Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


Unit II-law of thermodynamics
1. Thermal equilibrium When two bodies at deferent temperature are brought into contact,
sometime later they attain a common temperature now they are in thermal equilibrium.
2. Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
Base for all temperature measurement.
Thermal equilibrium is the key word for zeroth law
Definition:
When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately with a
body C, then B and C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
3. Temperature measurement procedure, a reference body is used, and a certain physical
characteristic of this body which changes with temperature is selected. The changes in the
selected characteristic may be taken as an indication of change in temperature. The selected
characteristic is called the thermometric property.
expansion of the mercury in the tube is used as the thermometric property
4. The reference body which is used in the determination of temperature is called the
thermometer.
5. An easily reproducible state of an arbitrarily chosen standard system is called a fixed point
(a) The ice point, the temperature at which pure ice coexisted in equilibrium with
air-saturated water at one atmosphere pressure.
(b) the steam point, the temperature of equilibrium between pure water and pure
steam at one atmosphere pressure.
(c) the triple point of water, the state at which ice, liquid water and water vapour
coexist in equilibrium (273.16Kelvin).
6. The temperature of the triple point of water, which is an easily reproducible state, is now
the standard fixed point of thermometry.
7. Why gas is chosen as standard thermometric substance?
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


There is considerable difference in temperature measurement between thermometers, the
smallest difference observed in different gas thermometers. So gas is chosen as standard
thermometric substance.
8. First law of Thermodynamics
In a thermodynamic Cycle, net heat supplied to the system is equal to net work done by
the system
_J =_Jw
9. Conservation of energy: Energy is neither created not destroyed, but get transformed from
one form to another.
10. Perpetual Motion Machine 1 (PMM-1)
No mocinc con supply mcconicl work continuously witout somc orm o cncrgy
Jisoppcoring simultoncously
11. Internal Energy
Net stored Energy of the system
u = w
12. Energy interaction in a closed system
A closed system and its surroundings can interact in two ways:
(a) by work transfer,
(b) by heat transfer.
These may be called energy interactions and these bring about changes in the properties of
the system.

13. Work - basic modes of energy transfer, Work is a path function
14. Point functions: Thermodynamic properties (P,V,T) are all point functions. For a given state,
there is a definite value for each property. The change in a thermodynamic properties are
depends only on the initial and final states of the system.
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


15. Cyclic Process:
The initial and final states of the system are the same. The change in any property is zero
cyclic integral o f a property is always zero.

16. Quasi-static process : is an infinitesimal slow process, where each state of the system is pass
through the equilibrium state.
17. Expansion of gas against vacuum is called free expansion
18. Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred across a boundary by virtue of a
temperature difference.
19. Energy transfer by virtue of temperature difference is called heat transfer (Q - Joules)
Heat Transfer is a boundary phenomenon, for isolated system Heat Transfer and work
transfer is zero
Conduction: The transfer of heat between two bodies in direct contact.
Radiation: Heat transfer between two bodies separated by empty space or gases
through electromagnetic waves.
Convection: The transfer of heat between a wall and a fluid system in motion.
20. An indicator diagramis a trace made by a recording pressure gauge.
21. Energy accountingis a system used to measure, analyze and report the energy consumption
of different activities on a regular basis. It is done to improve energy efficiency
22. Conservation of mass : The mass flow rate of a system at entry equal to mass flow rate at
exit of the system
23. Second law of thermodynamics
Second Law for Heat Engines (Called Kelvin-Planck statement)
It is impossible to extract heat Q
Hot
from a hot reservoir and use it all to do work W.
Some amount of heat Q
Cold
must be exhausted to a cold reservoir.

Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology
Karaikal.


Second Law for Refrigerator (Called Clausius statement)
It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a warmer body without any work
having been done to accomplish this flow.
24. First Law efficiency
Efficiency =output energy of device / input energy of device
Irrespective of form of energy
Availability of energy at different temperature
25. Second Law efficiency
Efficiency =
M|n|mum aua||ah|e energy (Fxergy)requ|red tu perum a taxk
Actua| aua||ah|e energy cunxumed ur the taxk

26. Fxergy Defined as the available energy for the work.