Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


Unit I- ideal and real gas equation
1. Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer and its effect on the physical properties of
substances.
2. The Temperature - a quantity which indicates how hot or cold the body is. The temperature
is indicator of direction for heat flow.
3. Macroscopic thermodynamics is only concerned with the effects of the action of many
molecules, and these effects can be perceived by human senses.
4. The behaviour of the gas is described by summing up the behaviour of each molecule. Such a
study is made in microscopic or statistical thermodynamics.
5. Thermodynamic system is defined as a region in space upon which attention is concentrated
in the analysis of a problem.
6. Surroundings: Everything external to the system is called the surroundings or the
environment.
7. boundary : The system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundary
8. An open system is defined when a fixed volume is under study. There can be mass transfers
as well as energy transfers across the boundary.
9. A closed system is a system that exchanges only energy with its surroundings, not matter.
10. Thermodynamic properties are observable or measurable properties of the system(pressure,
temperature, volume)
11. Classification of properties
a. Intensive properties (Independent of mas)
Properties have same value in any part of the system and it is independent of mas
(pressure, temperature)
b. Extensive properties (mas dependent)
Depends on mass of the system and de not maintain same value across the system
(mass, volume, enthalpy, energy)
12. The specific condition of the system is called State of the system. the properties are used to
describe the state of the system.
13. Path : The succession of states passed through during a change of state is called the path
14. Process: the path is completely specified, the change of state is called a process
15. when no change in any macroscopic property then the system is in equilibrium
16. Applications of thermodynamics
a. To predict the equilibrium state of a reactive mixture as well as the natural direction
of change in a system not at equilibrium
b. thermodynamics cant predict how long it takes for equilibrium to be reached
17. An ideal gas is a theoretical gas or imaginary gas composed of a set of randomly moving,
non-interacting point like particles and they obey the gas law always.
An ideal gas is an imaginary gas that obeys gas law under all conditions
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


18. Properties of ideal gas
a. The gas particles are so small (Point mass) or nearly zero mass or virtually no volume
b. The collisions between ideal gases are elastic. i.e. no attractive or repulsive force
during collision
19. Ideal Gas Equation of state
The functional relationship between P, V & T
(p,u,t) =

20. The ideal gas equation is for perfect gas
pu = R

T
21. Important Laws of Perfect Gases
a. Boyle's Law
The Volume of a given Mass of a Gas varies inversely as its absolute Pressure,
provided the moles and Temperature remains constant.
b. Charles's Law
The volume of a given Mass of a Gas varies directly as its absolute Temperature
provided the moles and Pressure is kept constant.
c. Gay Lussac law
The Pressure of a given Mass of a Gas varies directly as its absolute Temperature
provided the moles and volume is kept constant.
d. Avogadro's Law
For a given mass of an ideal gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are
directly proportional if the temperature and pressure are constant
e. Regnault's Law:-
This Law states that "The two specific Heat at constant Pressure (Cp) and specific
Heat at constant Volume (Cv) of a Gas do not change with the change of
Temperature and pressure.
f. Joule's Law:-
This Law states that "The internal Energy of a given quantity of a Gas depends on
the Temperature.
22. The specific heat - the amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of the substance
through a unit rise in temperature.
23. The product of mass and specific heat (mC
v
) is called the heat capacity at constant volume
(J/K)
24. The latent heat is the amount of heat transfer required to cause a phase change in unit
mass of a substance at a constant pressure and temperature.

Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


25. Van Der Wall`s Equation
The laws of mechanics to individual molecules is considered
Equation of ideal gas is modified with addition of 2 correction terms
[p +
o
:
2
(: b) =RI
where
a, b, and R are the characteristic constants of the particular gas
: specific volume (m
3
/kg)
a represents the mutual attraction between molecules,
u

2
- called force of cohesion.
b represents volume of molecules- called co-volume

26. Redlich Kwong Equation
p =
RI
: b

o
I
1
2
: (: +b)


27. Dietric Equation
p =
RI
: b
c
-u/ R1