RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINOLOGY

LAW 8033 & 7002 Course convener: Teaching Team: Nathan Emmerich (n.emmerich@qub.ac.uk) Shadd Maruna Mary Dobbs John Knowles Joanne Murphy Ciaran Burke Mark McCann Julie Harris

Location: 6CP (College Park) 01/037. School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, Except: Week 5: 26/2/13: Library Training Room. Week 11: 30/4/13: Elmwood LTC TBC. Week 12: 7/5/13: Elmwood LTC TBC.

Course Schedule (Outline):

Week 1: 29/1/13 Introduction: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, Methodology, Theory & Epistemology. Week 2: 5/2/13 Case Studies and Mixed Methods/ Research Ethics. Week 3: 12/2/13 Intro to Qualitative Analysis (Shadd Maruna) and Ethnography (part 1). Week 4: 19/2/13 Ethnography (Part 2) and Researching Illegal Drug Use (Julie Harris) Week 5: 26/2/13: Room Change: Library Training Room Legal Research Skills with Law Librarian John Knowles Week 6: 5/3/13: Developing a Socio-Legal Research Project with Mary Dobbs Week 7: 12/3/13: Interviewing and The Biographical Interview Method (Ciaran Burke). Week 8: 19/3/13: Research in a Criminal Justice Environment (Joanne Murphy) and Documentary Discourse Analysis Assessment 1 Deadline: Thursday the 21st of March. Easter Break. Week 9: 16/4/13: How to Ask a Research Question (Shadd Maruna) and Dissertation Planning (Assessment 2 Session) Week 10: 23/4/13: Surveys, Questionnaires & Longitudinal Methodology. Week 11: 30/4/13: Room Change: In Elmwood TBC. Computer Class: Intro to SPSS with Mark McCann. Week 12: 7/5/13: Room Change: In Elmwood TBC. Computer Class: Intro to NVIVO with Julie Harris. Assessment 2 Deadline: Friday the 10th of May.

Course Aims and Objectives

to provide a foundation for effective methodological work and a framework for the critical appraisal of criminological and social science research. to introduce students to a variety of approaches and techniques used in criminological/ social science research, to facilitate proficiency in research design and encourage methodological appraisal and critique. to develop reading and writing skills and the capacity to critique secondary and primary research. to interpret the manner in which the measurement of crime leads to the social construction and casting of deviance. to promote the understanding that knowledge is derived and reproduced, historically and contemporaneously, in the structural relations of inequality and oppression that underpin established social orders. to challenge the quantitative foundations of positivism and the interpretive foundations of phenomenology. to locate the experiential realities of individuals and communities (agency) within their historical, structural and reproductive contexts (structure). to develop the MSSC/LLM thesis.

Learning Outcomes and Skills

Knowledge and Understanding Knowledge and understanding of theoretical issues and their application and suitability regarding applied research; Knowledge and understanding of issues around criminology as a subject, crime, the use of official data sources, the critique of research methods and their application. Subject Specific Skills A detailed knowledge of the application of various methodologies; An advanced appreciation of various methodologies applied by criminologists and those who have studies criminological issues; The capacity to use operate an SPSS data set and to draw information via cross-tabulation form that data set;

The capacity to design robust methodological approaches; The capacity to determine what is ethical research; The ability to analyse data in various forms. Ability to study and understand complex issues and problems in the subject area from an interdisciplinary perspective. Ability to evaluate complex policy and other evidence. Ability to apply key research skills and methodologies to a range of sources.

Transferable Skills Effective oral communication skills. Advanced written skills. Ability to be self-directed and exercise initiative. Ability to think critically, creatively and holistically

Lecture Details:
including reading /other preparation required for each class Week 1: 29/1/13 Introduction: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, Methodology, Theory & Epistemology. This weeks class will provide an overview of social science, the intellectual and philosophical context in which researchers and their methods operate. We will consider the reasons why morality, a central concern for the founding fathers of sociology, has been largely absent from sociological research and whether criminology fills something of this gap. We will also consider the relationship between morality and mental health Week 2: 5/2/13 Mixed Method Research and Case Studies and Research Ethics. In the first part of this weeks class we will look at the case for conducting mixed methods research and the power of the case study in social scientific research. There will be an in class discussion of the set reading, Flyvbergs Five Misunderstandings of Case-Study Research. In the second part of the class we will consider the need for research to be conducted ethically and discuss how that is achieved in practice. Reading: Flyvbjerg, B. 2006. Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research. Qualitative Inquiry 12(2): 219 245. Week 3: 12/2/13 Intro to Qualitative Analysis (Shadd Maruna) and Ethnography (part 1).

In this weeks lecture Prof Maruna will discuss the analysis of qualitative data. In the second part of the lecture we will discuss the task of ethnography. From its roots in anthropology and the Chicago school ethnography, or participant observation, is considered the gold-standard of qualitative research which, at its best, allows the researcher to access directly the lived-experiences of individuals in their natural settings i.e. within their communities or socio-cultural context. Reading: Hammersley, M & Atkinson, P. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. Routledge. (Or Similar) Week 4: 19/2/13 Ethnography (Part 2) and Researching Illegal Drug Use (Julie Harris) In the first part of this weeks class we will discuss your experiences of conducting an ethnographic observation in a public place. We will subsequently discuss some further features of ethnography and ethnographic practice. In the second part of the class Julie Harris will discuss some of the ethical and methodological issues encountered by ethnographers when going native, particularly when respondents are engaged in illegal activities. Preparation: Conduct the ethnographic observations as discussed in class the previous week. Come to class prepared to discuss your experiences. Week 5: 26/2/13: Training Room 1, The McClay Library Legal Research Skills with Law Librarian John Knowles In this seminar students will be introduced to the research skills and tools required to research a legal topic. This will include: effective search techniques using online indexes and full text sources for finding journal articles in criminology and criminal justice; a brief introduction to Refworks reference management; additional support for research, including the inter-library loan request service. Week 6: 5/3/13: Developing a Socio-Legal Research Project with Mary Dobbs This seminar focuses upon the core elements to developing a legal or socio-legal research project. Discussions will centre upon framing a research question, the development of a theoretical framework, the range of traditional legal methodologies and the potential to avail of other methodologies in order to facilitate an analytical examination of the issues. After considering these concepts generally and in relation to a sample project, students will be asked to apply what they learnt to their dissertation topics in small groups. In relation to the non-traditional legal methodologies, for the purposes of the seminar, the students should merely identify appropriate methodologies and the reason for their choice. Preparation: In this weeks class there will be an opportunity to discuss the planning of your dissertation with each other and the lecturer. Please come

prepared to do so i.e. with a brief idea of what your dissertation will be on and how you plan to accomplish it. Week 7: 12/3/13: Interviewing and The Biographical Interview Method (Ciaran Burke). This week we will consider the interview; possibly the most commonly used social scientific method in qualitative research. Whilst we spend a vast proportion of our lives talking to other people and even interviewing each other for jobs, for chat show entertainment interviewing people for the purposes of scientific research remains a challenging task. The first half of this weeks lecture will involve considering some of these challenges and the strategies one can use to ensure the quality of the data collected. In the second part Dr Burke will introduce the Biographical Interview Method, a specific approach to interviewing that has been developed for the purpose of collecting and exploring life-stories and the narratives people use to meaningfully structure their lives. Week 8: 19/3/13: Research in a Criminal Justice Environment (Joanne Murphy) and Documentary Discourse Analysis In the first part of this lecture Dr Joanne Murphy will address the particular constraints, challenges, opportunities and sensitivities of researching in a criminal justice environment. It will use an ongoing, longitudinal research project with the RUC / PSNI as a case study. Topics covered will include; organisational gate keeping, tacit organisational understandings, maintaining and developing research relationships, confidentiality and ethical challenges. In the second part of the lecture we will discuss your experiences of interviewing a friend of family member. This will be followed by a consideration of the possibilities documents present for social research. Documents are not simply static representations of social facts but instruments of human agency, particularly the agency of social institutions. This same perspective can be extended to newspaper articles and the differential reporting of the same events in alternative publications. Reading: Hammersley, M. 2003. Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis: Methods or Paradigms? Discourse & Society 14(6):751. Easter Break. Week 9: 16/4/13: How to Ask a Research Question (Shadd Maruna) and Dissertation Planning (Assessment 2 Session) In this session Shadd Maruna will discuss what is involved when initially planning a research project. The session is designed to help you develop your dissertation and to complete the second assessment associated with this course.

Preparation: Come to class prepared to talk about your plans for completing assessment two and your dissertation. Week 10: 23/4/13: Surveys, Questionnaires & Longitudinal Methodology. In this weeks class we will consider the process involved with producing quantitative surveys, questionnaires and the challenges of longitudinal research. Week 11: 30/4/13: Computer Class: Intro to SPSS with Mark McCann. In this weeks class Dr Mark McCann will demonstrate the tools offered by SPSS. Using the British Crime Survey we will statistically analysis a couple of variables producing cross-tabs and basic statistical outputs. Week 12: 7/5/13: Computer Class: Intro to NVIVO with Julie Harris. This class will offer an initial introduction to the qualitative analysis software NVIVO.

Assessments:
Assessment 1: Deadline Thursday the 21st of March. 25% of final grade. For this assessment you are required to write a critical review of one of the articles or monographs suggested below. You review should be 1,500 words long and should be submitted to the office in the normal way by Thursday the 21st of March 2013. Many of the books (and articles) selected are classics and therefore there is a lot of available material which discusses their (de)merits. It can be helpful to read some of this but it is important you use it to form your own view of the text and to write an essay that gives your perspective rather than surveys the perspectives of others. It might also be useful to write your essays in such a way that it focuses on one aspect of the text. You may also write about the methodological influence of a text as long as you do so critically. Whilst I do not expect you to emulate Wacquants essay review and critique you may find it useful to read it and the responses from the authors of the books he discusses to get an idea of what a critical engagement with a article, monograph or research topic looks like, See Wacquant, L. Scrutinizing the Street: Poverty, Morality, and the Pitfalls of Urban Ethnography. American Journal of Sociology 107, no. 6 (2002): 14681532. And associated responses. Note, you may not review on of the books discussed by Wacquant). Books: Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Routledge, 2011.

Sykes, Gresham M. The Society of Captives: A Study of Maximum Security Prison. Princeton University Press, 2007. Venkatesh, Sudhir. Gang Leader for a Day. Penguin UK, 2009. Wieder, D. L. Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code. 1974. Articles: Brunton-Smith, I. (2011), Untangling the Relationship Between Fear of Crime and Perceptions of Disorder: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and Wales, British Journal of Criminology, 51/6, 885-899. Hobbs, Dick, Kate OBrien, and Louise Westmarland. Connecting the Gendered Door: Women, Violence and Doorwork*. The British Journal of Sociology 58, no. 1 (2007): 2138. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00137.x. Roberts, J.V. and Hough. M. (2011), Custody or Community? Exploring the Boundaries of Public Punitiveness in England and Wales, Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11/2, 181-197. Van de Walle, S. (2009), Confidence in the Criminal Justice System: Does Experience Count?, British Journal of Criminology, 49/3, 384-98. Warner, K. and Davis, J. (2012), Using Jurors to Explore Public Attitudes to Sentencing, British Journal of Criminology, 52/1, 93-112

Assessment 2: Deadline Friday the 10th of May. 75% of final grade. A 3,500 word (including bibliography, abstract and appendices) proposal for a research project or dissertation. That should include the following; 1) An 250 word abstract informing the reader what the research project is about; 2) A short introduction to the paper regarding the themes to be explored and key research questions; 3) A short literature review regarding the themes of the study; 4) A short section detailing the ethics related issues concerning the study; 5) A section that identifies the research methodology to be utilised the reason why the methods were chosen, the potential issues that may emerge when conducting such research and the link between the methods chosen and the research questions. Please note that we shall be discussing both assignments in class and the above notes are for guidance. We shall through our class discussions also note ways in which you may wish to analyse and undertake these assignments.

Bibliography: The general set texts for this course are: Newburn, T. Criminology, Willan; and Bryman, A. Social Research Methods. OUP. These are both standard textbooks in research methods and have gone through multiple editions; hence they have various publication dates. Although there is sometimes a major reorganization, most editions are more or less the same, and whilst the information they offer about research methods is unlikely to go out of date more material, often extra chapters, does tend to be added over time. There are plenty of other textbooks of a similar type by general and specific (e.g. Ragin, Charles C., Lisa Amoroso, and Lisa M. Amoroso. Constructing Social Research: The Unity and Diversity of Method. Pine Forge Press, 2010.; and Jupp, Dr Victor R., and Victor Jupp. Methods of Criminological Research. Routledge, 2012). If you do not understand something then it is often helpful to refer to a different text to see if a different presentation helps. There are also plenty of other books in research methods that are either generic, focused on criminology or are primarily concerned with other areas of social scientific research. If you are stuck any of these might help you think through your problem. Sage has a research methods website and also produces an extensive series of methods pamphlets known as the blue (Qualitative) and green (Quantitative) books. See: http://srmo.sagepub.com/ http://srmo.sagepub.com/browse?doctype=qrm http://srmo.sagepub.com/browse?doctype=qass Methods at Manchester is a great resource and often a good place to start looking and thinking: http://www.methods.manchester.ac.uk/ The following is a breakdown of more specific texts that you might find useful. I have tried to include some critical texts that will help with Assessment 1. There are also some web-based resources that are increasingly excellent, particularly in providing guidance on how to use SPSS and Nvivo. Methodology: Flick, Uwe. Introducing Research Methodology: A Beginners Guide to Doing a Research Project. SAGE, 2011. Grossman, Jason, and Joan Leach. The Rhetoric of Research Methodology. Social Epistemology 22 (October 2008): 325331. doi:10.1080/02691720802567365. Hagan, F. (2006) Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology London. Allyn And Bacon (7th edition).

Hammersley, M. Methodology: Who Needs It? London: UK: Sage Publications Ltd, 2011. Holdaway, Simon, and Paul Rock, eds. Thinking About Criminology. Routledge, 1998. King, Roy, and Emma Wincup. Doing Research on Crime and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2007. Lee, R and Stanko, B. (eds.) (2003) Researching Violence: Essays on Methodology and Measurement (Routledge: London). Maxfield, M. (1995) Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology, Wadsworth, California. Outhwaite, William, and Stephen P. Turner. The SAGE Handbook of Social Science Methodology. SAGE, 2007. Case Studies: Berlant, Lauren. On the Case. Critical Inquiry 33, no. 4 (June 1, 2007): 663672. doi:10.1086/521564. Clough, Patricia Ticineto. The Case of Sociology: Governmentality and Methodology. Critical Inquiry 36, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 627641. doi:10.1086/655203. Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006. della Porta, D. & Keating, M. (eds) 2008, Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Yin, R.K. (2003) Applications of Case Study Research. London: Sage. H61/YIN

Yin, R K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Fourth Edition. Sage Publications, Inc, 2008. Mixed Methods: Journal of Mixed Methods Research. Bryman, Alan. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research: How Is It Done? Qualitative Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 97113. doi:10.1177/1468794106058877. Fielding, Nigel G. Triangulation and Mixed Methods Designs Data Integration With New Research Technologies. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 124136. doi:10.1177/1558689812437101.

Flick, U. Mixing Methods, Triangulation, and Integrated Research. Qualitative Inquiry and Global Crises (2011): 132. Harrits, Gitte Sommer. More Than Method?: A Discussion of Paradigm Differences Within Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 150166. doi:10.1177/1558689811402506. Maruna, S. Mixed Method Research in Criminology: Why Not Go Both Ways? In Handbook of Quantitative Criminology, 123140, 2010. Research Ethics Research Ethics (A Journal Published by Sage). British Society of Criminology Code of Ethics for Researchers in the Field of Criminology http://www.britsoccrim.org/ethics.htm Bell, Kirsten, and Amy Salmon. Good Intentions and Dangerous Assumptions: Research Ethics Committees and Illicit Drug Use Research. Research Ethics 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 191199. doi:10.1177/1747016112461731. Crowther, Jacqueline L., and Mari Lloyd-Williams. Researching Sensitive and Emotive Topics: The Participants Voice. Research Ethics 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 200211. doi:10.1177/1747016112455887. Hammersley, Martyn, and Anna Traianou. Ethics in Qualitative Research: Controversies and Contexts. Sage Publications Ltd, 2012. Iphofen, R. Ethical Decision Making in Social Research. Palgrave, 2009. Iphofen, R. Ethical Decision Making in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Research 11, no. 4 (2011): 443446. Qualitative Research and Analysis: Bartels, Lorana, and Kelly Richards. Qualitative Criminology: Stories from the Field. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011. Bazeley, P. Analysing Qualitative Data: More Than identifying Themes. Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research 2, no. 2 (2009): 622. Bazeley, Patricia. Qualitative Data Analysis: Practical Strategies. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2013. Bottomley, A. Keith, and Ken Pease. Crime and Punishment: Interpreting the Data. Open University Press, 1986.

Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. Third Edition. Sage Publications, Inc, 2008. Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Third Edition. Sage Publications, Inc, 2008. Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, The Landscape of Qualitative Research. Third Edition. Sage Publications, Inc, 2008. Fairclough, N. (2003) Analysing Discourse, London: Routledge. Hammersley, Martyn. What Is Qualitative Research? A&C Black, 2012. Holliday, A. (2001) Doing and Writing Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Jorgensen, M. W. and Phillips, L. J. (2002) Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: Sage Noaks, Lesley, and Emma Wincup. Criminological Research: Understanding Qualitative Methods. SAGE, 2004. Psathas, G. (1994) Conversation Analysis, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Saldana, Johnny. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage Publications Ltd, 2009. Silverman, David. Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction. Sage Publications Ltd, 1993. ten Have, P. (1998) Doing Conversation Analysis, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Wood, L. A. and Kroger, R. O. (2000) Doing Discourse Analysis, London: Sage. Wolcott, H.F. (2001) Writing Up Qualitative Research, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Ethnography: Ethnography (A Journal Published by Sage) Atkinson, P. (1992) Understanding Ethnographic Texts, Newbury Park CA: Sage Hammersley, M. (1990) Reading Ethnographic Research, London: Longman. Hammersley, Martyn, and Paul Atkinson. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 1st ed. Routledge, 2007.

Atkinson, P., and M. Hammersley. Ethnography and Participant Observation. Handbook of Qualitative Research 1 (1994): 248261. Duneier, Mitchell. How Not to Lie with Ethnography. Sociological Methodology 41, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 111. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01249.x. Forsey, Martin Gerard. Ethnography as Participant Listening. Ethnography 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 558572. doi:10.1177/1466138110372587. Starr, June, and Mark Goodale. Practicing ethnography in law: new dialogues, enduring methods. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Wilson, William Julius, and Anmol Chaddha. The Role of Theory in Ethnographic Research. Ethnography 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 549564. doi:10.1177/1466138109347009. Interviews: Castro, Rubn. Inconsistent Respondents and Sensitive Questions. Field Methods (December 11, 2012). doi:10.1177/1525822X12466988. Flick, U. The Episodic Interview. Methodology Institute, 1997. Gubrium, J. F. and Holstein, J. A. (eds) (2001) Handbook of Interview Research, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Kvale, S. (1996) InterViews, London: Sage. Payne, S.L. (1980) The Art of Asking Questions, Princeton University Press. Rubin, H.J. and Rubin, I.S. (1995) Qualitative Interviewing, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Wengraf, T. (2001) Qualitative Research Interviewing, London: Sage. Hertz, Dr. Rosanna, and Dr. Jonathan Imber. Studying Elites Using Qualitative Methods. Sage Publications, Inc, 1995. The Biographical Interview Method: Atkinson, R. (1998) The Life History Interview, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. Chamberlayne, P., Bornat, J. and Wengraf, T. (2000) The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social Science. London: Routledge. Denzin, N.K. (1987) Interpretive Biography, Newbury Park CA: Sage. Dex, S. (ed) (1991) Life and Work History Analyses, London: Routledge.

Roberts, B. (2001) Biographical Research, Buckingham: Open University Press. Documentary and Discourse Analysis: Hammersley, M. Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis: Methods or Paradigms? Discourse & Society 14, no. 6 (2003): 751. Keller, Reiner. Doing Discourse Research: An Introduction for Social Scientists. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2012. Spitzmller, Jrgen, and Ingo H. Warnke. Discourse as a linguistic Object: Methodical and Methodological Delimitations. Critical Discourse Studies 8, no. 2 (2011): 75. Prior, Lindsay. Using Documents in Social Research. Sage Publications Ltd, 2003. Wood, Linda A., and Rolf O. Kroger. Doing Discourse Analysis: Methods for Studying Action in Talk and Text. SAGE, 2000. Quantitative Methods, Surveys and Questionnaires: Berry, William D. and Stanley Feldman (1985). Multiple Regression in Practice. Beverley Hills: Sage. (Green Sage Book) Coomber, R. Using the Internet for Survey Research (1997). http://socresonline.org.uk/2/2/2.html. Diamond, Professor Ian, and Dr Julie Jefferies. Beginning Statistics: An Introduction for Social Scientists. Sage Publications Ltd, 2000. (Introduction to Stats for Social Scientists) Huff D. (1991) How to lie with statistics, Harmondsworth: Penguin Kritzer, Herbert M. The Data Puzzle: The Nature of Interpretation in Quantitative Research. American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 1-32. Lewis-Beck, Michael S. Applied Regression: An Introduction. Sage Publications, Inc, 1980. (Green Sage book). Pease, Kenneth. Uses and Abuses of Criminal Statistics. Dartmouth., n.d. Piquero, Alex R., and David Weisburd. Handbook of Quantitative Criminology. Springer, 2009. Schroeder, Larry, Dr. David L. Sjoquist, and Dr. Paula E. Stephan. Understanding Regression Analysis: An Introductory Guide. Illustrated edition. Sage Publications, Inc, 1986. (Another Green Sage book)

Secondary Data Analysis: See http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/bcs1.html for information about the British Crime Survey, and www.nio.gov.uk/ for Northern Ireland Office publications on the Northern Ireland Crime Survey. Bishop, Libby. A Reflexive Account of Reusing Qualitative Data: Beyond Primary/secondary Dualism. Sociological Research Online 12, no. 3 (2007). doi:10.5153/sro.1553. Moore, Niamh. (Re)Using Qualitative Data? Sociological Research Online 12, no. 3 (2007). doi:10.5153/sro.1496. Riedel, Marc. Research Strategies for Secondary Data: A Perspective for Criminology and Criminal Justice. SAGE Publications, 1999. SPSS: Acton, Ciaran, Robert Miller, John Maltby, and Deirdre Fullerton. SPSS for Social Scientists. Palgrave Macmillan. Note: It is advisable to use the latest edition, or the one appropriate for the software version you have access to. http://www2.lse.ac.uk/methodology/tutorials/SPSS/home.aspx NVivo: Bazeley, Patricia. Qualitative Data Analysis with NVivo. 2nd Revised edition. Sage Publications Ltd, 2007. (New edition, with Jackson, forthcoming 2013). Edhlund, Bengt. NVivo 9 Essentials. Lulu.com, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/user/QSRInternational?feature=watch Miscellaneous Others: Alvesson, Mats, and Kaj Skoldberg. Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research. 2nd Edition. London: UK: Sage, 2009. Campbell E., Glasson E.J. and Lahore A. (eds), 1979. Legal Research: Materials and methods. (2nd edn) Law Book Co. Cane, Peter, and Herbert Kritzer. The Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Research. OUP Oxford, 2010. Cotterrell, R. Why Must Legal Ideas Be Interpreted Sociologically? Journal of Law and Society 25, no. 2 (6, 1998): 171-192. Dunleavy, Patrick. Authoring a PhD: How to Plan, Draft, Write and Finish a Doctoral Thesis or Dissertation. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Ewick, Patricia. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. University of Chicago Press, 1998. Halliday, S. and P Schmidt. Conducting Law and Society Research: Reflections on Methods and Practices. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009. Hirschfield, Alex, and Kate Bowers. Mapping and Analysing Crime Data: Lessons from Research and Practice. CRC Press, 2001. Jupp, Victor, Pamela Davies, and Peter Francis, eds. Doing Criminological Research. abridged edition. Sage Publications Ltd, 2000. Lomio J.P., Spang-Hanssen H.S. and Wilson G.D., 2011. Legal Research Methods in a Modern World: A Coursebook, 3rd edn, DJF Publishing. McConville, M. and W.H. Chui (eds), 2007. Research Methods for Law, Edinburgh University Press. Nordstrom, Carolyn, and Antonius C. G. M. Robben. Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Culture. University of California Press, 1995. Tierney, John. Criminology: Theory and Context. 2nd ed. Longman, 2005. Vick, Douglas W. Interdisciplinarity and the Discipline of Law. Journal of Law and Society 31, no. 2 (6, 2004): 163-193. Westmarland, Louise. Researching Crime and Justice: Tales from the Field. Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.