EEEB 1113 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS I

Chapter 2 Basic circuit analysis laws

TOPIC & STRUCTURE OF THE LESSON

Introduction to circuit element Resistor Ohms law Basic concepts of network topology (node, branch & loop ) Kirchhoff s laws Resistors in series and parallel Voltage divider and current divider Wye-delta transformations

Resistors
FIRST CIRCUIT ELEMENT RESISTOR (1825-26)

Georg Ohm (1787-1854)

In 1825-26 Ohm gave the concept of first circuit element Resistor. He related the voltage and current by a constant known as the resistance (v=Ri).

Resistors
The circuit element used to model the current resisting behavior of a vmaterial is the resistor . The voltage, across a resistor is directly proportional to the

flow of current. Resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of electric current, measured in Ohms ();where 1 = 1V/A. The resistance R of an element denotes its ability Conductance, G is the ability of an element to conduct electric to resist themeasured flow of electric current; it is measured in ohms current, in Siemens G= 1/R =I/V ()

current, i flowing through the resistor: Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the V=IR

i
Symbol:
+
R1

--

1k + l

Resistors
Power absorbed by a resistor Conductance G (unit: siemens S)

Power dissipated in or absorbed by the resistor is always positive. Theoretically - resistor is a passive element, cannot generate energy.

There are two extreme possible values of R: Short Circuit when R = 0, Open Circuit when R = .

Resistors
A short circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with resistance approaching 0 but the current is NOT 0.

= =0 =

Resistors
A short circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with resistance approaching 0 but the current is NOT 0.

= =0

=
A open circuit is a circuit that has circuit element with resistance approaching .

= lim = 0 =

Resistors
For the circuit shown below, calculate the voltage v, the conductance G, and the power p. Solution (a) v = iR = 2 mA x 10 k = 20 V (b) G = 1/R = 1/10 k = 100 S

(c) p = vi = 20 volts x 2 mA = 40 mW
For the circuit shown below, calculate the Resistance, R.

Basic concepts of network topology

Electric circuits consist of connected basic circuit elements. A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor. A node is a point where two or more circuit elements join. A loop/mesh is a closed path, starting and ending at the same node without passing through any intermediate node more than once. A loop is said to be independent if it contains a branch which is not in any other loop. Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or connected sequentially and consequently carry the same current. Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them.

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

For a network with b branches, n nodes and l independent loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network topology:

b l n 1
Example
7 1 2 6

DC

2A

b 9 n 5 l 5
10

node, branch & loop

Question: How many branches, nodes and loops are there? five branches, namely, the 10-V voltage source, the 2-A current source, and the three resistors.

By redrawing the circuit =>three nodes Three independent loops

node, branch & loop

Question: How many branches, nodes and loops are there? Should we consider it as one branch or two branches?

Consider as two branches, as there are 2 elements 7 branches, 4 nodes and 4 loops 7=4+4-1

Kirchhoffs laws
Ohm's law coupled with Kirchhoff's two laws gives a sufficient, powerful set of tools for analyzing a large variety of electric circuits.

Kirchhoffs Law

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoffs laws
KCL: The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals zero.
Note that KCL also applies to a closed boundary. This may be regarded as a generalized case, because a node may be regarded as a closed surface shrunk to a point. In two dimensions, a closed boundary is the same as a closed path. The total current entering the closed surface is equal to the total current the surface. leaving = N = no. of branches connected to the node; = in = nth current entering the node.

Kirchhoffs laws
Alternatively, the sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving a node.
=

1 2 + 3 + 4 5 = 0 1 + 3 + 4 = 2 + 5

Kirchhoffs laws
Alternatively, the sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving a node.
=

i2 i1 i5 i3 i4

1 + 2 3 + 4 5 = 0 1 + 2 + 4 = 3 + 5

Kirchhoffs laws
KCL can be applied to obtain the combined current, when current sources are connected in parallel .

Original Circuit

Equivalent Circuit

Kirchhoffs Current laws

Determine the current I for the circuit shown in the figure below.
We can consider the whole enclosed area as one node.

This indicates that + 2 + 3 + 4 = 0 the actual current for I is flowing = 3 in the opposite direction.

Kirchhoffs Current laws

Find v o and i o in the circuit given below.

Kirchhoffs laws
KVL : the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero. M

v
m 1

where M = the number of voltages in the loop vm = the mth voltage in the loop. Sum of voltage drop= sum of voltage rises 1 + 2 + 3 4 + 5 = 0 2 + 3 + 5 = 1 + 4

Kirchhoffs Voltage laws

KVL can be applied to obtain the combined voltage, when voltage sources are connected in series .

Original Circuit

Equivalent Circuit

Kirchhoffs Voltage laws

Sign convention: The sign of each voltage is the polarity of the terminal first encountered in traveling around the loop.

The direction of travel is arbitrary.

+
R1 A V0 R2 V1
Clockwise:

+
V2

V0 V1 V2 0
Counter-clockwise:

V0 V1 V2

V2 V1 V0 0

Kirchhoffs Voltage laws

Find v1 and v2 in the circuit given below.

Kirchhoffs Voltage laws

Find vx and v0 in the circuit given below.

Kirchhoffs laws
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in the circuit given below.

Resistors in series
Recall: Elements are in series if they share a single node and carry the same current
Applying KVL, + 1 +2 = 0 = 1 +2 Apply Ohms Law = 1 +2 = (1 +2 ) = The equivalent resistance of any resistance connected in series is sum of individual resistance. Thus for series resistors, = + + + +

Resistors in Parallel
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across them. Applying KCL at node a, = 1 +2 Apply Ohms Law = + 1 2 1 1 = + = 1 2 The total current, i is shared by the resistors in inverse proportion to their resistance = = // +

Resistors in series and parallel

By combining the resistors in the circuit below, find Req

= ((((4 + 5 + 3)//4) + 3)//6) + 2 + 1 = 6

Resistors in series and parallel

By combining the resistors in the circuit below, find Rab

= ((4 + 2)// 6) + 8 = 11

Voltage divider
If R1 and R2 are connected in series with a voltage source v volts, the voltage drops across R1 and R2 are V V

I R1 A V0 R2 V2 V1

Rs

R1 R2

V0 V2 IR2 R2 R1 R2

R2 V2 V0 R1 R2 R1 Also V1 V0 R1 R2

Voltage divider
Note that source voltage v is divided among the resistors in direct proportion to their resistances. principle of voltage division

In general, if a voltage supply has N resistors in series with the source voltage v, the nth resistor (Rn) can be expressed as:
We call this Voltage Divider rule

= 1 + 2 + +

Current divider
To determine the current through each resistor;

i
+

Ohms Law

i1

i(t)

R1

i2

R2 v(t)
-

R2 v(t ) i1 (t ) i(t ) R1 R1 R2 R1 v(t ) i2 (t ) i(t ) R2 R1 R2

We call this Voltage Divider rule

R1R2 v(t ) Rpi (t ) i(t ) R1 R2

Current divides in inverse proportion to the resistances

Current divider
N resistors in parallel

1 1 1 1 Rp R1 R2 Rn
Current in jth branch is

v(t ) Rpi(t )
v(t ) Rp i j (t ) i(t ) Rj Rj

Voltage divider & Current divider

Find v1 and v2 for the circuit shown below. Also calculate i1 and i2 and the power dissipated in the 12 and 40 resistors.
12//6 = [6x12][6+12] = 4 10//40 = [10x40][10+40] = 8 Equivalent circuit:

Voltage divider & Current divider

Equivalent circuit: Use voltage division, v1 = [4/(4+8)](15) = 5V v2 = [8/(4+8)](15) = 10V

i1 = v1/12 = 5/12 = 416.7 mA i2 = v2/40 = 10/40 = 250 mA P1 = v1i1 = 5x(5/12) = 2.083 W P2 = v2i2 = 10x(0.25) = 2.5 W

Voltage divider & Current divider

Step 1: Simplifying the circuit with series-parallel reductions.
4 2.4

io = [16/(16+4)]10 = 8 A, i6 = [4/(6+4)]8 = 3.2 A, p = (3.2)2 6 = 61.44 W.

Voltage divider & Current divider

Find the power dissipated at the 6-resistor.

Hint: Find the current i6, then use p = i2R to calculate the power.

Wye-delta transformations
Situations often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors are neither in parallel nor in series. For example, consider the bridge circuit shown. How do we combine resistors R1 - R6 when the resistors are neither in series nor in parallel? Many circuits of the type shown can be simplified by using three-terminal networks. These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network, and the delta () or pi () network as will be shown next. These networks occur by themselves or as part of a larger network.

Wye-delta transformations
Y, T, and Resistors Connections

Wye-delta transformations
Delta to Wye Conversion
Each resistor in the Y network is a product of the resistors in adjacent branches, divided by the sum of the three resistors.

Wye-delta transformations
Wye to Delta Conversion
Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.

Wye-delta transformations
Example
Transform the wye network, in the figure shown below, to a delta network.

Wye-delta transformations
Example
For the bridge network in the figure below, find Rab and i.

Wye-delta transformations
Example
For the bridge network in the figure below, find Rab and i. We first find the equivalent resistor R Then convert sub-network to wye connection form as shown:

Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
For the circuit given, find the source current i.

Wye-delta transformations
Exercise

Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit shown.

Answer: 36.25.

Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit shown.

Answer: 36.25.

Wye-delta transformations
Exercise
Obtain the equivalent resistance at the terminals a-b of the circuit shown.

End of Chapter 2 Q & A??