Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing Project Name Project No. Chilled Water System Type Date Tank Identif. / Name Tank Description Cylindrical / Horizontal Penthouse Equipt Room Location (building)

Color Codes User Input Calculated Reference Data

Volume System Equipt Properties of Water Equipt Dscr Volume Temp Sp.Vol e Temp Sp.Vol e (replace/edit) (cu.ft.) T deg F V ft3/lb % exp T deg F V ft3/lb % exp Chillers - Evap 20 35 0.01600 0 160 0.01639 2.44 Chillers - Cond 40 0.01602 0.12 170 0.01645 2.81 Cooling Towers 50 0.01602 0.12 180 0.01651 3.19 CHW Pumps 10 60 0.01604 0.25 190 0.01657 3.56 CW Pumps 70 0.01605 0.31 200 0.01663 3.94 Boilers - WT 80 0.01607 0.44 210 0.01670 4.38 HW Pumps 90 0.01610 0.62 220 0.01677 4.81 Heat Exchangers 100 0.01613 0.81 230 0.01684 5.25 Cooling Coils 50 110 0.01617 1.06 240 0.01692 5.75 Heating Coils 120 0.01620 1.25 250 0.01700 6.25 Radtrs, Convtrs 130 0.01625 1.56 260 0.01708 6.75 Fan Coil Units 30 140 0.01629 1.81 270 0.01719 7.44 Terminal Equipt 150 0.01634 2.13 280 0.01726 7.88 Miscell Equipt 10 Equip Vol (ft3) 120 e = % Expansion of Water from 35 F to t System Vol (ft3) = 270 e = 100*( Vt - 0.016 ) / 0.016 Contigency Factor ( %) = 10 t = Max temp of water (deg F) Sys Vol + % age (ft3 ) = Vs 297 Vt = Sp. Vol at temp t (ft3/lb) Equiv lbs of Water = Vp 18,555 a = Coeff of Exp of Steel (in / in) = 0.0000065 Equiv gals of Water = Vg 2,226 a = Coeff of Exp of Copper (in / in) = 0.0000095 E = Net Pressurization Factor for diaphragm tanks T E T E T E 90 0.004 110 0.008 130 0.012 100 0.006 120 0.010 140 0.015

Volume of Pipes in System Nom Inside Volume Length Size Diam per ft per size (ins) (ins) (cu.ft.) (ft) 3/8 0.49 0.001 1/2 0.62 0.002 3/4 0.82 0.004 20 1 1.05 0.006 30 1 1/4 1.38 0.010 1 1/2 1.61 0.014 30 2 2.07 0.023 20 2 1/2 2.47 0.033 30 3 3.07 0.051 20 3 1/2 3.55 0.069 4 4.03 0.088 30 5 5.05 0.139 6 6.07 0.201 50 8 7.89 0.340 30 10 10.02 0.548 12 11.94 0.777 20 14 13.13 0.940 16 15.00 1.227 18 16.88 1.553 70 20 18.81 1.931 22 20.75 2.348 24 22.64 2.796 26 25.25 3.477 28 27.25 4.050 30 29.25 4.666 32 31.25 5.326 34 33.25 6.030 36 35.25 6.777 Total Volume of Pipes (ft3) =

Volume per size (cu.ft.) 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.18 0.00 0.42 0.47 1.00 1.03 0.00 2.65 0.00 10.03 10.19 0.00 15.55 0.00 0.00 108.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 150.3

T 150 160

E 0.018 0.021

E = Net Exp of water (gals) heated from T1 to T2 T 100 120 150 200 280 e= 0.006 0.010 0.018 0.034 0.070 E = exp 13.4 22.3 40.1 75.7 155.8

Sizing Data (Enter as required by tank type & sizing method) Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F) T2 200 % Exp of Water fr 35 F to T2 e 3.94 Tank Material (Steel / Copper) Steel Coeff of Exp of Tank Material a 7E-06 Tank Type (Open / Closed) Open Closed Type (Normal / Diaphragm) Normal Tank Size (% of System Volume) 5 Default Diameter (inches) D 24 Locatn w.r.t Pump (Suctn/Dischge) Suction System Height above Tank (ft) H 90 Pr. Loss fr Tank to Pump (ft.Wtr) F 20 Pump Head (ft Wtr) PH 70

Average Operating Temp (F) T Minim Water Temp - Tmin (F) T1 Maxim Water Temp - Tmax (F) T2 Specific Volume at Tmin (ft3/lb) V1 Specific Volume at Tmax (ft3/lb) V2 System Volume (ft3) Vs Min Press at Highest Point (psia) P1 Max Press to open Safety Valve (psia)P2 Atmospheric Pressure (psia)) Pa Atmospheric Pressure (ft.Wtr) A, Pa' Venting Pressure (ft.Wtr) V Maxim Operating Pressure (ft Wtr) Po

200 40 200 0.0160 0.0167 297 25.0 40.0 14.7 33.9 12 350

dt = T2-T1 = (V2/V1 - 1) = Pa / P1 = Pa / P2 = P1 / P2 = Pa' / Po = 3*a*dt = psi x 2.31 " Hg x 1.33 ft3 x 7.5 gals x 8.334 ft3 x 62.4

160 0.0438 0.588 0.3675 0.625 0.0969 0.0031 = ft = ft = gals = lbs = lbs

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

8 - Compression-Expansion Tank-Sizing.xlsx

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute Of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Pressurization Tank Sizing Open Tank Sizing Vt Weight Volume Basis of Sizing gallons lbs ft3 (1) As a Percentage of System Volume 111 928 15 (2) Using Min, Max Temp, Exp Coeff 96 804 13 from ASHRAE Systems 2000 181 1508 24 Tank Size D (in) 24.0 24.0 24.0 L (ft) 4.7 4.1 7.7 Sizing assumes Open Tank is: (1) vented to atmosphere, (2) at least 3' above highest point of system, & (3) connected to pump suction Vt = Minimum Volume of Expansion Tank (gals) Vt = Vs * (% of System Volume / 100) Vt = Vs * (e/100) * 1.1 Exp Vol + 10% ASHRAE 2000 Vt = 2 * Vs * [ (V2/V1 - 1) - (3*a*dt)]

Closed Tank Sizing V = +ve venting pressure (= 12 ft if unknown) Fill Pressure (Pf): The tank location w.r.t. the piping system affects the initial fill or minim press at the F tank. = frictional loss from tank to pump in order to The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system as shown below. maintain +ve venting pressure (ft) Pf Pa/Pf A = atmospheric pressure (ft) Pf = Initial or Min Pa/Pf Pf/Po 1-Pf/Po Fill Pressure (ft) ft H2O Location of Tank - Pa/Po H = system static head (ft) = distance between (1) Tank is above the piping system Pf = V + F + A 65.9 0.51 0.42 0.19 0.81 tank and highest point of system (2) Tank is on suction side of pump Pf = V + H + A 135.9 0.25 0.15 0.39 0.61 PH = pump head (ft) reqd to maintain +ve press. (3) Tank is on discharge side of pump Pf = V + PH + A 115.9 0.29 0.20 0.33 0.67 at the top of the system (1) Closed Tank:: T <= 160 T2 = 150 V2 at T2 = 0.0163 Location of Tank Denom Vt gals (1) Tank is above the piping system 0.42 96 (2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.15 262 (3) Tank is on discharge side of pump 0.20 204 Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.22 193 (2) Closed Tank:: 160 <= T <= 280 T2 = dt = Lbs 798 2185 1704 1608 110 Vs = E = e*Vs = ft3 D (ft) 13 24.0 35 24.0 27 24.0 26 24.0 297 40 L (ft) 4.1 11.1 8.7 8.2 297 79 L (ft) 8.0 22.0 17.1 17.4 297 79 L (ft) 4.1 5.5 5.0 8.7 297 22 L (ft) 5.0 2.4 2.9 10.3

Vt = Vt =

Minim Volume of Pressurization Tank (gals)

E ASHRAE 1987 (Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po) for T <= 160 F E = Net expansion of water (gals) heated from 40 F to T

200 Vs = (0.00041 x T - 0.0466) x Vs = Location of Tank Denom Gallons Lbs ft3 D (ft) (1) Tank is above the piping system 0.42 189 1573.0 25.2 24.0 (2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.15 517 4304.6 69.0 24.0 (3) Tank is on discharge side of pump 0.20 403 3357.5 53.8 24.0 Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.22 410 3419 55 24.0 (3) Closed Chilled Water Tank 90 Vs = (0.00041 x T - 0.0466) x Vs = Location of Tank Denom Gallons Lbs ft3 D (ft) (1) Tank is above the piping system 0.81 97 809 13 24.0 (2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.61 129 1074 17 24.0 (3) Tank is on discharge side of pump 0.67 118 982 16 24.0 Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.22 205 1709 27 24.0 (4) Closed Diaphragm Water Tank T= E= Location of Tank Denom Gallons (1) Tank is above the piping system 0.19 118 (2) Tank is on suction side of pump 0.39 57 (3) Tank is on discharge side of pump 0.33 67 Using ASHRAE HdBk Systems 2000 0.38 241 120 0.01 Lbs 985 478 560 2010 Vs = Num = E*Vs = ft3 D (ft) 16 24.0 8 24.0 9 24.0 32 24.0 T=

Vt =

Vs *

[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3* a*dt) (Pa/P1) - (Pa/P2)

ASHRAE 2000

Vt =

(0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs ASHRAE 1987 ( Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po ) 160 <= T <= 280

(1) Tank Size is half of a hot water tank operating at 200 F (0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs Vt = 2 * [(Pa/Pf) - (Pa/Po)] ASHRAE 1987 (2) Tank Size can be estimated from: (0.00041*T - 0.0466) * Vs Vt = 1 - (Pf/Po)

Vt =

E * Vs [ 1 - (Pf/Po) ] Vs *

ASHRAE 1987 for T <= 160 F ASHRAE 2000

Vt =

[(V2/V1) - 1] - (3*a*dt) [ 1 - (P1/P2) ]

References: (1) 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, pp. 13.11 - 13.15 (2) 2000 ASHRAE Handbook pp. 12.3 - 12.5

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

8 - Compression-Expansion Tank-Sizing.xlsx

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

PRESSURIZATION TANKS Pressurization tanks include expansion tanks and compression tanks. The term expansion tank is used with low pressure systems where the tank is located at the highest point of the piping system (open or closed) and the tanks water surface is at atmospheric pressure. The height location of the expansion tank determines the static pressure head available to the terminal equipment. The term compression tank applies to pressurized closed piping systems. Make-up water is supplied through the pressurization tank. Pressurization tank types include (1) Open and (2) Closed Closed pressurization tank construction can be: A regular tank where the pressurizing air or gas is in contact with the liquid. A diaphragm tank where the air charge and liquid are permanently separated by a diaphragm to prevent corrosion of the tank or contamination of the fluid. System Volume Pressurization tank size is based on the volume capacity of the system. System volume consists of: the physical inside volume of all the pipe sections in the system. The pipe volume is converted into gallons of liquid using the density of the liquid. the liquid storage capacity of all the equipment in the system. The physical volume storage capacity of the terminal equipment, primary equipment and miscellaneous equipment, etc., that is converted to liquid volume using liquid density. Open Tank Sizing Open tank sizing assumes that the tank is: vented to the atmosphere at least three feet above the highest point in the piping system connected to the suction side of the pump Tank Volume The tank volume size in gallons is estimated as a percentage of the total system volume The minimum recommended volume is 6% in accordance with 1987ASHRAE Handbook. An alternative to sizing the tank based on percentage of system volume, the system liquid expansion volume can be used to determinethe tank size. This expansion volume is the difference in volumes at the maximum temperature of the piping system and at the minimum temperature.

Closed Tank Sizing Fill Pressure: The tank location with respect to the piping system affects the initial fill or minimum pressure Pf at the tank. The tank can be at three possible locations with respect to the system. Tank is above the piping system V = positive venting pressure; (assumes 12 ft of liquid if not known) F = frictional pipe losses from tank to pump that must be overcome in order to obtain positive air venting pressure (ft of liquid as specified in input) A = atmospheric pressure (ft of liquid) Tank is on suction side of the pump H = system static head = distance between tank and highest point of piping system Tank is on discharge side of the pump PH = pump head (ft of liquid) required to maintain positive pressure attop of system

(1)

Pf = V + F + A

(2)

Pf = V + H + A

(3)

Pf = V + PH + A

In all three cases, the atmospheric pressure A is added to obtain absolute pressure You must specify either the initial fill pressure Pf or the system static head H.

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

8 - Compression-Expansion Tank-Sizing.xlsx

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

Tank Sizing Equations (closed tanks)

Vt=

E P a P a - P f P o

(1) Tank with operating temperatures below 160 F Vt = minimum volume of pressurization tank (gal) E = net pressurization of water in the system when heated from min to max temp (gal) Pa = pressure in tank when water first enters tank (ft of water absolute); At atmos.press. Pf = initial fill or minimum pressure of tank (ft of water absolute) Po = maximum operating pressure of tank (ft of water absolute) (2) Tank with operating temperatures between 160 F and 280 F T = maximum average operating temperature (oF) Vs = system volume calculated from the piping system dimensions (gal) Error: Denominator is Pa/Pf - Pa/Po

Vt=

( 0.041 x T - 0.0466) x V s
P a P a P f P o

Vt=

Chilled Water Tank Error: Denominator is 1 - Pf/Po ( 0.041 x T - 0.0466) x V s (3) Tank sizing for chilled water systems will result in tanks of very small size

P f 1 P o

because of the low pressurization coefficients (40 F to 90 F temperature range). For that reason, closed compression tanks applied to chilled water systems are sized as follows: (1) regular tank size is half the equivalent hot water size (2) the piping system is considered to be operating from 70 F to 200 F
Specific Volume of Water (ASHRAE Chapter-6, Table-4) Expansion Sp.Vol Tmp Press Sp.Vol F psia ft3 / lb ft3 / (F.lb) ft3 / gal * 1,000,000 0 0.0185 0.0174 0.1453 0.1456 32 0.0886 0.0175 40 0.1217 0.0160 0.1335 50 0.1781 0.0160 0.1335 0.1337 60 0.2564 0.0160 70 0.3633 0.0161 1.6667 0.1338 80 0.5074 0.0161 1.7500 0.1339 90 0.6989 0.0161 2.0000 0.1342 100 0.9503 0.0161 2.1667 0.1344 110 1.2765 0.0162 2.4286 0.1348 120 1.6947 0.0162 2.5000 0.1350 130 2.2257 0.0163 2.7778 0.1354 140 2.8926 0.0163 2.9000 0.1358 3.0909 0.1362 150 3.7228 0.0163 160 4.7469 0.0164 3.2500 0.1366 170 5.9994 0.0165 3.4615 0.1371 180 7.5194 0.0165 3.6429 0.1376 190 9.3495 0.0166 3.8000 0.1381 3.9375 0.1386 200 11.5375 0.0166 210 14.1358 0.0167 4.1176 0.1392 220 17.2010 0.0168 4.2778 0.1398 230 20.7960 0.0168 4.4211 0.1403 240 24.9873 0.0169 4.6000 0.1410 250 29.8462 0.0170 4.7619 0.1417 260 35.4502 0.0171 4.9091 0.1423 280 49.2260 0.0173 5.2500 0.1438 300 67.0350 0.0175 5.5769 0.1454

Vt=

eV s

(4) Diaphragm Water Tank

P f e = net pressurization factor for water 1 - Po

Exp: ft3 / (F.gal) * 1,000,000

The lowest temperature of chilled water equals the minim design temperature. This can be assumed to be 35 oF. T The highest temperature is the highest anticipated ambient temp. The net pressurization factor e is obtained from table below Source: 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 2, p. 13.15 Net Pressurization Factors for Diaphragm Water Tank
Highest Temp F 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Press. Factor e 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.021

Typical make-up water supply and expansion tank piping for plain steel tanks

8.6900 10.6845 13.5480 15.4570 18.0111 18.8850 21.4167 22.6086 24.3415 25.7855 27.6485 29.2453 30.6292 31.8401 33.3988 34.7843 36.0240 37.5564 38.9429 40.2033 43.1035 45.8781

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

8 - Compression-Expansion Tank-Sizing.xlsx

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS Liquid Water Properties Density (lb/cu ft) Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) Density (lb/cu ft) Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) Density (lb/cu ft) Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) Density (lb/cu ft) Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) Density (lb/cu ft) Specific Gravity ( = Density / 62.4 ) Kinematic viscosity (sq ft/sec) Specific heat (Btu/lb oF) Temperature 60 62.37 1.00 12.17 1.00 66.55 1.07 48.60 0.78 77.21 1.24 21.80 0.69 54.90 0.88 48.30 0.50 44.70 0.72 7.00 0.50

-30

Glycol

67.98 1.09
595.00 0.70

67.55 1.08
190.00 0.73

Brine

78.59 1.26
171.70

Diesel

0.66 59.20 0.95

376.70

78.21 1.25 77.50 0.67 57.40 0.92

161.50

Petrol

0.47 46.10 0.74 11.00 0.47

0.48 45.50 0.73 9.80 0.48

30 62.42 1.00 0.00 1.00 67.11 1.08 85.40 0.76 77.71 1.25 34.70 0.68 56.10 0.90 80.70 0.49 44.90 0.72 8.80 0.49

100 62.00 0.99 7.39 1.00 65.74 1.05 22.60 0.81 76.09 1.22 8.90 0.71 53.00 0.85 29.10 0.51 44.30 0.71 5.50 0.51

150 61.20 0.98 4.76 1.00 64.68 1.04 12.50 0.85

210 59.81 0.96 3.20 1.01 63.12 1.01 6.40 0.88

51.10 0.82 7.50 0.52 42.40 0.68 3.00 0.52

PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HOT WATER Temp deg F 212 220 240 260 280 300 350 400 450 Satur. Press psig 0 2.5 10.3 20.7 34.5 52.3 119.9 232.6 407.9 Density lb/cu ft 59.81 59.63 59.1 58.51 57.94 57.31 55.59 53.65 51.55 Specific Kinem Sp. Heat Gravity = Viscos Btu/lb oF Density/62.4 sq ft/sec 0.96 1.0055 3.2 0.96 1.0068 3 0.95 1.0104 2.7 0.94 1.0148 2.5 0.93 2.3 1.02 0.92 2.1 1.26 0.89 1.9 1.044 0.86 1.7 1.067 0.83 1.5 1.095

Increase in Frictional Pressure Loss due to Pipe Age Hydraulic Handbook by Colt Industries Multipliers Pipe Age Years 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 Small 1 - 3 1 1.4 2.2 3.6 5 6.3 7.25 8.1 8.75 9.25 9.6 10 Medium Large 4 to 12 14 - 48 1 1 1.35 1.3 1.9 1.6 2.7 1.8 3.5 2 4.2 2.1 4.73 2.2 5.2 2.3 5.58 2.4 5.93 2.6 6.23 2.86 7 3

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings Merrill LLP

8 - Compression-Expansion Tank-Sizing.xlsx