DIFFERENTIAL EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS

1. It is an alternative procedure for obtaining internal forces and moments for the slender members 2. Instead of cutting a beam in two and applying the equilibrium conditions to one of the segments, very small differential element of the beam will be considered 3. The conditions of equilibrium combined with a limiting conditions will lead us to differential equations connecting the load, the shear force, and the bending moment
Mechanics of Solids 47

4. Integration of these relationships for particular cases furnishes us with an alternative method for evaluating shear forces and bending moments.

Mechanics of Solids

48

Mechanics of Solids

49

If the variation of q(x) is smooth and if x is very small then R is very nearly given by q x and the line of action of R will very nearly pass through the midpoint o of the element. The conditions of equilibrium applied to Fig. 14c are then

Mechanics of Solids

50

Integrating above equations with appropriate conditions will give values of shear forces and bending moments
Mechanics of Solids 51

Example 3.5 In Fig.15a a beam carrying a uniformly distributed load of intensity q = - wo is supported by a pinned joint at A and a roller support at B. We shall obtain shear-force and bending-moment diagrams by integration of the differential relationships (3.11) and (3.12).

Mechanics of Solids

52

RA = RB = wo L / 2

Mechanics of Solids

53

We have two boundary conditions available to find C1 and C2. External moments are absent at either end of the beam, hence

Mb= 0 Mb= 0
C2 yield
Mechanics of Solids

at x = 0 at x = L

Inserting these boundary conditions values of C1 and

54

The shear force and bending moment are then given by

The bending moment is maximum when the shear force is zero.

Mechanics of Solids

55

Mechanics of Solids

56

Example 3.6 Consider the beam shown in Fig. 3.16a with simple transverse supports at A and B and loaded with a uniformly distributed load q = - w0 over a portion of the length. It is desired to obtain the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams.

Mechanics of Solids

57

Part AC Shear Force

dV1 wO = 0 dx

Bending Moment
dM b1 dM b1 +V = 0 + wO x + C1 = 0 dx dx 1 M b1 + wO x 2 + C1 x = C2 2

V1 wO x = C1

Part CB Shear Force

dV2 =0 dx

Bending Moment
dM b 2 +V = 0 dx dM b 2 + C3 = 0 dx

V2 = C3
Mechanics of Solids

M b 2 + C3 x = C4
58

For 4 Constants i.e. C1, C2, C3 and C4 we need to have 4 boundary conditions At x = 0; At x = a; MA = 0 V1 = V2 = VC Mb1 = Mb2 = MC By applying these BC we get values of C1, C2, C3 and C4 as follows
1 a C1 = wO a( 2) 2 L

At x = L; and

MB = 0

C2 = 0
Mechanics of Solids

1 wO a 2 C3 = 2 L 1 C4 = wO a 2 2

59

Part AC Shear Force

1 a V1 = wO x + wO a( 2) L 2 1 a 1 ( L + b) VA = wO a( 2) = wO a 2 L 2 L wO a 2 VC = 2L

1 1 a 2 M b1 + wO x + wO a ( 2) x = 0 L 2 2

Bending Moment

MA = 0

MC =

1 b wO a 2 ( ) 2 L

Part CB Shear Force

1 wO a 2 V2 = 2 L = VC = VB

Bending Moment
1 1 2 M b2 + wO a x = wO a 2 2L 2 1 b M C = wO a 2 ( ) 2 L MB = 0
60

Shear force will be constant in betn C to B

Mechanics of Solids

1 a V1 = wO x + wO a ( 2) = 0 2 L

x=

a ( L + b) 2L

M b max

wO a 2 ( L + b) 2 = 8L2

Mechanics of Solids

61

SINGULARITY FUNCTION METHOD

f n ( x) =< x a >

If x < a, the f n (x) = 0

If x > a, the f n (x) = < x a >

< xa > < x a > dx = n +1
x n
Mechanics of Solids

n +1

n0
62

is called unit concentrated moment

function < x a > 2

function < x a > 1

is called unit concentrated load
Mechanics of Solids 63

function < x a > 0 is called unit step function

function < x a >

Mechanics of Solids

is called unit ramp function

64

Load intensity represented by sing. function

Mechanics of Solids

65

Solve the following example using singularity function

C

a2 M A = 0 = RB L wO 2 a2 RB = wO 2L

a M = 0 = R L + w a ( + b) B A O 2 L2 b 2 RA = wO 2L
Mechanics of Solids 66

q ( x ) = q ( x )1 + q ( x ) 2 + q ( x ) 3 + q ( x ) 4

q ( x)1 = R A < x > 1

q ( x) 2 = w0 < x >
0

q ( x) 3 = w0 < x a >
Mechanics of Solids

q ( x) 4 = R B < x L > 1
67

Mechanics of Solids

68

L2 b 2 VA = RA = wO 2L a2 VC = wO 2L a2 VB = wO 2L

MA = 0 a 2b M C = wO 2L MB = 0
Mechanics of Solids 69

1 a V1 = wO x + wO a ( 2) = 0 2 L

x=

a ( L + b) 2L

M b max

wO a 2 ( L + b) 2 = 8L2

Mechanics of Solids

70

12kN 20kN A RA 20kN C D B RB

Distance betn 20kN forces is 0.6m

R A + R B = 12kN R A = 2kN
RB = 10kN
Mechanics of Solids

l (AC)= l (CD)= l (DB)= 2m

RB 6 12 4 20 0.6 = 0

71

q ( x ) = q ( x )1 + q ( x ) 2 + q ( x ) 3 + q ( x ) 4

q ( x)1 = R A < x 0 > 1 = 2 < x 0 > 1

q ( x) 2 = M 0 < x 2 > 2 = 12 < x 2 > 2

q ( x) 3 = 12 < x 4 > 1
q ( x) 4 = RB < x 6 > 1 = 10 < x 6 > 1
x

V = q( x)dx
Mechanics of Solids

72

V = - [ 2 < x 0 > + 12 < x 2 > 1 0 0 12 < x 4 > + 10 < x 6 > ]

0

V for AC

VAC = - [ 2 < x 0 > ] = 2 1 = 2kN

0

V for CD

VCD = - [ 2 < x 0 > ] = 2 1 = 2kN

0
Mechanics of Solids 73

V for DB

VDB = - [ 2 < x 0 > + 12 < x 4 > ]

0
0

= 2 1 + 12 1 = 10kN
x

M = Vdx

V = - [ 2 < x 0 > 0 + 12 < x 2 > 1 0 0 12 < x 4 > + 10 < x 6 > ]

Mechanics of Solids 74

M = [2 < x 0 > + 12 < x 2 > 1

0

12 < x 4 > + 10 < x 6 > ]

0

M = [2 < x 0 > + 12 < x 2 > 0

1

12 < x 4 > + 10 < x 6 > ]

1

M for AC

M AC = 2 < x 0 > = 2 x
1

MA =0
Mechanics of Solids

M C = 4kNm
75

M for CD

M CD = 2 < x 0 > + 12 < x 2 >

1

M CD = 2 x + 12 M C = 2 2 + 12 = 16kNm

M D = 2 4 + 12 = 20kNm

Mechanics of Solids

76

M for DB

M DB = 2 < x 0 > + 12 < x 2 >

1

12 < x 4 >

M DB = 2 x + 12 12( x 4) M D = 2 4 + 12 = 20kNm M B = 2 6 + 12 12 2 = 0
Mechanics of Solids 77

12kN 20kN A RA 20kN C D B RB

Mechanics of Solids

78

Exercise Problems
Find the values of shear force and bending moment for the give beams. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams. Use the general method for analysis.

Mechanics of Solids

82

Ex. 1

Ex. 2

Mechanics of Solids

83

Ex. 3

Ex. 4

Mechanics of Solids

84

Ex. 5

Ex. 6

Mechanics of Solids

85

Ex. 7

Mechanics of Solids

86

Solve the Exercise problems 1- 7 using singularity function method. Solve the Exercise problems 2, 3, 6, and 7 using differential equilibrium relationships. Ignore the values of point loads and concentrated moments given in those problems.
Note: The values of SF & BM for the problem solved by General method and Singularity function method will be same. But values of SF and BM of the problem solved by differential equilibrium method will not be same as we are considering only uniform distributed loads and neglecting the point loads and concentrated moments.

Mechanics of Solids

87