
+ + >
z
k k z a z z F
n n
n n n n
n
o o
o o o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 57
}]
) 1 (
......
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 2
1
0 2 1 2 1
2
1 2
0
1
0 1
1
0 1 1
n n
n n
n
n n
n n n
z z
z
z
k
k
z
a
z z
| t | t | | |
|
| |
o t o t o
+ +
+ + +
0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
...... { ) 1 ( [ o t o o o o o o + + + + >
n n n n n n
n
k k z a z
2 1 2 1 2 0 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ + + + +
n n n n n
k k a | | | | | o t
}] ) 1 (
0 2 0 2 1
| t | t | + +
) ( ...... ) ( ) {( ) 1 ( [
1 1 2 1 1 1 +
+ + + + =
o o o o o o o
n n n n n n
n
k k z a z
}] ) 1 ( ) (
...... ) ( ) ( ...... ) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
0 2 0 2 1
1 1 1 2 2
2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
| t | t |
| | | | | | |
| | o t o t o o o
+ +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+
n n n
n n
k
k a
n n n n n
n
k k k k z a z | | o | o o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 { ) 1 ( [
2 2 1 1
+ + + + =
}] ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
a + + + | t o t | t o t
0 >
if
n n n n n
k k k k z a | | o | o o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 { ) 1 (
2 2 1 1
+ + + > +
} ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
a + + + | t o t | t o t
or
n n n
n n
n
k k k
a a
k
z | | o | o
o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 [{
1 ) 1 (
2 2 1
1
+ + + >
+
This shows that those zeros of F(z) and hence P(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in
n n n
n n
n
k k k
a a
k
z | | o | o
o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 [{
1 ) 1 (
2 2 1
1
+ + + s
+
}] ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
| t o t | t o t + + .
Since the zeros of P(z) of modulus less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality, it follows that all
the zeros of P(z) lie in
6 1
R z s .
To prove the other half of the theorem, we have
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 1 1 1
1
+ + + =
+ n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
z z k z k z a z F o o o o o
0 0 2 0 2 1
1
2 1
2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1
} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) {( ) 1 ( ) (
a z z z
z k z k i z z
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
+ + + + +
+ + +
| t | t | | |
| | | o t o t o
0
) ( a z Q + = ,
where
...... ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
1
2 1 1 1 1
1
+ + + =
+ n
n n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
z z k z k z a z Q o o o o o
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 58
} ) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) (
) 1 ( ) {( ) 1 ( ) (
0 2 0 2 1
1
2 1
2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1
z z z
z k z k i z z
n
n n
n
n
n
n n
| t | t | | |
| | | o t o t o
+ + + +
+ + +
For 1 s z ,
) - ( ) - ( ...... ) ( ) k - ( ) 1 ( ) (
1 1 1 2 n 1 1 - n 1 +
+ + + + + + s
o o o o o o o o o
n n n n
k z a z Q
0 2 0 2 1 1 1
1 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1
) 1 ( ) ( ...... ) - ( ) - ( ......
) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ......
| t | t | | | | |
| | | | | o t o t o
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+
n n n n n
k k
n n n n n
k k k k z a | | o | o o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) 1 (
2 2 1 1
+ + + + + s
0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t o t | t o t + + .
R k z a
n n
+ + = o ) 1 (
1
5 1
) 1 ( M R k a
n n
= + + s o ,
where
n n n
k k k R | | o | o
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2
2 2 1
+ + + =
0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( | t | t o t o t + +
Since Q(z) is analytic and Q(0)=0, it follows by Rouches theorem that
z M z Q
5
) ( s for 1 s z .
Therefore , for 1 s z ,
) ( ) (
0
z Q a z F + =
) (
0
z Q a >
z M a
5 0
>
0 >
if
5
0
M
a
z < .
This shows that F(z) does not vanish in
5
0
M
a
z < .It is easy to see that
0 5
a M s . In other words, it follows
that F(z) and hence P(z) has all its zeros in z
M
a
s
5
0
.
Since
1 1 1 1
+ s + = z z z ,
we have
1 1
5
0
+ s s z z
M
a
.
Therefore
1 1
5
0
s z
M
a
i.e.
On the Zeros of Complex Polynomials
www.ijeijournal.com Page | 59
1
1
5
0
) 1 (
o
s
z
a
k
M
a
n
n
.
Hence, it follows that P(z) has all its zeros in
1
1
5
0
) 1 (
o
s
z
a
k
M
a
n
n
.
That completes the proof of Theorem 1.
Proof of Theorem 2: Similar to that of Theorem 2.
References
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[2] A. Aziz and Q. G. Mohammad, On the Zeros of a certain class of Polynomials and related analytic functions,J. Math.
Anal.Applications 75(1980), 495-502.
[3] Y.Choo, Some Results on the Zeros of Polynomials and Related Analytic Functions , Int. Journal of Math. Analysis, 5(2011) , No.
35,1741-1760.
[4] K.K.Dewan, N.K.Govil, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, J.Approx. Theory, 42(1984) , 239-244.
[5] R.B.Gardner, N.K. Govil, Some Generalisations of the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem , Acta Math. Hungar Vol.74(1997), 125-134.
[6] N.K.Govil and G.N.Mc-tume, Some extensions of the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem , Int.J.Appl.Math. Vol.11,No.3,2002, 246-253.
[7] N.K.Govil and Q.I.Rehman, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J.,20(1968) , 126-136.
[8] M. H. Gulzar, On the Zeros of Polynomials with Restricted Coefficients Int. Journal of Mathematics and Computing Systems,
Vol.3, Issue 2, July-December, 2012, 1-8.
[9] A. Joyal, G. Labelle, Q.I. Rahman, On the location of zeros of polynomials, Canadian Math. Bull.,10(1967) , 55-63.
[10] M. Marden , Geometry of Polynomials, IInd Ed.Math. Surveys, No. 3, Amer. Math. Soc. Providence,R.I,1996.
[11] B. L. Raina, S. K. Sahu and Neha, The Zeros of Complex Polynomials with sharper annular bounds, Int. Journal of Mathematical
Archive- 4(3), 2013, 108-113.
[12] W. M. Shah and A. Liman, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem and related analytic functions, Proc. Indian Acad.Sci.(Math.Sci) ,
2007, 359-370.