Energy

1 KiloWatthour (kWh) = 3.6 MegaJoules (MJ) 1 KiloWatthour (kWh) = 3412 British Thermal Units (BTU) 1 KiloWatthour (kWh) = 859.2 kilocalories (kcal) 1 Joule (J) = 1 Watt Second 1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton-Metre (N-m) 1 Joule (J) = 0.1026 Metre-Kilogram (mkg) 1 Joule (J) = 6.24 x 10 Million electronVolts (MeV) 1 GigaJoule (GJ) = 277.8 KiloWatthours (kWh) 1 Calorie (cal) = 4.19002 Joules (J) 1 British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 1055 Joules (J) 1 Therm = 100,000 BTU 1 Therm = 29.3 kWh 1 Quadrillion BTU (Quad) = 10
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BTU
11

1 Quadrillion BTU (Quad) = 2.931 x 10

KiloWatthours (KWh)

1 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) = 42 GigaJoules (GJ) 1 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) = 11.6 MegaWatthours (MWh) [See Note 1 below] 1 GigaWatthour (GWh) = 86 Tons of Oil Equivalent (toe) 1 TeraWatthour (TWh) = 1 Billion KiloWatthours (KWh) 1 Electron Volt (eV) = 1.6 X 10
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Joules (J)

1MeV = 1.07 X 10 amu (Mass to Energy Conversion)

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Energy Density / Calorific Content

1 KiloWatthour/Kilogram (kWh/Kg) = 3.6 GigaJoules/tonne (GJ/tonne)

Power
1 Watt (W) = 1 Joule/Second (J/s) 1 Watt (W) = 3.7 BTU per hour (BTU/h) 1 Watt (W) = 668 Lumens [See Note 2 below] 1 MegaWatt (MW) = 1000 Watts (W) [See Note 3 below] 1 Horse Power (hp) = 746 Watts (W) 0 decibel (dB) = 1 Power ratio (Note logarithmic scale)

3 dB = 2 Power ratio 10 db = 10 Power ratio 1 milliWatt (mW) = 0 dBm Relative power (Note logarithmic scale) 100 milliWatts (mW) = 20 dBm 1 microWatt (W) = -30 dBm 1 femto Watt (fW) = 10
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Watts

Acceleration
1 metre per second per second (m/s ) = 3.281 feet per second per second (ft/s )
2 2

Gravitational Constant (G) (At the Earth's surface)

9.80665 (m/s ) = 32.174 (ft/s )
2 2

Weight
1 Ton (t) = 2240 Pounds (lb) 1 Kilogram (Kg) = 2.2 Pounds (lb) 1 Kilogram (Kg) = 9.807 Newtons (N) On the Earth's surface 1 Stone = 6.35 Kilograms (Kg) 1 Ounce (Oz) = 28.35 Grams (g) 1 Atomic Mass Unit (amu) = 1.67377 X 10
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Kilogram (Kg)

1 Atomic Mass Unit (amu) = 931.5 MeV (Mass to Energy Conversion)

Force
1 Newton (N) = 0.102 Kilograms-Force (kgf) 1 Newton (N) = 0.22 Pound-Force (lbf) 1 Poundal = 0.138 Newtons (N) 1 Poundal = 0.031 Pound-Force (lbf)

Torque
1 Newton-Metre (N.M) = 0.102 kilogram-Force.Metres (kgf.m) 1 Newton-Metre (N.M) = 0.738 FootPounds-Force (ft.lbf)

Electric Charge
1 Coulomb (C) = 6.25 X 10
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Electrons (e)

1 AmpHour (Ah) = 3600 Coulombs (C)

Electric Current

1 Amp (A) = 1 Coulomb per Second (C/s)

Electric Voltage
1 Volt (V) = 1 Joule per Coulomb (J/C)

Frequency / Wavelength
1 MegaHertz (MHz) = 300 metres (M)

Flow Rate
1 Litre per Second = 792 Gallons (Imp) per Hour (gal/hr)

Distance
1 Mile = 1.6 Kilometers (km) 1 Metre (m) = 39.4 Inches (in) 1 Inch (in) = 2.54 centimetres (cm) 1 Thousandth of an Inch (thou) = 25.4 Microns 1 Micrometre (Micron) = 10 (0.001) Millimetres (mm) 1 Nanometre = 10 Millimetres (mm) 1 Angstrom = 10 Millimetres (mm) Atomic Diameter = 1 Angstrom (Approximately) 1 Nautical Mile (nm) = 1.1508 Miles (m)
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Area
1 Square Metre (m ) = 10.76 Square Feet (sq.ft) 1 Hectare (ha) = 10,000 Square Metres (m ) 1 Hectare (ha) = 2.47 Acres (acre) 1 Acre (acre) = 4840 Square Yards (sq yd) 1 Square Mile (mile ) = 640 Acres (acre) 1 Square Mile (mile ) = 2.59 Square Kilometres (km ) 1 Square Kilometre (km ) = 100 Hectares (ha)
2 2 2 2 2 2

Volume
1 Cubic Metre (m ) = 1,000 Litres (l) 1 Litre (l) = 1,000,000 (mm ) 1 Gallon (Imperial) (gal) = 4.55 Litres (l) 1 Gallon (Imperial) (gal) = 1.2 Gallons (US) (gal)
3 3

1 Barrel (US Oil) (bbl) = 42 Gallons (US Liq) (gal)

Velocity
1 Metre per second (m/s) = 2.24 miles per hour (mph) 1 Mile per Hour (mph) = 1.61 Kilometres per Hour (km/hr) 1 Knot (knot) = 1.15 Miles per Hour (mph)

Rotational Speed
1 Revolution per minute (rpm) = 0.105 Radians per second (rad/sec)

Pressure
1 bar or atm (atmospheric pressure) = 14.5 Pounds per Square Inch (psi) 1 bar = 100,000 Pascals (Pa) 1 Pound per Square Inch (psi) = 6895 Newtons per Square Meter (N/m ) 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton per Square Meter (N/m ) 1 Megapascal (MPa) = 145 Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
2 2

Fuel Consumption
30 Miles per Gallon (Imperial)(mpg) = 9.42 Litres/100 Kilometers (l/100km)

Radiation Activity (Radiotiactive Decay)

1 Becquerel (Bq) = Material quantity producing 1 Nuclear decays/second
10

1 Curie (Ci) (Obsolete) = 3.7 X 10

Becquerel (Bq)

Radiation Dose
1 Gray (Gy) = 1 Joule/Kilogram (J/Kg) 1 Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) = (Obsolete) 0.01 Gray (Gy)

1 Rntgen (R) (Obsolete) = 258 X 10 Coulombs per Kilogram of Air (C/Kg) 1 Gray (Gy) = 115 Rntgen (R) 1 Sievert (Sv) = 1 Gray X Q (Gy) [See Note 4 below] 1 Rntgen Equivalent Man (rem) (Obsolete) = 0.01 Sieverts (Sv) [See Note 4 below]

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Amounts
Avogadros Number (NA) = 6.02214179 X 10
23

1 Mole (n) = Contains NA particles

Other Equivalents
1 Metric Ton of Oil (ton) = 7.64 Barrels (bbl)

Note 1: 1 toe is the quantity of oil which has the equivalent energy content of 11.6 MWh of electricity. It is not the quantity of oil necessary to produce 11.6 MWh of electricity. The amount of oil consumed in producing 11.6 MWh of electrical energy may be more than three times as much due to the inefficiency of the conversion process. Note 2: A light flux of 668 Lumens is equivalent to an energy flow rate of 1 Watt of radiant electrical (or other) power. It is not the light flux produced by 1 Watt of electricity. An incandescent light bulb typically converts less than 10% of its input electrical energy into light. The rest is lost as heat See Energy Efficiency . Note 3: The power in MegaWatts of an electricity generating plant may be expressed as MWe or MWt (alternatively MWth). MWe is the more common and represents the electrical output power of the plant. MWt is the thermal input power developed by the furnace or nuclear reactor. The output power MWe is generally only about 30% or 40% of the input power MWt. Note 4: I Sievert = I Gray X Q where the quality factor (Q)is a measure of the magnitude of the damage done by the dose. The Gray is the dose, the Sievert is the effect of the dose. Similarly 1 rem = 1R X Q.

Orders of Magnitude
Prefix Yotta Zetta Exa Peta Tera Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deka One Deci Centi Milli Micro Factor 10 10 10 10 10
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Name Septillion Sextillion Quintillion Quadrillion Trillion Billion Million Thousand Hundred Ten One Tenth Hundredth Thousandth Millionth

21

18

15

12

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Nano Pico Femto Atto Zepto Yocto

10 10 10 10 10 10

Billionth Trillionth Quadrillionth Quintillionth Sextillionth Septillionth

12

15

18

21

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Constants and Definitions

Some Physical Constants
Speed of Light (c) = 300 X 10 metres/second (m/s) Permeability of vacuum = (0) 4 X 10 Newtons/square Ampere (N/A ) or Henries/metre (H/m)
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Permitivity of vacuum (0) = 8.8 X 10

Farads/metre (F/m)

Avogadro's Constant (NA) = The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 = ( 6.022 X 10

23

Also - The number of entities in a mole of those entities. 1 Mole - (mol) = A unit representing an amount of substance which contains 6.022 X 10
23

entities (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons etc.)

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Electron Charge (e) = 1.6 X 10

Coulombs

Faraday Constant (F) = The amount of electric charge in one mole of electrons NA X e = 9.650 X 10 Coulombs/mole (C/mol) Electron Mass = 9.1 X 10
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Kg
-

Boltzmann's Constant (k) = The kinetic energy of one molecule of an ideal gas + 1.38 X 10
23

Joules/degree Kelvin (J/K)

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Planck's Constant (h) = 6.63 X 10

Joule seconds (Js) eV seconds (eVs)

= 4.14 X 10

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