Biology: September 12th, 2013: Chapter 2

Chemical basis of life: atoms, molecules, & water Atoms Chemical Bonds Properties of water Electrons Have potential energy due to their position relative to the nucleus Farther away from nucleus = more energy Elements Cannot be broken down into other substances 4 of the essential elements make up about 96% of living mater o CARBON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, and HYDROGEN Other 4% are: o PHOSPHOROUS, SULFUR, & CALCIUM Other 17 elements are trace elements o Iron, Iodine

Molecule 2 or more atoms bonded together

Compound Molecule composed of 2 or more elements Types of bonds Covalent- strongest o Polar o Non-polar Hydrogen Ionic

Electronegativity The attraction of an atom for electrons The more electronegative, the more that atom pulls the electrons towards itself

Covalent Bond Atoms share a pair of electrons Occurs between atoms whose outer electron shells are not full Strongest bond Non-polar if the share the electrons equally Non-polar Covalent Bonds Between atoms with similar electronegativities Equal sharing of electrons No charge difference across molecule Polar Covalent Bonds Not equal sharing of electrons One atom is MORE electronegative that the other(s) Hydrogen Bonds Very important for life Weak alone, but additive when combined Ionic Bond One atom is much more electronegative than the other Ions Cation o Positively charged Anion o Negatively charged Ionic bond occur when a cation bonds with an anion

Chemical Reactions Occurs when one or more substances are changed into other substances o Reactants products Share many properties o All require a source of energy

o Reactions in living organisms often require a catalyst (enzymes) o Tend to proceed in a particular direction but will eventually reach equilibrium o Occur in liquid environment - water Make and break chemical bonds

Properties of water Solution o Solvent-liquid o Solutes-substances dissolved in solvent Aqueous solution o Water is the solvent Ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds will dissolve n water

Hydrophilic water-loving Hydrophobic water-fearing Amphipathic molecule Both polar and non-polar regions of the molecule May form micelles in water Solutions Concentration o Amount of a solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution o 1 gram of NaCl was dissolved in 1 liter of water = 1g/L Molecular weight and moles Mw = o Atomic mass of all atoms x the number there are of each one Sucrose = C12H22O11 = (12 x12) + (22 X1) + (11 x16) = 342 D (Daltons)

1 mole = The molecular weight of a compound in grams o 1 mole of sucrose = 342 grams o one mole of anything contains the same number of molecules different weights, but same number of molecules 6.0234e23 molecules = 1 mole

Molarity Concentration amount Solute/Solvent Moles/Liter = Molar solution = M Water

Extremely stable as a liquid o Hydrogen bonds Depend on o concentration of dissolved solute particles and o not on the specific type of particle Addition of solutes to water o Decreases freezing point o Increases boiling point Some animals produce antifreeze molecules that dissolve in their body fluids o Can live in cold environments or withstand freezing temperatures Participates in chemical reactions o Hydrolysis or dehydration Provides force or support Removes toxic waste components Evaporative cooling Cohesion and adhesion

Properties of water due to hydrogen bonding Cohesion o Water molecules stick together Capillary transport Adhesion o Water molecule stick to surfaces

Capillary transport Surface tension

Heat of Vaporization Amount of heat needed for 1 gram of a substance to vaporize Water is the Solvent of Life It will dissolve the most popular molecules, even most proteins, DNA, RNA, and sugar o Unless they are too big EX) cellulose It will dissolve molecules that have ionic bonds - example salt! Will not dissolve hydrophobic molecules

Dissociation of Water molecules Sometimes a Hydrogen atom participating in a H-bond between 2 water molecules will go off with the wrong water molecule It leaves behind its electron What actually gets transferred is the hydrogen ion - a single proton This results in 2 ions being formed o A Hydroxyl ion and A Hydronium ion

9/12/2013 5:12:00 AM

9/12/2013 5:12:00 AM