REFERENCE NO.: D51 - E NAV 2 1. COURSE NAME: Electronic Navigation - ARPA 2.

COURSE DESCRIPTIONS: The course includes the Plotting Techniques, principal ARPA system, IMO Performance Standards for Automatic RADAR Plotting Aids (ARPA), acquisition of targets, tracking capabilities and limitations, processing delays, setting up and maintaining displays, representation of target information, errors of interpretation, errors in displayed data, system operational tests, risks of over-reliance on ARPA, obtaining information from ARPA displays, application of COLREG and integrated navigation system.

3. NUMBER OF UNITS FOR LECTURE AND LABORATORY: 3 LECTURE, 2 LABORATORY = 5 UNITS 4. NUMBER OF CONTACT HOURS: 3 LECTURE, 6 LABORATORY = 9 HOURS 5. PREREQUISITES: E NAV 1 Electronic Navigation 1 and RADAR 6. COURSE OBJECTIVE: The student shall be able to use Radar and ARPA. He shall be able to choose the appropriate mode of display, select plotting and graphics controls suitable to the circumstances, make appropriate use of operational alarms, acquire and track targets which present a potential threat of collision, extract the information needed to establish the course, speed and nearest approach to enable early action to be taken to avoid close quarters situation and make use of ARPA to confirm and monitor their actions. The student shall be able to state the dangers of over reliance on the automatic acquisition and tracking of targets and operational alarms and how these dangers can be counteracted. The student shall also explain the concepts of integrated navigation as needed for navigation and maneuvering system. FUNCTION: F1 Navigation at the Operational Level (STCW Code, Table All/1) 7. COURSE OUTLINE: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: The students shall be able to . . . . . .

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7.1

Plotting Techniques 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 use plotting sheet and reflection plotter to construct the relative motion triangle, and identify course, speed and aspect of other ships from true and relative plots; calculate Closest Point of Approach (CPA) and Time of Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) from true and relative plots; state changes in CPA and TCPA resulting from alteration of course or speed of own or target ship; use a relative plot to determine the alteration of course or speed needed to achieve a required CPA; detect alteration of course of a target and find the alteration from a plot.

7.2

Principal ARPA Systems 7.2.1 describe the different methods of displaying information: 7.2.1.1 vectors; 7.2.1.2 graphics; 7.2.1.3 digital read-out; 7.2.1.4 potential points of collision (PPC); 7.2.1.5 predicted areas of danger (PAD); describe the different ways in which targets may be acquired.

7.2.2 7.3

IMO Performance Standards for Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPA) 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 outline the IMO performance standards for ARPA; describe the requirements for acquisition and tracking of targets; describe the operational warnings required; list the data which should be available in alphanumeric form; state performance standards for range and bearing accuracy and discrimination of radar.

7.4

Acquisition of Targets 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 explain how ARPA acquires a target; state the criteria for automatic acquisition of targets; describe the criteria to be used for manual acquisition of targets; state the optimum number of targets; explain why targets not posing a potential threat should be deleted from the tracker register if the limit on the number of acquired targets has been reached;
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7.4.6 explain under which circumstances target acquisitions may be suppressed over certain areas and how this situation shall be handled; 7.4.7 explain why targets first appearing closer than the preset guard ring do not actuate alarms. 7.5 Tracking Capabilities and Limitations 7.5.1 7.5.2 describe how a target is tracked by ARPA; explain how an acquired target may be lost if its echo fades temporarily; 7.5.3 describe the circumstances leading to target swop; 7.5.4 describe the effect of target swop on displayed data. 7.6 Processing Delays 7.6.1 explain the reasons for a delay in the display or processed ARPA data after target acquisition; 7.6.2 explain the delay in the display of new data when the target ship maneuvers; 7.6.3 state why full accuracy of derived information may not be attained. 7.7 Setting Up and Maintaining Displays 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 7.7.4 7.7.5 7.7.6 7.7.7 7.7.8 7.8 select an appropriate display presentation having regard to the required task and current situation; correctly adjust the radar controls for optimum display of echoes; use manual acquisition and exclusion areas; use automatic acquisition and exclusion areas; select an appropriate time scale for vectors or graphics to produce information required; explain how derived information differs, depending on whether the sea stabilized mode or the ground stabilized mode is used; select the appropriate mode for the circumstances; explain the use of echo referencing in the true motion mode.

Representation of Target Information 7.8.1 use display in true and relative modes and demonstrate the use of true and relative vectors in each mode; 7.8.2 demonstrate the benefits of switching between true and relative vectors; 7.8.3 explain the graphic display of PPCs and PADs;

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7.8.4 assess the threat of collision by-forward extrapolation of vectors and by the use of PADs; 7.8.5 explain how past positions of tracked targets are displayed; 7.8.6 explain how the results of trial maneuvers are approximations depending on the model of own ships maneuvering characteristics; 7.8.7 state the need to refer to the equipment manual for description of the maneuvering characteristics model used, if any; 7.8.8 demonstrate the setting and acknowledgment of operational warning; 7.8.9 describe the benefits and limitations of operational warnings; 7.8.10 use area rejection boundaries where appropriate to avoid spurious interference. 7.9 Errors Of Interpretation 7.9.1 7.9.2 7.9.3 7.9.4 7.9.5 7.9.6 7.9.7 7.9.8 state how the use of vectors in the wrong mode is a common error; check information from vectors with numeric display; explain how a lost target which is subsequently reacquired may temporarily show a course and speed suggesting an alteration when none has occurred; explain how the PADs and PPCs displayed apply only to own ship and targets and do not indicate mutual threats between targets; state how the length of line from target to PAD or PPC is not an indicator of target speed; use history display in the same mode as vectors; explain how a change of direction in the relative history display does not necessarily imply that the target has altered course; explain how the incorrect interpretation of ARPA can lead to a dangerous misunderstanding of the traffic situation.

7.10

Errors In Displayed Data 7.10.1 state how errors in bearing are generated in the radar installation by: 7.10.1.1 backlash; 7.10.1.2 ship motion; 7.10.1.3 asymmetrical antenna beam; 7.10.1.4 azimuth quantization. 7.10.2 state the factors that may cause errors in range; 7.10.3 explain how the smoothing filter in the tracker combined with alterations in own ships course may temporarily produce unreliable indications; 7.10.4 state how errors will be introduced by inputs from compass and log;

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7.10.5 describe the effects of heading and speed errors on derived information; 7.10.6 state how the smoothness of the displayed true history track gives some indication of satisfactory tracking by ARPA. 7.11 System Operational Tests 7.11.1 7.11.2 use system of self-diagnostic routines; use test programs to check performance against known solutions; 7.11.3 check performance, including trial maneuver by manual plotting; 7.11.4 state action to take after malfunction of ARPA. 7.12 Risks of Over-Reliance on ARPA 7.12.1 state why the use of ARPA does not relieve the officer of the watch from the need to comply with basic principles in keeping a navigational watch; 7.12.2 explain the dangers of relying on operational alarms to warn of the presence of other vessels or impending close-quarters situation; 7.12.3 explain why small predicted passing distances must not be relied upon; 7.12.4 state how sensor input alarms only operate on failure of input and do not respond to inaccurate inputs. 7.13 Obtaining Information from ARPA Displays 7.13.1 7.13.2 7.13.3 7.13.4 7.13.5 7.13.6 demonstrate ability to obtain information in both true and relative modes; identify critical targets; determine relative course and speed of target; determine true course and speed of target; interpret displays of past positions for detecting changes in course of speed of target; operate trial maneuver facility to check validity of intended alteration of course or speed.

7.14

Application of COLREG 7.14.1 analyze displayed situations, determine and execute actions to avoid close-quarters situations; 7.14.2 monitor subsequent situation and resumes original course and speed when safe to do so.

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7.15

Integrated Navigation System 7.15.1 explain the concept of integrated navigation on-board of modern vessels; 7.15.2 identify and describe data emanating from navigational sensors; 7.15.3 explain the total integration system in navigation; 7.15.4 describe the function of a navigation unit; 7.15.5 identify and describe route tracking subsystem; explain the performance function of optimum steering.

8.

EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, CHEMICALS, TEACHING AIDS: 8.1 RADAR simulator capable of simulating the operational capabilities of navigational radar equipment, which meets all applicable performance standards, adopted by CHED and incorporate facilities to: 8.1.1 operate in the stabilized relative motion mode and sea and ground stabilized true motion modes; 8.1.2 model weather, tidal streams, current, shadow sectors, spurious echoes and other propagation effects, and generate coastlines, navigational buoys and search and rescue transponders; and 8.1.3 create a real-time operating environment incorporating at least two own ship stations with ability to change own ships course and speed, and include parameters for at least 20 target ships and appropriate communication facilities. 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Plotting charts and equipment shall be available for each set Instructors Manual Video-cassette player Cassettes: 8.5.1Automatic RADAR Plotting Aids Video On (Catalogue No. R1 Code No. 154) Navigation Training Unit 1 RADAR Collision Avoidance: 8.6.1RADAR Theory; 8.6.2RADAR Plotting (with student workbooks). PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SIMULATORS: Any simulator used for simulator-based training shall: 8.7.1 The performance standards and other provisions set forth in section A-I/12 and such other requirements as are prescribed in part A of the STCW Code for any certificate concerned shall be complied with in respect of: 8.7.1.1 all mandatory simulator-based training 8.7.1.2 any assessment of competency required by part A of the STCW Code which is carried out by means of a simulator; and

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8.7.1.3

any demonstration, by means of a simulator, of continued proficiency required by part A of the STCW Code.

8.7.2 Simulators installed or brought into use prior to 1 February 2002 may be exempted from full compliance with the performance standards reffered to in paragraph 1, at the discretion of the Party concerned. 8.7.3 be suitable for the selected objectives and training tasks; 8.7.4 be capable of simulating the operating capabilities of shipboard equipment concerned, to a level of physical realism appropriate to training objectives, and include the capabilities, limitations and possible errors of such equipment; 8.7.5 have sufficient behavioral realism to allow a trainee to acquire skills appropriate to the training objectives; 8.7.6 provide a controlled operating environment, capable of producing a variety of conditions, which may include emergency, hazardous or unusual situations relevant to the training objectives; 8.7.7 provide an interface through which a trainee can interact with the equipment, the simulated environment and, as appropriate, the instructor; 8.7.8 permit an instructor to control, monitor and record exercises for the effective debriefing of trainees. 8.8 Any simulator used for the assessment of competence or for any demonstration of continued proficiency shall: 8.8.1 be capable of satisfying the specified assessment objectives; 8.8.2 be capable of simulating the operational capabilities of the shipboard equipment concerned to a level of physical realism appropriate to the assessment objectives, and include the capabilities, limitations and possible errors of such equipment; 8.8.3 have sufficient behavioral realism to allow a candidate to exhibit the skills appropriate to the assessment objectives; 8.8.4 provide an interface through which a candidate can interact with the equipment and simulated environment; 8.8.5 provide a controlled operating environment, capable of producing a variety of conditions, which may include emergency, hazardous or unusual situations relevant to assessment objectives; and 8.8.6 permit an assessor to control, monitor and record exercises for the effective assessment of the performance of candidates. ARPA simulators capable of simulating the operational capabilities of ARPAs which meet all applicable performance standards adopted by CHED shall incorporate the facilities for: 8.9.1 RADAR simulator which meets all applicable performance standards, adopted by CHED 8.9.2 manual and automatic target acquisition; 8.9.3 past track information;
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8.9

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8.9.4 use of exclusion areas; 8.9.5 vector/graphic time-scale and data display; and 8.9.6 trial maneuvers. 9. 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 REFERENCES: IMO Model Course 1.07. Radar Observation and Plotting. IMO Model Course 1.08: The Operational Use of ARPA/BRM/SAR. IMO Assembly Resolution A.482 (XII) Training in the Use of Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPA). IMO Assembly Resolution A.482 (XII) Training in Radar Observation and Plotting. Assembly Resolution A.422 (XI) Performance Standards for Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPA). The IMO/ILO document for Guidance, 1985. IMO Sales No. 935 87.08E. International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREG), as amended. IMO Sales No. 904 85.01.E. IMO Model Course 1.09 RADAR Simulator. IMO Model Course 7.03, 1999 Edition. ISBN 92-801-6105-9. Torrechilla, Lauro S., Marquez III, Angel A. and Payde, John Mark M. Electronics Navigation 2 including RADAR and ARPA.

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