L3CALCF

993203

3
2.00 pm Thursday 26 November 2009

Level 3 Calculus, 2009 Level 3 CAS Calculus, 2009

FORMULAE AND TABLES BOOKLET for 90635, 90636, 90638, 90639, 90833, 90834 and 90835

Refer to this booklet to answer the questions in your Question and Answer booklets. Check that this booklet has pages 2 4 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MAY KEEP THIS BOOKLET AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

CALCULUS USEFUL FORMULAE ALGEBRA Quadratics If ax 2 + bx + c = 0

then x = b b 4 ac 2a
2

Complex Numbers z = x + iy = r cis = r (cos + i sin )

z = x iy

COORDINATE GEOMETRY Straight Line Equation y y1 = m( x x1 ) Circle ( x a )2 + ( y b)2 = r 2 has a centre (a,b) and radius r Parabola y 2 = 4 ax or ( at 2 , 2 at )

Logarithms y = log b x x = b y
log b xy = log b x + log b y x log b = log b x log b y y log b x

= r cis ( )

= r (cos i sin ) r = z = zz = ( x 2 + y 2 )

( )

= arg z
where cos = x r

Focus (a,0) Directrix x = a Ellipse x2 y2 + = 1 or ( a cos , b sin ) a 2 b2 Foci (c,0) ( c,0) where b2 = a2 c2 c Eccentricity: e = a Hyperbola x2 y2 = 1 or ( a sec , b tan ) a 2 b2 b asymptotes y = x a Foci (c,0) ( c,0) where b2 = c2 a2 c Eccentricity: e = a

( ) = n log x
n b

y and sin = r De Moivres Theorem If n is any integer then (r cis )n = r n cis ( n )

log b x =

log a x

log a b

Binomial Theorem n n n n n ( a + b)n = a n + a n1b1 + a n 2 b2 + ... + a n r br + ... + bn 0 1 2 r n

n n n! r = Cr = ( n r )!r !

n n n! Some values of = are given C = in the table below. r ( n r )!r ! r

n r 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 6 10 15 21 28 36 45 55 66 1 4 10 20 35 56 84 120 165 220 1 5 15 35 70 126 210 330 495 1 6 21 56 126 252 462 792 1 7 28 84 210 462 924 1 8 36 120 330 792 1 9 45 165 495 1 10 55 220 1 11 66 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CALCULUS Differentiation
dy = f ( x ) dx

Product Rule dy dv du ( f .g ) = f .g + g . f or if y = uv then =u +v dx dx dx Quotient Rule

du dv v u f u dy g . f f .g or if y = then = dx 2 dx = 2 v d x g v g

y = f ( x) ln x e
ax

1 x ae
ax

Composite Function or Chain Rule

sin x cos x tan x sec x cosec x cot x Integration f ( x) xn 1 x

f ( x ) f ( x)

cos x sin x sec 2 x sec x tan x cosec x cot x cosec 2 x

( f ( g ))

= f g .g

( )

or if y = f (u ) and u = g ( x ) then Volume of Revolution

y = f ( x ) between x = a and x = b rotated about the x -axis Volume =

dy dy . du = dx du dx

a y

dx

f ( x) dx
x +c n +1 ln x + c
n+1

NUMERICAL METHODS Trapezium Rule

y0 + yn + 2( y1 + y2 + ... + yn1 ) a f ( x ) dx 2 h
b

where h = ln f ( x ) + c

b a and yr = f ( xr ) n

Simpsons Rule

First Principles
f ' ( x ) = lim
h 0

b a

1 f ( x ) dx h y + yn + 4( y1 + y3 + ... + yn 1 ) + 2( y2 + y4 + ... + yn 2 ) 3 0

f ( x + h) f ( x ) h

where h =

b a , yr = f ( xr ) and n is even. n

Parametric Function
dy dy . dt = dx dt dx d2 y dx 2 = d dy . dt dt dx dx

TRIGONOMETRY 1 cosec = sin 1 sec = cos cot = 1 tan

2
3

Products
6

2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A B)

3

2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B ) sin ( A B) 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A B ) 2 sin A sin B = cos( A B) cos( A + B )

1 2
4 4

cos cot = sin Sine Rule a b c = = sin A sin B sin C Cosine Rule c 2 = a 2 + b2 2 ab cos C Identities cos 2 + sin 2 = 1

Sums
1

sin C + sin D = 2 sin

C+D CD cos 2 2 C+D CD sin C sin D = 2 cos sin 2 2 C+D CD cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos 2 2 C+D CD cos C cos D = 2 sin sin 2 2

MEASUREMENT Triangle 1 Area = ab sin C 2 Trapezium 1 Area = ( a + b) h 2 Sector 1 2 r 2 Arc length = r Area = Cylinder Volume = r 2 h Curved surface area = 2 rh Cone 1 Volume = r 2 h 3 Curved surface area = rl where l = slant height Sphere 4 Volume = r 3 3 Surface area = 4 r 2

L3CALCF

tan + 1 = sec cot 2 + 1 = cosec 2 General Solutions If sin = sin then = n + ( 1) n If cos = cos then = 2 n If tan = tan then = n + where n is any integer Compound Angles
sin( A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos( A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B tan( A B) = tan A tan B 1 tan A tan B

Double Angles sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A 2 tan A tan 2 A = 1 tan 2 A cos 2 A = cos 2 A sin 2 A = 2 cos2 A 1 = 1 2 sin 2 A