1.

Introduction
This report is about the Practical 3 of the subject of Electrical Protection III. The practical was conducted in the laboratory of Electrical Protection III on September 23, 2011, under the assistance and supervision of a Lab Technician.

2. Practical: Relay Settings and Grading of the Simulator

There were 3 sections for this practical namely Practical 2A, Practical 2B and Practical 2C.

2.11. Objective
3 different relays were be set to operate at various times for a fault at the end of the simulator line and then to check that they are graded.

2.12. Apparatus:
Connecting cables Analogue simulator Timer CDG36 and 7SJ50 relays

2.13. Methodology
The trip times of the 3 relays were measured for faults at other parts on the simulator system and these measurements were compared with the trip times for a fault at the end of the system. The simulator comprised 3 CDGs relays in a row. The middle relay was an earth fault relay. The two on the sides were the overcurrent relays

To set the PSM for the middle relay an earth fault was applied on the board( simulator) also to set the PSM for the overcurrent relays, an overcurrent fault was applied.

Practical 2A
The Relay was the CDG36 electromecanical overcurrent and earth fault relay. This relay was connected to the current 1 (CT1) of the simulator. The timer was used to set the relay to trip after 1 second for a fault at fault point RST5( red-to-yellow-to-blue phases). The transformer on the simulator was connected in star-star zero (YY0). The relay was set and checked to make sure that it tripped after 1 second for an earth fault on to each phase, a 3 phase fault and a phase to phase fault. The same procedure was repeated for transformer connections DY11, DD0 and YD1. Figure 1 shows the connection of the C.Ts on the 3 phrases. All these components are part of the simulator.

Fig.1. Current Transformer connections for overcurrent and earth fault protection.

After the tests and simulations the following table was drawn for practical 2A only:

Table1. Results. Transformer Connection DY11 Type of Fault 3 phases (RYB) 2 phases (RB) Phase to earth( B-E) Trip time(seconds) 0.344 1.09 1.57

DD0

3 phases(RYB) 2 phases(RY) Phase to earth(B-E)

0.695 1.28 NA ( because theres no zero sequence) 0.878 2.0 NA (because theres no zero sequence)

YD11

3 phases (RYB) 2 Phase (RY) Phase to earth (B-E)

Findings
For transformer connections DD0 and YD11 there was no readings when a phase-toearth fault was applied. The reason is that there is no neutral point on the secondary of the transformer for this connection, hence no zero sequence. For a 3 phase fault applied to all types of transformer connection it was noted that the relay trip time was relatively shorter. For earth faults the relay that tripped was the middle one whereas for overcurrent fault the one that tripped were the two relays on the sides.

Practical 2B
The relay used was the 7SJ50 solid state 3 phase overcurrent and earth fault relay. The relay was connected to the current transformer 8 (CT 8) on the simulator. Then the timer was used was used to set the trip time of the relay to trip after 0.7 secs for a fault at fault point RST5 (red-to-yellow-to-blue phases) with the transformer connected in star-star zero (YY0).

Figure2. Siemens 7SJ50 Tripping Circuit.

The procedure was repeated also for practical 2A and the following results were obtained:

Table2. For Prac 2B Transformer Connection DD0 Type of Fault 3 phases (RYB) 2 phases (RB) Phase to earth( B-E) YD11 3 phases(RYB) 2 phases(RY) Phase to earth(B-E) Trip time(seconds) 0.5 0.68 NA 0.63 0.72 0.48

Practical 2C
Another 7SJ50 solid state 3 phase overcurrent and earth fault relay was used. The relay was connected to CT11 on the simulator and using the time again the relay was set to trip after 0.3 secs for a fault at fault point RST5 with the transformer connected in YY0. This Practical applied for al practical 2A, 2B and 2C. The following results were obtained: Table 3. Results for Prac 2A, 2B and 2C. Type of Fault Position RST5( red, yellow, blue) Blue-to-earth Yellow-to-earth Red-to-earth Position RST2( red, yellow, blue) 3 phases(RYB) 2 phases(RY) Phase to earth(B-E) Trip time(seconds) 1.3 1,55 0.55 0.35 0.324 0.903

Position RST1( red, yellow, blue)

3 phases (RYB) 2 Phases (RY) Phase to earth (B-E)

0.636 0.349 0.896

Findings:
Eventually, it was noted that for the different fault position for the phase-to-earth faults the relay took a bit longer to trip.

Example how to calculate the PSM: CT Ratio = Fault current = 60A (Assumed) IPU = current setting * ICT(RATED SECONDARY) = IF(RELAY COIL) = IF * PSM = = 9.6 =1.25A Current setting = 125%

Conclusion
From the Practical it can be concluded that the tripping time of relays depend in which position the relay is placed along a power line. Therefore relays have to correctly graded depending on the position they are so that they trip accordingly. Undoubtedly, it can be seen that relays play an extremely important role when it comes to protecting a part of the power system. They normally placed together with circuit breakers.

Terminology Pick-up Current: the minimum coil current at which the relay operates PSM( Plug Setting Multiplier) : the ratio of fault current in the relay coil to the pick-up value.

Bibliography Lab technician tips and advice. Electrical Protection III notes G.F dAlmaine Principles of power system V.K. Metha 4th edition