Frank Popper "Origins and Development of Kinectic Art" (New York Graphic Society)

p.178

Equipe 57 N ( Biasi, Chiggio, Costa, Landi, Massironi ) "Spectre cinelet No 1" T Anceschli / virtual cylindrical structure Boriani Hypercube - Colombo "Structure excentrique" (1962) 2 Dadamaino 1964 - / indeterminate optical-dynamic object T De Vecchi "Structure rotolineaire"

Light and movement in three-dimensional works : group in Italy, France, Holland and Germany The recent developments in the art of light which relate to the use of the third diminution as a plastic element and the adjustment of the work to its environment are principally due to the work of groups of artists. Equipe 57, a Spanish group, has produced a series of engravings on lighted glass which relate to these two problems. Group N of Padua ( Biasi, Chiggio, Costa, Landi, Massironi) have also touched upon them in their "Spectre Cinelet No 1" , where the image is produced by a number of light rays, constantly changing colour and position, that are reected on a white surface. This group also makes use on occasions of a complex device involving two beams of white light which are split up into the colours of the spectrum by passing through two xed perspex prisms,and then reected by four prisms turning at dierent speeds. The members of another Italian group - Group T of Milan - try to create a similarly positive reaction in the spectator by means of their striking combinations of light and movement in a three-dimensional framework. Anceschi's virtual cylindrical structure comprises metallic elements animated by electric motors which are brilliantly illuminated. Boriani's "Hypercube", described as a three-dimensional modulator , is a series of concentric cubes turning at dierent speeds which owe much of their eect to the lighting. The aim is to bring out for the spectator's benet a non-uniform dynamic organization of space . Through his perceptions the spectator is held to take part in this dynamic organization. Another member of the same group, Colombo, describes his "Structure excentrique" (1962) as an accessible space bound together by two cellular units turning at uniformly accelerating speeds , in which the aim is to provoke cycles of intermittent light in time with the rhythmic mutation of colours . Dadamaino's indeterminate optical-dynamic object of 1964 is made up of three concentric circles in which lines are reected upon mirrored metallic surfaces at the circumference . The movement which is introduced results in the formation of a series of images which are at once simultaneous and successive. Finally De Vecchi, another member of Group T, is aiming at spectator participation through continuous dynamism and the spatial invasion of a work such as his "Structure rotolineaire", which is constructed of materials which capture and reect the light.

p117 N Costa "Structure optique-dynamique" 1961

Virtual movement in three dimentions Several other artists have experimented with illusory volumes. Costa, who is a member of the Group N of Padua, has constructed a "Structure optique-dynamique" in polyethylene and wood, which dates from 1961.

p118

Groupe de Recherche d'Art Visuel of Paris Joel Stein Stein T N

Manupilation by spectator Works such as the reecting polyhedrons, with mobile and manipulable elements, which are characteristic of Joel Stein of the Groupe de d'Art Visuel of Paris, must be placed between the category of works in virtual movement that can be manipulated and the three-dimensional works in real movement that we call mobiles. This also applies no numerous other products of Stein's group, and to work by the Italian groups T and N.

p142 /Magnetism T Boriani 1961 Boriani "Magnetic surface"

Magnetism has also engaged the attention of the Italian artist Boriani, a member of group T of Milan. In 1961, Boriani constructed a series of "Magnetic surfaces" which involved magnets xed behind turning planes : the planes were covered with a thin layer of metal dust which formed extraordinary patterns in response to the alternate attraction and repulsion of the magnets.