FOUNDATION ENGINEERING Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall EXAMPLE 2 Design of the Cantilever Retaining Wall shown below.

The design should include a) Checking against failure by i) sliding, ii) overturning, and iii) bearing capacity. b) Checking the concrete thickness (Stem and Base) c) Determining the reinforcements at the base and stem Given fc = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.

Cross-section of cantilever retaining wall

1 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma

SOLUTION: Start by assuming the dimensions using H = H2 = 6 m Use tt = 0.5 m Thickness of stem at the top, tt = min. 0.3 cm Thickness of stem at bottom, tb = 0.1 to 0.15 H or 0.6 to 0.9 m Use tb = 0.7 m Thickness of base, d = 0.1 to 0.15 H or 0.6 to 0.9 m Use d = 0.7 m Dimension of base, B = 0.6 to 0.8 H or 3.6 to 4.8 m Use B = 4.0 m Check your assumed dimensions for (a) sliding (SF ! 1.5), (b) overturning (SF ! 2.0), and (c) bearing capacity (SF ! 2.5) From the figure H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 2.6 tan10 + 6 + 0.7 = 7.158 m The active force on the wall is calculated by: Pa = "1 H2 Ka For #1 = 30o and slope angle $ = 10o, Ka = 0.35. Therefore, Pa = (18) (7.158)2 (0.35) = 161.4 kN /m Pv = Pa sin10o = 161.4 % 0.174 = 28.03 kN /m Ph = Pa cos10o = 161.4 % 0.985 = 158.95 kN /m The following table is prepared to determine the resisting forces and moments Section 1 2 3 4 5 Area (m3) 6 x 0.5 = 3 0.5x0.2x6 = 0.6 4 x 0.7 = 2.8 6 x 2.6 = 15.6 0.5 x 2.6 x 0.458 = 0.595 PV = &V = Weight and Vertical Force (kN/m) 70.74 15.15 66.02 280.80 10.71 28.03 470.45 Moment Arm From C (m) 1.15 0.83 2.00 2.70 3.13 4.00 &MR = Moment (kN-m) 81.38 11.79 132.04 758.16 33.52 112.12 1128.98

Weight = Area x 1.0 x ", "Concrete = 23.58 kN/m3 Factor of Safety Against Overturning MOV = Ph (H/3) = 158.95 (7.158/3) = 379.25 kN.m / m SFOV = ( MR M OV ' 1128.98 ' 2.98 > 2.0 OK 379.25 (Driving moment)

2 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Factor of Safety Against Sliding The normal (vertical) forces N = (V = 470.45 kN (from the table) The Friction force at the base of the wall F = B (2/3 c2) + (V tan(2/3 #2) = (4) (2/3 % 20) + (470.45) tan(2/3 % 20) = 218.2 kN By including the passive force Pp, the total force resisting sliding is FRS = F + Pp where Pp = "2 D2 Kp + D 2 c k p with Kp = tan2(45 + 20/2) = 2.04 and PP = (19) (1.5)2 (2.04) + (1.5) 2 % 40 2.04 = 215 kN

Therefore: FRS = 218.2 + 215 = 433.2 kN The safety factor against sliding failure is thus defined as: F 433.2 SFS = RS = = 2.73 > 1.5 Ph 158.95 OK

Bearing Capacity: The eccentricity is calculated by: e'B, 2

(M
R

, (M
(V

OV

'

4 1128.98 , 379.25 B , ' 0.406m + ' 0.666m 2 470.45 6

q toe '
heel

( V 21 3 6e / ' 470.45. 21 3 6 % 0.406 / = 189.2 kN/m2 (toe) 0 0 B 1 B. 4 1 4 . = 45.99 kN/m2 (heel) OK

The ultimate bearing capacity can be calculated by 1 qu (net) = cNc s c dc ic 4 q(Nq - 1) sq dq iq + "B N" s" d" i " 2 Bearing Capacity Factors: # = 205, Nc = 14.83, Nq = 6.4, N" = 5.39

3 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Eccentricity: B' = 4 - 2(0.406) = 3.188 m, Shape Factors: sc = sq = s"6= 1.0 (continuous base) Depth Factors: With D/B = 1.5/4 < 1 then dc = 1 + 0.4 (1.5/4) = 1.15 dq = 1 + 2 tan20 [1 - sin20]2 (1.5/4) = 1.12 d" = 1 = Ph : o ,1 = 158.95 : 8 Inclination: 7 = tan ,1 ; ' tan ; 8 ' 18.7 ; V8 < 470.45 9 <( 9 = 18.7 : ic = iq = ;1 , 8 ' 0.628 and 90 9 <
2

= 18.7 : i" = ; 1 , 8 >0 20 9 <

qult(net) = (40) (14.53) (1.0) (1.15) (0.628) + (1.5%19) (6.4 - 1) (1.0) (1.12) (0.628) + (1/2) (19) (3.188) (5.39) (1.0) (1.0) % 0 = 419.7 + 108.2 = 527.9 kPa qu 527.9 = = 2.79 > 2.5 qmax 189.2

SFBC =

OK

Check the thickness of the concrete at the bottom of the stem The ultimate shear strength of the concrete is calculated by vc = 4.56 21000 = 660.8 kPa. The depth at the bottom of the stem H = 0.458+6=6.458 m. Therefore, the ultimate shear force at the bottom of the stem Vu= ku Phb = k [( "1 H2 Ka )(cos $)] where ku is an ultimate factor ranging from 1.4 to 1.8. Using ku = 1.8, Vu = 1.8%[ (18) (6.458)2 (0.35) % (cos10)] = 232.9 kN Thus, the ultimate shear stress at the bottom of the stem is vu = Vu / (t'b%1.0) = 232.9 / (0.7,0.2) = 465.8 kPa < 660.8 OK

4 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Shear and Moments in the base (Toe and Heel) The pressure distribution on the base is shown below PV = 28.03 kN [(6+6.46)/2]%18 = 112.14 kPa 19(1.5-0.7) = 15.2 kPa

A Toe

B Heel 46 kPa

189.2 kPa xt

xh slope s = (189.2-46)/4 = 35.8

Equations of the toe q = (-15.2 + 189.2) - 35.8 xt V = 174 xt - 17.9 xt2 M = 87 xt2 - 5.97 xt3 At point A, xt = 0.7m, therefore, M(xt = 0.7m) = 40.6 kN.m /m Mu = 1.4 % 40.6 = 56.8 kN.m /m V(xt = 0.7m) = 113 kN /m Vu = 1.8 % 113 = 203.4 kN /m vu = 203.4/(0.5%1.0) = 406.8 kPa < 660.8 OK

Equations for the heel q = (46 - 112.14) + 35.8 xh V = -66.14 xt + 17.9 xh2 - 28.03 M = -33.07 xh2 + 5.97 xh3 -28.03 xh At point B, xh = 2.6m, therefore, M(xh = 2.6m) = ,190.5 kN.m /m Mu = 1.4 % (,190.5) = ,268.1 kN.m /m V(xh = 2.6m) = 79 kN /m Vu = 1.8 % 79 = 142.2 kN /m vu = 142.2/(0.5%1.0) = 284.4 kPa < 660.8 OK

5 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Shear and Moments in Stem The equation for the active pressure on the stem can be written as: pa(z) = ("1 Ka cos $) z = (18 % 0.35 % cos 10 ) z = 6.2 z for 0 ? z ? 6.4

The ultimate shear and bending moment equations are obtained by integrating the function of pa and multiplying by the ultimate factor ku (1.8 is used for shear and 1.4 for moment). Thus, Vu(z) = 3.1 z2 % 1.8 = 5.6 z2 and Mu(z) = 1.03 z3 % 1.4 = 1.44 z3

The variation of the thickness of the stem can be expressed, as a function of z, by the following equation: t(z) = 0.5 + [(0.7-0.5)/6] z, where z is measured from the top of the stem thus z = z - 0.46; therefore, t(z) = 0.5 + 0.033 (z - 0.46) Stem Location 0H z, m 0.46 t, m 0.5 Vu, kN 1.2 vu, kPa* 4.0 Mu, kN.m 0.14 p**, % pmin

0.25H

1.96

0.55

21.8

62.3

11.1

pmin

0.5H

3.46

0.60

67.9

169.8

60.9

pmin

0.75H

4.96

0.65

139.5

310.0

179.4

pmin

1.0H

6.46

0.70

232.9

465.8

396.3

0.68

* vu = Vu / [(t , 0.2)%1.0] these values must be ? 660.8 kPa ** for fc = 21 MPa and fy = 275 MPa, pmin = 0.51% and pmax = 2.62% Reinforcement: Both the moments in toe and heel with d = 0.5, produce a percent steel < pmin @ use pmin = 0.51%. All locations in the stem also produce p < pmin except the bottom where p = 0.68%. Therefore, the required reinforcement is As = (0.5 m%1.00m) % 0.51/100 = 0.00255 m2 = 25.5 cm2. For the bottom of the stem As = (0.6m%1.00m)%0.68/100= 0.0041m2 = 41 cm2. From the table use: #26@14cm c-c for the bottom of the stem and #26@25cm c-c elsewhere. The final plan is shown on the next page.

6 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma

Final Design Plan

7 of 7

Foundation Engineering / Chapter 6 Cantilever Retaining Wall / Example 2 Dr. Adnan A. Basma