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,(
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5.

1.
()()

(Bereiter)
knowledge
telling process, 1987 1 [29]

1. ()
(
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()

()

(
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[2][5][6]

1997
2[32]

2.
()
( 3[31])
(Shepard)(Cooper) 1995
[32]( 3)

3.

(
)(
) CAI

[24] 2 3

[24]


[32]
2

4.

[24]

[24][31][32][33]

[24]

1011

[24][2]

[25]

[24]

5.
2.

1.

6.

6
7( a )

6
7(b)

7.
2.

7(a) 5
8
1

1.

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3.
,
:

1 2

1 2

3 5
4 6

1.
10
7a
3.

10090 89
75

7460 590

1.

0.20 20-18

17.915

14.9-12 11.9-0

2.

0.10 10-9

8.97.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

3.

0.10 10-9

8.97.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

1.

0.10 10-9

8.97.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

2.

0.10 10-9

8.97.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

(30 )

3.

0.10 10-9

8.97.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

1.

0.10 10-9

8.97.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

2.

0.05 5-4.5

4.43.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

3.

0.07 7-6.3

6.25.3

5.2-4.2

4.1-0

(40 )

(30 )

4.

0.08 8-7.2

7.1- 6 5.9-4.8

4.7-0

2.
4

4.

3.

1.

1.

(40 )

2.

(30 )

2.


3.

1.

2.

(30 )

3.

4.

3.
13
7b
5.

1.

10090 8975

74
60

590

0.15 15-13.5 13.4-11.3 11.2-9 8.9-0

2.

0.10 10-9

8.9-7.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

(40 )

3.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

4.

0.10 10-9

8.9-7.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

1.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

2.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

3.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

(30 )

4.

0.15 15-13.5 13.4-11.3 11.2-9 8.9-0

1.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

2.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

(30 )

3.

0.10 10-9

8.9-7.5

7.4-6

5.9-0

4.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

5.

0.05 5-4.5

4.4-3.8

3.7-3

2.9-0

4.
6

6.

1.

(40 )

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

()
(30 )

4.

()
()

1.

()

2.

(30 )

3.

4.

5.

9 2

4
4
4 2

1. 1987
2. 1994

3. 1993
4. 1983
5. 1989
6. 1984
7. ()
1988
8. 1981
9. 1981
10. 1986
11. 1957
12. 1985
13. 1979
14. 1990
15. 1982
16. 1981
17. 1990
18. 13
1996
19. 46
1996
20. 1996
21. 1993
22. 1995
23.
1984
24. 1986

25. 1992
26. 1990
27.

1992

28. 1992
29. 1991
30. 1987
31. CAI
1995
32. 1997
33. Lynn ACooper,The Role of Spatial Representation in Complex Problem solving,New York
Publishing,1990.

(http://www.etc.edu.cn///
htm)

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