Nationalism and National Identity in Twentieth-Century Latin America

Field of Study: MA in Modern History (UCL) Major or minor option: MA in Area Studies; MSc in Politics (ISA) Dr Nicola Miller, UCL Mondays 10-12, Institute for the Study of the Americas (ISA), 31/35 Tavistock Square Approach and structure: Latin American history since independence has been shaped by the process of constructing modern nation-states, yet the issue of nationalism -- as either ideology or historical process -- is usually addressed only indirectly in the existing historiography, and there are few sustained attempts to analyse Latin American experiences of nation-building in a comparative context. Questions of national identity have received far more attention, but their cultural manifestations have usually been studied out of context from the broader political process. The aim of this course is to fill these gaps by exploring Latin American nationalisms in a comparative context, and by analysing the relationship between nationalism and national identity in Latin America. The course will open with three sessions introducing debates in the theory of nationalism, and then proceed to test the main approaches, namely perennialism, modernism and postmodernism, against Latin American experiences. The rest of the course will be organised around themes and debates in twentieth-century Latin American politics, which will be brought up to the present to incorporate the question of whether the concept of the nation-state is still relevant to the analysis of contemporary Latin American societies, especially given the recent emphasis on transnational history. We will draw on material from a variety of Latin American countries. Primary source material (available in translation for those of you just beginning to read Spanish) will be introduced where possible and appropriate. Secondary material will be drawn from a range of disciplines: political theory, politics, international relations, history, cultural studies, anthropology, etc. Readings will be assigned on a weekly basis, and the course will be conducted mainly through seminar discussion. Assessment: 1) ISA Students: 3 essays of 3,000 words each and the examination (3 questions in 3 hours). Essays must be comparative in approach (at least two countries). 2) UCL History Department students: 3 essays of 4,000 words each. Essays must be comparative in approach (at least two countries). The standard deadlines and penalties for each of the degrees apply. Contacting me: If you want to see me individually, usually the best thing to do is to mention it at class and we can make an appointment. My office is room 304, UCL History Department, 24 Gordon Square [entrance is at the back of the building; then go up to the third floor]. I hold office hours, when you can just come by without an appointment, on Tuesdays, 2-4pm. My email is Nicola.Miller@ucl.ac.uk. Telephone: 020 7679 3897 (33897 if you are calling from a UCL extension).

Summary of Topics

Term 1 (beginning 2 October)

1. Introduction 2. Theories of nationalism: Modernism and Perennialism 3. Theories of nationalism: Imagined Communities and Beyond 4. The Gender of Nationhood 5. State and Nation: Constitutions and Citizenship; Warfare and Mlitarism READING WEEK (6 Nov.) -- No seminar 6. Ideologies of Race 7. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion: The Indigenous Peoples 8. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion: Afro-Latin Americans 9. The Role of the Other: Anti-Imperialism 10. The Role of the Other: Economic Nationalism Term 2 (beginning 8 January) 11. State and Nation: Populism and Education 12. What difference did a Revolution make? Cuba and Nicaragua 13. Writing the Nation: National Character Essays; Novels; Poetry 14. History, Memory and Commemoration 15. Visualising the Nation READING WEEK (12 Feb.) 16. Embodying the Nation: Music, Sport, Food and Dress 17. Icons and Iconography 18. The Mass Media: Film, Radio, Television 19. Geographies of Nationhood: Regions and Borders 20. Conclusions: The Future of Nationalism in Latin America

Course Bibliography *** after an item means that it is available in the Course Readings box in ISA Library. Journals on the internet JSTOR www.jstor.org Ingenta www.ingentaconnect.com

Bulletin of Latin American Research (BLAR) JSTOR to 1995; Ingenta 2001-6 Hispanic American Historical Review (HAHR) JSTOR to 1999 Journal of Latin American Studies (JLAS) JSTOR to 2000; 2006 issues at journals@cambridge.org/action Journal of Inter-American Studies (JIAS) JSTOR to 2000 Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies (JLACS) Ingenta 2000-2006 Latin America Research Review (LARR) JSTOR to 2002 Latin American Perspectives (LAP) JSTOR to 2002 * * *

1. Introduction: -- What is a Nation? -- The Historiography of Latin American Nationalism What is a Nation? -- Readings (handouts): -- Raymond Williams, Keywords, 1976. -- John Stuart Mill, Of Nationality..., from Considerations on Representative Government, 1861. -- Ernest Renan, What is a nation? [1882], from Homi Bhabha, Nation and Narration, 1990. -- Joseph Stalin, A Nation [1913], from Marxism and the National Question, trans. 1977. -- Max Weber, The Nation [1921], from From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, trans. 1948. Two very useful readers on nationalism (either of these would be worth buying): Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, Becoming National: A Reader, 1996. John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Nationalism, Oxford Readers, 1994. The Historiography of Nationalism in Latin America Nicola Miller, The Historiography of Nationalism and National Identity in Latin America, in Nations and Nationalism, 12:2, April 2006, pp. 201-22. Available in Senate House library or the LSE library; or on the internet from Ingenta. Work began in the 1960s, mostly either from a Cold War perspective (nationalism as a threat to US hegemony) or from a dependency perspective (nationalism as a defence against imperialist exploitation). They all have a very dated feel to them now, but it is worth taking a quick look at some of them, not least to appreciate how greatly approaches to the issues have changed since then. See: Victor Alba, Nationalists without Nations, 1968. Andr Gunder Frank, Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution?, 1969. Gerhard Masur, Nationalism in Latin America: Diversity and Unity, 1966. Fredrick Pike, The problem of identity and national destiny in Peru and Argentina, in Pike, ed., Latin American History: Select Problems, 1969. F. C. Turner, The Dynamics of Mexican Nationalism, 1968. Howard Wiarda, ed., Politics and Social Change in Latin America: The Distinct Tradition, 1974, ch. by Claudio Vliz, Centralism and Nationalism in Latin America.

Arthur Whitaker, Nationalism in Latin America, Past and Present, 1962. Arthur Whitaker and D. C. Jordan, Nationalism in Contemporary Latin America, 1966. Interest in Latin American nationalism and -- above all -- national identity flourished in the 1990s, and it is this work that forms the basis of this course. Here is a short list of introductory reading. Nancy Appelbaum, et al, Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003. Leslie Bethell, ed., Ideas and Ideologies in Twentieth-Century Latin America, Cambridge University Press, 1996; available as a paperback, or in vols. IV and X of the Cambridge History of Latin America. See, especially, Charles Hale on political ideas and Richard Morse on The multiverse of Latin American identity. Sara Castro-Klarn and John Charles Chasteen, eds., Beyond Imagined Communities: Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2003. James Dunkerley, Studies in the Formation of the Nation-State in Latin America, 2002. Jorge Larrain, Identity and Modernity in Latin America, 2000, esp. ch. 4. In this course, we will focus mostly on the twentieth century, drawing on material from the nineteeth century where relevant. On the Wars of Independence, see the following: David Brading, 'Classical Republicanism and Creole Patriotism: Simn Bolvar and the Spanish American revolution', available as a pamphlet or in Bradings Prophecy and myth in Mexican history, 1984, part 2, pp. 37-53. David Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State, 1492-1867, 1991. Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1988, chapter 2, 'The formation of a colonial identity in Brazil' and chapter 3, 'Identity formation in Spanish America' and chapter 8, 'Afterword: from identity to independence'. Simon Collier, 'Nationality, Nationalism, and Supranationalism in the Writings of Simn Bolvar', Hispanic American Historical Review, 63:1, Feb. 1983. Rebecca Earle, Creole Patriotism and the Myth of the Loyal Indian, Past and Present, no. 172, August 2001, pp. 125-45. Franois-Xavier Guerra, Las revoluciones hispnicas: Independencias americanas y liberalismo espaol, 1995. Jacques Lafaye, The Formation of Mexican National Consciousness, 1531-1813, trans. B. Keen, 1976. John Lynch, 'The origins of Spanish American independence', Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. III, 1985, esp. 40-49. John Lynch, ed. and trans., Latin American Revolutions, 1808-26: Old and New World Origins, 1994. Contains translated extracts from writings of independence leaders. Anthony McFarlane, Identity, Enlightenment and Political Dissent in Late Colonial Spanish America, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, no. 8, 1998. Anthony McFarlane and Eduardo Posada-Carb, eds., Independence and Revolution in Spanish America: Perspectives and Problems, 1998. Victor Uribe-Uran, ed., State and Society in Spanish America during the Age of Revolution, 2001.

Charles Walker, Smoldering Ashes: Cuzco and the Creation of Republican Peru, 1780-1840, 1999. 2. Theories of nationalism (I): Modernism and Perennialism Main readings: John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, eds., Nationalism, Oxford Readers, 1994. Extracts nos. 9 & 10 [***], 12 and 16 from modernists (Gellner, Hobsbawm and Ranger, Breuilly); extracts nos. 17, 18 [***], 21 and 22 from perennialists (Smith, Hutchinson, Armstrong). A modernist on Latin America: Eric Hobsbawm, Nationalism and Nationality in Latin America, in Pour une histoire conomique et sociale internationale: mlanges offerts Paul Bairoch, 1995, pp. 313-23. *** A useful short survey of the modernist approach (although it does not address Latin America): John Breuilly, Approaches to Nationalism [***], in Gopal Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996 [an interesting collection overall; worth buying]. Further Reading John Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism, 1982. John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State, 2nd edn., 1993 [1982]. Walker Connor, A nation is a nation, is a state, is an ethnic group is a ..., Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1:4 (1978) contains useful discussion of terms as well as the broader issues [***]. He also has a book on the subject: Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding, 1994. Connor draws upon both modernist and perennialist approaches. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 1983; or, for a shorter statement of his thesis, see Nationalism, 1997; for critique, see J. A. Hall, ed., The State of the Nation: Ernest Gellner and the Theory of Nationalism, 1998, esp. ch. by Brubaker. Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, 1985. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780, 1990. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition, 1983, esp. the introduction. *** John Hutchinson, Modern Nationalism, 1994. Elie Kedourie, Nationalism, 1960; and Nationalism in Asia and Africa, 1971 (the introduction). Pioneering work; still worth reading. Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, 1991, esp ch. 2, The Ethnic Basis of National Identity. *** Anthony D. Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, 1995. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism, 1998. Very useful overview. Anthony D. Smith, The Nation in History: Historiographical Debates about Ethnicity and Nationalism, 2000; summary Nationalism and the Historians, in G. Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996. 3. Theories of nationalism (II) -- Imagined Communities and Beyond

Main readings: Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, 1983 and revd. edn. 1991, esp. ch. 2, 'Cultural Roots' [handout] and ch. 4, 'Old Empires, New Nations'. *** See also Andersons introduction to G. Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996. Critiques of Anderson: Claudio Lomnitz, Nationalism as a Practical System: Benedict Andersons Theory of Nationalism From the Vantage Point of Spanish America, in Miguel Angel Centeno and Fernando Lpez Alves, eds., The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America, 2000. *** John Charles Chasteen, Introduction, in Sara Castro-Klarn and John Charles Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities, 2003, pp. ix-xxv. *** Thomas C. Holt, Foreword: The First New Nations, in Nancy P. Appelbaum, et al., Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003, pp. vii-xiv. *** * * * * * *

Bill Ashcroft, et al., eds., Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies, 1998, entries on postcolonialism and nationalism. *** This is a useful reference book beyond these extracts. Homi Bhabha, Nation and Narration, 1990, esp. the introduction and the chapter by Doris Sommer on Latin America [***]. Bhabhas concluding chapter, DissemiNation is also worth reading, although his prose is notoriously opaque. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington, Penguin, 1967. This is one of the most powerful manifestos against the effects of colonialism on former colonies, especially on their culture, and is often referred to in the literature on post-colonialism. See the extract On National Culture [***], in Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, 1993. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, 1993, esp. chs. 1 [***] and 3. A critique of Said: B. Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, 1997, ch. 2. Further reading Gopal Balakrishnan, ed., Mapping the Nation, 1996. Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class, 1991. John Beverley, J. Oviedo and M. Aronna, eds., The Postmodernism Debate in Latin America, 1995. Amilcar Cabral, National Liberation and Culture, in Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, 1993. Nstor Garca Canclini, Culturas hbridas: Estrategias para entrar y salir de la modernidad, 1989; translated as Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity.

Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse, 1986; and The Nation and Its Fragments, 1993. Anne McClintock, The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term Post-colonialism, Social Text, nos. 31/32, Spring 1992; reproduced in Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader, 1993; and also in Francis Barker et al., Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory, 1994. Anne McClintock, et al., Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation, and Postcolonial Perspectives, 1997, ch. 6 by Jean Franco, The Nation as Imagined Community. J. N. Pieterse and B. Parekh, eds., The Decolonization of Imagination: Culture, Knowledge, and Power, 1995. Gyan Prakash, After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, 1995, ch. 9 by J. Jorge Klor de Alva, The Postcolonization of the Latin American Experience: A Reconsideration of Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Mestizaje. Sarah Radcliffe and Sallie Westwood, Remaking the Nation: Place, Identity and Politics in Latin America, 1996.

4. The Gender of Nationhood Introduction Geoff Eley, Culture, Nation and Gender, in Ida Blom et al., eds., Gendered Nations: Nationalism and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century, 2000. *** Very useful survey of the theoretical issues. Further reading Emilie Bergmann et al., Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America, 1990. Suzanne Bost, Mulattas and mestizas: Representing mixed identities in the Americas, 1850-2000, 2003. Marifran Carlson, Feminismo! The Womens Movement in Argentina from its beginnings to Eva Pern, 1988. Sueann Caulfield, The History of Gender in the Historiography of Latin America, Hispanic American Historical Review, 81:3-4 (2001), pp. 450-90. Sueann Caulfield, In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation in Early Twentieth-Century Brazil, 2000. Sarah Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1854, 1999. Sarah Chambers, Republican Friendship: Manuela Senz Writes Women Into the Nation, 1835-1856, Hispanic American Historical Review, 81:2, 2001, pp. 225-57. Sarah Chambers, Letters and Salons: Women Reading and Writing the Nation, in Sara Castro-Klarn and John Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities, 2003. Elizabeth Dore and Maxine Molyneux (eds.), Hidden Histories of Gender and the State in Latin America, 2000.

Donna Guy, Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina, 1991. Jean Franco, Plotting Women: Gender and Representation in Mexico, 1990. John French and Daniel James, eds., The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers: From Household and Factory to Union Hall and Ballot Box, 1997. Asuncin Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940, 1995. Francine Masiello, Between Civilization and Barbarism: Women, Nation and Literary Culture in Modern Argentina, 1992. Anne McClintock, No longer in a future heaven, in McClintock et al, eds., Dangerous Liaisons: Gender, Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives, 1997. Karen Mead, Gendering the Obstacles to Progress in Positivist Argentina, 18801920, Hispanic American Historical Review, 77:4 (Nov. 1997), 645-75. Sandra McGee Deutsch, 'Gender and Socio-political Change in Twentieth-century Latin America', Hispanic American Historical Review, 71:2, 1991. Marit Melhuus and Kristi Anne Stolen, Machos, Mistresses, Madonnas: Contesting the Power of Latin American Gender Imagery, 1996. Andrew Parker et al., Nationalisms and Sexualities, 1992, introduction and ch. by Donna J. Guy, White Slavery, Citizenship and Nationality in Argentina. Ileana Rodrguez, House/Garden/Nation: Space, Gender, and Ethnicity in Postcolonial Latin American Literatures by Women, 1994. Victoria Rodrguez, ed., Womens Participation in Mexican Political Life , 1998. Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America, 1991.

5. State and Nation (I) -- Constitutions and Citizenship -- Warfare and Militarism Constitutions and Citizenship: Main readings The constitutions of Argentina (1853 and 1994) and Peru (1933). *** For a translation of the Peronist Constitution, see The Constitution of the Argentine Nation, 1949 [in the LSE library]; Perus 1993 constitution is available in Spanish in the British Library. For comparison: the constitutions of Mexico (1917) and Chile (1925). *** Other constitutions can be found in Russell H. Fitzgibbon, The Constitutions of the Americas, 1948. Further Reading Vincent C. Peloso and Barbara Tennenbaum, eds., Liberals, Politics, and Power: State Formation in Nineteenth-century Latin America, 1996. Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder, eds., Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public Spheres, 1998.

Hilda Sabato, ed., Ciudadana poltica y formacin de las naciones: perspectivas histricas de Amrica Latina, 1999. Eduardo Zimmermann, Judicial Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 1999. Argentina: Tulio Halpern-Donghi, Argentine Counterpoint: Rise of the Nation, Rise of the State, in Sara Castro-Klarn and John Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities. Juan D. Pern, Libro azl y blanco, 1946 [UCL]; Bill of Rights of the Workers, 1947 [SH]; El proyecto nacional: mi testimonio poltico, 1981 [UCL]. Hilda Sabato, Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires, 1850s-1880s, Past and Present, no. 136 (August 1992), pp. 139-63. Hilda Sabato, The Many and the Few: Political Participation in Republican Buenos Aires, 2001 [in Spanish as La poltica en las calles: entre el voto y la movilizacin, 1998]. Nicolas Shumway, The Invention of Argentina, 1991, esp. chs. 9 and 10. Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism in Argentina and Chile, 1890-1914, 1970. Hans Vogel, New Citizens for a New Nation: Naturalization in early Independent Argentina, HAHR, 71:1, Feb. 1991, pp. 107-31. Peru: Manuel Burga and Alberto Flores Galindo, Apogeo y crisis de la repblica aristocrtica, 3rd edn., 1984. Peter Klaren, The origins of modern Peru, in Cambridge History of Latin America. Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation, 1995, relevant chapters. David Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual and Nation in the Northern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935, 1997. Jos Pareja Paz-Soldn, Las constituciones del Per, Madrid, 1954. Karen Sanders, Nacin y tradicin: cinco discursos en torno a la nacin peruana 1885-1930, 1997. Steve Stern, Resistance, Rebellion and Consciousness in the Andean Peasant World, 1987. Warfare and Militarism Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-state in Latin America, 2002, esp. ch. 4, Making the Nation [***] and ch. 5, Making Citizens. James Dunkerley, ed., Studies in the Formation of the Nation-State in Latin America, 2002, chapters by Centeno, The Centre Did Not Hold: War in Latin America and the Monopolisation of Violence; and Deas, The Man on Foot: Conscription and the Nation-State in Nineteenth-century Latin America. Eduardo Posada-Carb, ed., War, Parties and Nationalism, ILAS, 1995. 6. Ideologies of Race

Introduction One of the following: Peter Wade, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America, 1997, chs. 1 and 2. *** Peter Wade, Rethinking Mestizaje: Ideology and Lived Experience, Journal of Latin American Studies, 37:2, May 2005, pp. 239-58. Peter Wade, Race and Nation in Latin America: An Anthropological View, in Appelbaum et al., Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003, pp. 263-82. *** See also the Introduction to Appelbaum, Racial Nations, pp. 1-31. *** Social Darwinism and Whitening Main Readings Carlos O. Bunge, extracts from Nuestra Amrica, 1903. *** Domingo Sarmiento, Concerning National Power, extract from Harold Davis, Latin American Social Thought, 1961. *** Euclydes Da Cunha, Biological Determinism, extract from Davis, Latin American Social Thought, 1961. *** Further Reading Michael Aronna, Pueblos enfermos: The Discourse of Illness in the Turn-of-theCentury Spanish and Latin American Essay, 1999. Richard Graham, The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1991. Charles A. Hale, 'Political and social ideas in Latin America, 1870-1930', Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. IV 1986, pp. 367-442. Marilyn Grace Miller, Rise and Fall of the Cosmic Race: The Cult of Mestizaje in Latin America, 2004, esp. chapter on Vasconcelos. Nancy Stepan, The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America, 1991, esp. ch. 5. Jos Luis Romero, A History of Argentine Political Thought, 1963. Martin Stabb, In Quest of Identity, 1967, ch. II, The Sick Continent and its Diagnosticians. Oscar Tern, Positivismo y nacin en la Argentina, 1987, with a useful introduction. Ralph L. Woodward, ed., Positivism in Latin America,1850-1900, 1971. Leopoldo Zea, Positivism in Mexico, 1974; The Latin American Mind, 1963, Part 2, The New Order. Eduardo Zimmermann, Racial Ideas and Social Reform: Argentina, 1890-1916, in Hispanic American Historical Review, 72:1 (1992), pp. 23-46. Indigenismo and Mestizaje Main Readings Manuel Gamio, Forjando patria, 1916. *** Jos C. Maritegui, Siete ensayos de interpretacin de la realidad peruana, 1928; trans. as Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality, 1971, section on The Indian Problem. [*** in Spanish]. Jos Vasconcelos, The Cosmic Race: A Bilingual Edition , trans. 1997 [1925]. *** Further Reading on Mexico

10

A. F. Basave Bentez, Mxico mestizo: Anlisis del nacionalismo mexicano en torno a la mestizofilia de Andrs Molina Enrquez, 1992. David Brading, Manuel Gamio and official indigenismo in Mexico, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 7, 1988, pp. 75-89; and Social Darwinism and Romantic Idealism: Andrs Molina Enrquez and Jos Vasconcelos in the Mexican Revolution, in Brading, Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History, 1984. Shirley Brice Heath, Telling Tongues. Language Policy in Mexico: Colony to Nation , 1972. Fascinating account of oscillating State policies towards the indigenous peoples from colonial to modern times. Sueann Caulfield, From mestizophilia to biotypology: Racialization and Science in Mexico, 1920-1960, in Appelbaum, Race and Nation, 2003. Alexander S. Dawson, From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismo and the Revindication of the Mexican Indian, 1920-1940, Journal of Latin American Studies, 30:2, May 1998, 279-308. Alexander Dawson, Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico, 2004. Natividad Gutirrez Chong, Nationalist Myths and Ethnic Identities: Indigenous Intellectuals and the Mexican State, 1999. Alan Knight, Racism, revolution, and indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940, in Richard Graham, ed., The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940, pp. 71-113. Alan Knight, 'Popular Culture and the Revolutionary State in Mexico, 1910-1940', Hispanic American Historical Review, 74:3, Aug. 1994, pp. 393-444. Florencia Mallon, Indian Communities, Political Cultures, and the State in Latin America, 1780-1990, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 24, Quincentenary Supplement, 1992, pp. 35-54; and her book, Peasant and Nation, 1991. Lourdes Martnez Echzabal, Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959, Latin American Perspectives, 25:3, 1998, pp. 21-42. Alexandra Minna Stern, From Mestizophilia to Biotypology: Racialization and Science in Mexico, 1920-1960, in Appelbaum et al., Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, 2003, pp. 187-210. Peru Ruth Arboleyda and Luis Vsquez Len, Maritegui y el indigenismo revolucionario peruano, 1979. Marc Becker, Maritegui and Latin American Marxist Theory, 1993. Jess Chavarra, J. C. Maritegui and the Rise of Modern Peru, 1890-1930, 1979. Marisol de la Cadena, Indigenous Mestizos: Race and the Politics of Representation in Cuzco, 1919-1991, 2000. Jos Deustua and Jos Luis Reique, Intelectuales, indigenismo y descentralismo en el Per, 1897-1931, 1984. UCL Alberto Flores Galindo, Buscando un inca: Identidad y utopa en los andes, 4th edn., 1994. Alberto Flores Galindo, La agona de Maritegui, 1991. David Nugent, Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual and Nation in the Northern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935, 1997. Francisco Mir Quesada, Hombre, sociedad y poltica, 1992. Orin Starn, et al., eds., The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics, 1995, part IV, The Advent of Modern Politics. Mark Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of Postcolonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru, 1997.

11

Harry Vanden, National Marxism in Latin America: Jos Carlos Mariteguis Thought and Politics, 1986. 7. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion -- The Indigenous Peoples General Reading Leonardo Boff and Virgil Elizondo, eds., 1492-1992: The Voice of the Victims, 1990. Alison Brysk,Turning Weakness into Strength: The Internationalization of Indian Rights, Latin American Perspectives, 23:2 (Spring 1996), 38-57. Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol. 17, no. 2, May 1998, special issue on Race and Ethnicity in the Andes. Jorge Dominguez, ed., Race and Ethnicity in Latin America, 1994. Erick D. Langer, ed., Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America, 2003. Donna Lee van Cott, Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America, 1994. Florencia Mallon, Indian Communities, Political Cultures, and the State in Latin America, 1780-1990', JLAS, Special edition, 1992. Florencia Mallon, Decoding the Parchments of the Latin American Nation-State: Peru, Mexico and Chile in Comparative Perspective, in James Dunkerley, ed., Studies in the Formation of the Nation-State in Latin America, 2002. David Maybury-Lewis, ed., The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States, 2002. Sarah Radcliffe, Indigenous Women, Rights and the Nation-State in the Andes, in Nikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux, eds., Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, 2002. Rachel Sieder, ed., Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy, 2002. Donna Lee Van Cott, The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America, 2000. Deborah Yashar, Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge, 2005. Case Study -- The Mapuche in Chile Stephen Lewis, Myth and the History of Chiles Araucanians, Radical History, 58, Winter 1994. *** Florencia Mallon, Bearing Witness in Hard Times: Ethnography and Testimonio in a Post-revolutionary Age, in Gilbert Joseph, Reclaiming the Political in Latin American History, 2001. Mario Sznajder, Who is a Chilean? The Mapuche, the Huaso and the Roto as the Basic Symbols of Chilean Collective Identity, in Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder, eds., Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public Spheres, 1998. Mario Sznajder, Ethnodevelopment and Democratic Consolidation in Chile: The Mapuche Question, in Erick D. Langer, ed., Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America, 2003. See also the testimony from Mapuche leader R. Marhikewun. Case Study -- Mexico First Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, 2 Jan. 1994, in Subcomandante Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon: Selected Writings, ed. Juana Ponce de Len, 2001. ***

12

Second Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle, 12 June 1994 in ibid. *** Guillermo Bonfil, ed., Nuevas identidades culturales en Mxico, 1993. Enrique Florescano, Etnia, estado y nacin: ensayos sobre las identidades colectivas en Mxico, 1997. Jean Franco, Latin American Intellectuals and Collective Identity, in Roniger and Sznajder, Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping Public Spheres, 1998 [has a good short section on the Zapatistas]. Kevin Gosner and Arij Ouweneel, Indigenous Revolts in Chiapas and the Andean Highlands, 1996. Neil Harvey, The Chiapas Rebellion: The Struggle for Land and Democracy, 1998. Nicholas Higgins, Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion: Modernist Visions and the Invisible Indian, 2004. Jerome M. Levi, A New Dawn or a Cycle Restored? Regional dynamics and cultural politics in indigenous Mexico 1978-2001, in David Maybury-Lewis, ed., The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States, 2002. Claudio Lomnitz-Adler, Modernidad indiana: nueve ensayos sobre nacin y mediacin en Mxico, 1999. Claudio Lomnitz, Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico: Essays on Nationalism and the Public Sphere, 2000. June Nash, The Reassertion of Indigenous Identity: Mayan Responses to State Intervention in Chiapas, Latin America Research Review, 30:3 (1995), 7-42. June Nash, Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization , 2001. Gavin OToole, A New Nationalism for a New Era: The Political Ideology of Mexican Neo-liberalism, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 22:3, 2003, pp. 26990. Marco Taranti, Las abejas: Pacifist Resistance and Syncretic Identities in a Globalizing Chiapas, 2003. Bolivia ALBO, Xavier, Bolivia: From Indian and Campesino Leaders to Councillors and Parliamentary Deputies, in Rachel Sieder, ed., Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy, 2002. ALBRO, Robert, The Indigenous in the Plural in Bolivian Oppositional Politics, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:4, Oct. 2005, 433-53. ANDOLINA, Robert James, Colonial Legacies and Plurinational Imaginaries: Indigenous Movement Politics in Ecuador and Bolivia, 1999. CANESSA, Andrew, Todos somos indgenas: Towards a New Language of National Political Identity, BLAR, 25:2, April 2006, 241-63. CRABTREE, John, Patterns of Protest: Patterns of Social Movements in Bolivia, 2005. GILL, Lesley, Teetering on the Rim: Global Restructuring, Daily Life and the Armed Retreat of the Bolivian State, 2000. GRINDLE, Merilee and Pilar Domingo, eds., Proclaiming Revolution: Bolivia in Comparative Perspective, 2003. LAURIE, N. et al., The Excluded Indigenous? The Implications of Multi-Ethnic Politics for Water Reform in Bolivia, in R. Sieder, ed., Multiculturalism in Latin America, 2002. LUCERO, Jos Antonio, Acts of Unification: Political Representation and Indigenous Movements in Bolivia and Ecuador, 2002. MORALES, Waltraud, A Brief History of Bolivia, 2004.

13

URIOSTE, Miguel, Bolivia: Reform and Resistance in the Countryside (1982-2000) , 2001.

8. Race: Inclusion and Exclusion Afro-Latin American People The best introduction: George Reid Andrews, Afro-Latin America 1800-2000, 2004, esp. ch. 5, Browning and Blackening, 1930-2000. *** Further General Reading Juliet Hooker, Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship, JLAS, 37:2, May 2005, pp. 285-310. Minority Rights Group, ed., No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today, 1995. Nancy Naro, ed., Blacks, Coloureds and National Identity in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2003. Norman Whitten, ed., Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1998. Case Study Colombia Jaime Arocha, Inclusion of Afro-Colombians: An Unreachable Goal?, Latin American Perspectives, 25:3, May 1998, pp. 70-89. Peter Wade, Patterns of Race in Colombia, BLAR, vol. 5, no.2, 1984. Peter Wade, Blackness and Race mixture: the Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia, 1994. One of the best monographs available on the subject of race/national identity in LA. Case Study -- Brazil George Reid Andrews, Brazilian Racial Democracy 1900-90; An American Counterpoint, Journal of Contemporary History, 31:3, July 1996. Michel Agier, Racism, Culture and Black Identity in Brazil BLAR, Sept. 1995. Darien Davis, Avoiding the Dark: Race and the forging of national identity in Brazil, 1999. Tracy L. Devine Guzmn, Diacu Killed Iracema: Indigenism, Nationalism and the Struggle for Brazilianness, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:1, Jan. 2005, 92122. Michael Hanchard, ed., Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil, 1999.

14

Kimberley Faith Jones, A luta continua: Afro-Brazilian Mobilization within the Context of Racial Democracy, 1995. Hendrik Kraay, ed., Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics, 1998. Jeffrey Lesser, Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil, 1999. Rebecca Reichmann, ed., Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality, 1999. George Reid Andrews, Black Political Protest in Sao Paulo,1888-1988', Journal of Latin American Studies, 24:1, Feb. 1992;and article by Howard Winant in same issue. George Reid Andrews, Blacks and Whites in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1888-1988, 1991. Thomas Skidmore, Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought, [1974], new edn. 1993. Thomas Skidmore, Bi-Racial USA vs. Multi-Racial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid?', JLAS, 25:2, May 1993. Howard Winant, `Rethinking Race in Brazil', JLAS, 24:1, Feb. 1992. 9. The Role of the Other: Anti-imperialism Main Readings Jos Mart, extracts from writings, esp. 'Nuestra Amrica', trans. as Our America in Julio Ramos, Divergent Modernities, trans. 2001.*** Also in Jos Mart Reader: Writings on the Americas, ed. Deborah Shnookal and Mirta Muiz, 1999 (but not such a good translation). In Spanish in his Obras escogidas or Obras completas. See also Marts The Washington Pan-American Congress in Philip S. Foner, ed., Inside the Monster, 1975, or in Spanish as above. Jos Enrique Rod, Ariel [1900], esp. part V, ed. Gordon Brotherston, text in Spanish, 1967 Brotherstons introduction (in English) is useful; also trans. Margaret Sayers Peden, 1988, with an interesting prologue by Carlos Fuentes. *** Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre, Liberation of the Indo-American Mind and The Historical Task of APRA in Robert J. Alexander, Aprismo: The Ideas and Doctrines of Vctor Ral Haya de la Torre, 1973, pp. 52-63 and 149-58. *** See also Imperialism, the First Stage of Capitalism and We are not ashamed to call ourselves Indoamericans. *** Jos Carlos Maritegui, The Anti-Imperialist Point of View, 1929, in Michael Lowy, Marxism in Latin America, 1980. *** Further Reading C. Abel and N. Torrents, eds., Jos Mart: Revolutionary Democrat, 1986, esp. chs. 6 and 7. Jeffrey Belnap and Ral Fernndez, Jos Marts Our America: From National to Hemispheric Cultural Studies, 1998. Roberto Gonzlez Echevarra, The Case of the Speaking Statue: Ariel and the Magisterial Rhetoric of the Latin American Essay, in his The Voice of the Masters, 1985. Ariel Dorfman and A. Mattelart, How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic, 1975.

15

Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, 1998, esp. Ricardo Salvatore, The Enterprise of Knowledge: Representational Machines of Informal Empire; Catherine Legrand, Living in Macondo: Economy and Culture in a UFCO Banana Enclave in Colombia; and Thomas Miller Klubock, From Welfare Capitalism to the Free Market in Chile: Gender, Culture and Politics in the Copper Mines. Alan McPherson, Yankee no!: Anti-Americanism in U.S.-Latin American Relations, 2003. Thomas Miller Klubock, Nationalism, Race, and the Politics of Imperialism: Workers and North American Capital in the Chilean Copper Industry, in Gilbert Joseph, ed., Reclaiming the Political in Latin American History, 2001. Thomas Miller Klubock, Contested Communities: Class, Gender and Politics in Chiles El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1951, 1998. Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999, ch. 5. Thomas OBrien, The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Latin America, 1900-1945, 1996. Andrew Parker, et al., Nationalisms and Sexualities, 1992, ch. by Julianne Burton, Don (Juanito) Duck and the Imperial-Patriarchal Unconscious. Julio Ramos, Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2001, part II on Mart. Richard Salisbury, Anti-imperialism and International Competition in Central America, 1920-1929, 1989, esp. ch. 4. Sandhya Shukla and Heidi Tinsman, Our Americas: Political and Cultural Imaginings, 2004. M. Stabb, In Quest of Identity, ch. III, The Revolt against Scientism; and ch. IV, America Rediscovered. Roberto Schwarz, Misplaced Ideas: Essays on Brazilian Culture, 1992, esp. ch. 1 Brazilian Culture: Nationalism by Elimination. Although Schwarz focuses on Brazil, much of what he says could well be applied across Latin America. Eric Zolov, Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture, 1999. Case Study: -- The War of Resistance in Nicaragua (1927-33) Sergio Ramrez (ed.), Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921-1934, 1990. Michael J. Schroeder, The Sandino Rebellion Revisited: Civil War, Imperialism, Popular Nationalism, and State Formation Muddied Up Together in the Segovias of Nicaragua, 1926-1934, in Gilbert Joseph et al., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, 1998. Whisnant, David E., Rascally Signs in Sacred Places: The Politics of Culture in Nicaragua, 1995, ch. 9 on Sandino. 10. The Role of the Other: Economic Nationalism Main readings [All ***] Mexico, 1917, Article 27 of the Constitution [translated] Argentina, 1922, Yrigoyens Mensaje sobre Explotacin de Minas de Petrleo Mexico, 1938 -- extracts from speech by President Lzaro Crdenas, in Spanish and English.

16

Argentina, 1947, Perns Declaration of Economic Independence, in Spanish and English Peru, 1968 extracts from speech by Gen. Juan Velasco Alvarado, in Spanish and English. Venezuela, 1975, Rmulo Betancourt, The Nationalization of the Oil Industry, in English Bolivia, 2006, Morales speech on the nationalization of gas Further Reading Robert Albro, The Water is Ours Carajo!: Deep Citizenship in Bolivias Water War, in June Nash, ed., Social Movements: An Anthropological Reader, 2005. Rmulo Betancourt, Venezuelas Oil, trans. 1978. Jonathan Brown and Alan Knight, eds., The Mexican Petroleum Industry in the Twentieth Century, 1992. Vivienne Bennett et al., Opposing Currents: The Politics of Water and Gender in Latin America, 2005. Robert Bond, Contemporary Venezuela and Its Role in International Affairs, 1977, ch. 4 on OPEC. David Chaplin, ed., Peruvian Nationalism: A Corporatist Revolution, 1976. Hugo Chvez, Chvez, Venezuela and the New Latin America, interview by Aleida Guevara, 2005. Gustavo Coronel, The Nationalization of the Venezuelan Oil Industry From Technocratic Success to Political Failure, 1983. John Crabtree, Patterns of Protest: Patterns of Social Movements in Bolivia , 2005. Robert Freeman Smith, The United States and Revolutionary Nationalism in Mexico, 1916-1932, 1972. Richard Gott, Hugo Chvez and the Bolivarian Revolution, 2005; and earlier version, In the Shadow of the Liberator: Hugo Chvez and the Transformation of Venezuela , 2000. Linda B. Hall, Oil, Banks and Politics: The United States and Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1917-24, 1995. Michael Krenn, US Policy toward Economic Nationalism in Latin America, 19171929, 1990, ch. 3. Brian S. McBeth, Juan Vicente Gmez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 19081935, 1983. Cynthia McClintock and Abraham Lowenthal, The Peruvian Experiment Reconsidered, 1983, ch. 6: The Peruvian Military Government and the International Corporations. Lorenzo Meyer, Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917-42, 1977; and The Mexican Revolution and the Anglo-American Powers, 1985. Robert Pastor and Jorge Castaeda, Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico, 1988. James Petras et al., The Nationalization of Venezuelan Oil, 1977. George Philip, The Rise and Fall of the Peruvian Military Radicals, 1978, ch. 2: Peruvian Nationalism and the IPC. A. J. Pinelo, The Multi-national Corporation as a Force in Latin American Politics: A Case Study of IPC, 1973. Anbal Quijano, Nacionalismo, neo-imperialismo y militarismo en el Per, 1971. Laura Randall, The Political Economy of Mexican Oil, 1987.

17

Jesse Ribot and Anne Larson, eds., Democratic Decentralization through a Natural Resource Lens, 2005. Douglas Richmond, Venustiano Carranzas Nationalist Struggle, 1893-1920, 1983. Jorge Salazar-Carrillo, Oil and Development in Venezuela during the Twentieth Century, 1994. Paul Sigmund, Multi-nationals in Latin America: The Politics of Nationalization , 1980. Carl Solberg, Oil and Nationalism in Argentina, 1979. Alfred Stepan, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective, 1978, ch. 7: The State and Foreign Capital. Robert Swansborough, The Embattled Colossus: Economic Nationalism and United States Investors in Latin America, 1976. See also Council of Foreign Relations website on the Bolivian nationalization: http://www.cfr.org/publication/10682/bolivias_nationalization_of_oil_and_gas 11. State and Nation: Populism and Education Mexico Main Reading Extracts from Jos Vasconcelos, A Mexican Ulysses, his autobiography, on his time at the Ministry of Education. *** Further Reading H. Aguilar Camn and L. Meyer, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution, trans. 1993, ch. 4: The Cardenista Utopia. Adrian Bantjes, As If Jesus Walked on Earth: Cardenismo, Sonora and the Mexican Revolution, 1998. Marjorie Becker, Setting the Virgin on Fire: Lzaro Crdenas, Michoacn Peasants and the Redemption of the Mexican Revolution, 1995. John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Mary Kay Vaughan, The Educational Project of the Mexican Revolution: The Response of Local Societies (1934-1940). Gilbert Joseph and Daniel Nugent, eds., Everyday Forms of State Formation, 1994, chs. by Armando Bartra, The Seduction of the Innocents: The First Tumultuous Moments of Mass Literacy in Postrevolutionary Mexico; and Elsie Rockwell, Schools of the Revolution: Enacting and Contesting State Forms in Tlaxcala, 19101930. Alan Knight, Peasants into Patriots: Thoughts on the Making of the Mexican Nation, Mexican Studies/Estudios mexicanos, 10:1 (1994). Alan Knight, Cardenismo: Juggernaut or Jalopy, Journal of Latin American Studies, 26 (1994), pp, 73-107. Stephen Lewis, Revolution and the Rural Schoolhouse: Forging State and Nation in Chiapas, Mexico, 1913-1948, PhD thesis, Univ. of California, San Diego, 1997 [in UCL library]. Carlos Alberto Torres and Daniel A. Morales-Gmez, The State, Corporatist Politics, and Educational Policy-Making in Mexico, 1990. Mary Kay Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1930-1940, 1997.

18

Mary Kay Vaughan, The State, Education, and Social Class in Mexico, 1880-1928, 1982. Good on the 1920s. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, esp. part II. Josefina Zorada Vsquez, Nacionalismo y educacin en Mxico, 1970. Argentina -- Main reading: Extracts from Perns writings on education. *** Further reading: John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Ruth and Leonard Greenup, Education for Pern. Mnica Esti Rein, Politics and Education in Argentina 1946-1962, 1998. Mariano Plotkin, Maana es San Pern: A Cultural History of Perns Argentina , 2003. Adriana Puiggros and Jorge Luis Bernetti, Peronismo, cultural poltica y educacin, 1993. Ricardo Rojas, La restauracin nacionalista, 1910. Pedro Santos Martnez, La nueva Argentina 1946-55, vol. I, 1976, ch. 6 on education. Martin Stabb, Argentine Letters and the Peronato: An Overview, Journal of InterAmerican Studies, XIII: 3-4 (July-Oct. 1971), pp. 434-55. Leonardo Senkmann, The transformation of collective identities: Immigrant communities under the populist regimes of Vargas and Pern, in Roniger and Sznajder, Constructing Collective Identities, 1998. 12. What Difference Did a Revolution Make? Cuba and Nicaragua Introduction Jorge Castaeda, Utopia Unarmed, trans. 1993, esp. ch. 9, Nation-building and the Origins of the Lefts Nationalism. Cuba Extracts from Fidel Castros speeches ( 1961, 1971 and 1995). *** Christine Ayorinde, Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity, 2004. Miguel Barnet, The African Presence in Cuban Culture, 1986. Ruth Behar, ed., Bridges to Cuba/Puentes a Cuba: Cuban and Cuban-American artists, writers, and scholars explore identity, nationality, and homeland, 1995. Julie Bunck, Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture in Cuba, 1994. Michael Chanan, The Cuban Image, 1985; and Cuban Cinema, 2004. Aviva Chomsky et al., eds., The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics, 2003. Cuba, Picturing Change, photographs by E. Wright Ledbetter, essays by Louis A. Prez, Jr., 2002. Encyclopedia of Cuba: People, History, Culture, ed. Luis Martnez-Fernndez, et al., 2003.

19

Alejandro de la Fuente, Race and Inequality in Cuba, 1899-1981, Journal of Contemporary History, 30:1, Jan 1995. Alejandro de la Fuente, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality and Politics in TwentiethCentury Cuba, 2001, esp. part IV on Castros government. Richard Gillespie, ed., Cuba After Thirty Years, 1990. S. Halebsky and H. M. Kirk, Cuba: Twenty Five Years of Revolution, 1985. Chs. on 'The Emergence of Popular Culture' and 'Film and Revolution in Cuba'. Rafael Hernndez Rodriguez, Looking at Cuba: Essays on Culture and Civil Society, 2003. John King, Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America, ch. on Cuba. Jane McManus, Cubas Island of Dreams: Voices from the Isle of Pines and Youth, 2000. Tzvi Medin, Cuba: The Shaping of Revolutionary Consciousness, 1990. Carlos Moore, Castro, the Blacks, and Africa, 1988; or see his chapter in Sergio Roca, ed., Socialist Cuba: Past Interpretations and Future Challenges, 1988. Louis Prez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, 1988 [history of Cuban nationalism before the Revolution]. Louis Prez, Jr., On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality and Culture, 1999. Gustavo Prez Firmat, Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way, 1994. Pedro Prez-Sarduy and Jean Stubbs, Afro-Cuba: An Anthology of Cuban Writing on Race, Politics and Culture, 1993. Roger Reed, The Cultural Revolution in Cuba, 1991. Mona Rosendahl, Inside the Revolution: Everyday Life in Socialist Cuba, 1997. Joseph L. Scarpaci, Roberto Segre and Mario Coyula, Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis, 2002. Nicaragua Extracts from speeches and writings of Sandinista leaders, including: Tomas Borge, Christianity and Revolution, 1987. Omar Cabezas, Fire from the Mountain: The Making of a Sandinista, 1985. Denis Lynn Daly Heyck, Life Stories of the Nicaraguan Revolution , 1990, esp. Vidaluz Meneses of the Ministry of Culture. Bruce Marcus, ed., Nicaragua: The Sandinista Peoples Revolution, 1985; see esp. Sergio Ramrez, The Relevance of Sandinos Thought, in Bruce Marcus, ed., Nicaragua: The Sandinista Revolution, 1985. *** Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921-1934, ed. Sergio Ramrez, 1990. Extracts ***. Further Reading Robert Arnove, Education and Revolution in Nicaragua, 1986, esp. ch. 2, The Literacy Campaign of 1980. John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Donald C. Hodges, What is Sandinismo? Teofilo Cabestrero, Ministers of God, Ministers of the People, 1983. Helen Collinson, ed., Women and Revolution in Nicaragua, 1990. David Craven, The New Concept of Art and Popular Culture in Nicaragua since the Revolution, 1989.

20

Dennis Gilbert, Sandinistas: the Party and the Revolution, 1988, esp. Part 1, ch. 1, The Ideology of the Sandinistas. Donald C. Hodges, Intellectual Foundations of the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1986. Edward McCaughan, Reinventing Revolution: The Renovation of Left Discourse in Cuba and Mexico, 1997. Daniel A. Morales-Gmez, and Carlos Alberto Torres, eds., Education, Policy and Social Change, 1992, ch. by Robert Arnove on Nicaragua. David Nolan, The Ideology of the Sandinistas and the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1984. Gary Prevost, and Harry E. Vanden, eds., The Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution, 1997, ch. 5 by Erica Polakoff and Pierra La Rame, The Evolution of the Popular Organizations in Nicaragua. A similar piece by them appears in Thomas W. Walker, ed., Nicaragua without Illusion, 1997. Margaret Randall, Inside the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1978; Sandino's Daughters, 1981; Christians in the Nicaraguan Revolution, 1983; Sandinos Daughters Revisited, 1994. Carlos M. Vilas, The Sandinista Revolution, 1986, ch. 6 on education. David E. Whisnant, Rascally Signs in Sacred Places, 1995, esp. chs. 5 and 6 on the Sandinista cultural project and opposition to it. Philip Williams, The Catholic Church and Politics in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, 1989, ch. 4, 'The Catholic Church in the Nicaraguan Revolution'. 13. Writing the Nation: National Character Essays; Novels; Poetry General reading Roderic Camp, Intellectuals and the State in Twentieth-Century Mexico, 1985. Irene Maria F. Blayer and Mark Anderson, eds., Latin American Narratives and Cultural Identity: Selected Readings, 2004. Francisco Domnguez, ed., Identity and Discursive Practices in Latin America, 2000. Ingrid Fey and Karen Racine, eds., Strange Pilgrimages. Exile, Travel, and National Identity in Latin America, 1800 to the 1990s, 2000. Franois-Xavier Guerra, The Spanish American Tradition of Representation and its European Roots, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 26, 1994, pp. 1-33. Steven V. Hunsaker, Autobiography and National Identity in the Americas, 1999. Ivan Jaksic, Andrs Bello: Scholarship and Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2001. Ivan Jaksic, ed., The Political Power of the Word: Press and Oratory in NineteenthCentury Latin America, 2002. Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, 1989, esp. chapter 1, 'Myths of the Mestizo Continent', pp. 3-34. Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999. Angel Rama, La ciudad letrada, 1984, trans. as The Lettered City. Julio Ramos, Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, 2001. The National Character Essays: Main reading Ezequiel Martnez Estrada, Radiografa de la pampa, 1934, trans. as X-Ray of the Pampa, 1971. Extract (English) ***.

21

Samuel Ramos, El perfil del hombre y de la cultura en Mxico, 1934, trans. as The Profile of Man and Culture in Mexico, 1962. Extract (English) ***. Further reading -- Argentina Eduardo Jos Crdenas and Carlos Manuel Pay, El primer nacionalismo argentino en Manuel Galvez y Ricardo Rojas, 1978 (useful background). Jeanne Delaney, Imaging El ser argentino: Cultural Nationalism and Romantic Concepts of Nationhood in Early Twentieth-Century Argentina, JLAS, 34:3, Aug. 2002, pp. 625-658. Earl T. Glauert, Ricardo Rojas and the Emergence of Argentine Cultural Nationalism, Hispanic American Historical Review, 43:1 (Feb. 1963), pp. 1-13. Juan Jos Hernndez Arregui, La formacin de la conciencia nacional, 1930-1960, 1960. Eduardo Mallea, Una pasin argentina, trans. as History of an Argentine Passion, 1983. Allan Metz, Leopoldo Lugones and the Jews: The contradictions of Argentine nationalism, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15:1, Jan. 1992, pp. 36-60. Ricardo Rojas, La argentinidad, 1916. Beatriz Sarlo, Una modernidad perifrica: Buenos Aires 1920 y 1930, 1988, trans. as Peripheral Modernity. Richard Slatta, The Gaucho in Argentinas Quest for National Identity, in David J. Webber and Jane M. Rausch, Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History, 1986; see also Slattas book, Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier, 1983/1992, esp. ch. 11. Martin Stabb, In Quest of Identity, 1967. Further reading -- Mexico Roger Bartra, The Cage of Melancholy: Identity and Metamorphosis in the Mexican Character, trans. 1992. [La jaula de la melancola, 1987]. Claudio Lomnitz-Adler, Exits from the Labyrinth: Culture and Ideology in the Mexican National Space, 1992. Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999, ch. 4. Octavio Paz, El laberinto de la soledad, 1950, trans. as The Labyrinth of Solitude, 1985. Henry C. Schmidt, The Roots of Lo Mexicano: Self and Society in Latin American Thought, 1900-1934, 1978. Martin Stabb, In Quest of Identity, 1967, ch. VII, The Search for Essence in Mexico and Elsewhere. Novels Jos Joaqun Fernndez de Lizardi, El periquillo sarniento [1816], trans. as The Itching Parrot, 1942. Other novels, depending upon the interests of the class. Further Reading on Novels Nina Gerassi-Navarro, Pirate Novels: Fictions of Nation-building in Latin America, 1999.

22

Doris Sommer, Foundational Fictions: The Nationalist Romances of Latin America, 1991. A summary is available as one chapter of Homi Bhabha, Nation and Narration, 1990. *** Doris Sommer, ed., The Places of History: Regionalism Revisited in Latin America , 1999, ch. by Antonio Bentez-Rojo, Jos Joaqun Fernndez de Lizardi and the Emergence of the Spanish American Novel as National Project (also available in Modern Language Quarterly, 57:2, 1996, pp. 325-39. Fernando Unzueta, Scenes of Reading: Imagining Nations/Romancing History in Spanish America, in Castro-Klarn and Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities. Poetry Andrs Bello, Ode to Tropical Agriculture (1826), extracts. *** Neruda, Canto general (1950), trans. 1993, extracts. *** Mistral, Poem to Chile (1967), trans. extracts. *** 14. History, Memory and Commemoration Much of the recent work on this topic draws upon the ideas of Pierre Nora, a historian of the French Revolution. If you are interested in this topic, have a look at his multivolume work, Lieux de mmoire, some of which has been translated as Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, vols. 1-3, 1996-8. For commentary and critique, see John Gillis, Commemorations. The Politics of National Identity , 1994. Writing History Introduction Mark Thurner and Andrs Guerrero, eds., After Spanish Rule: Postcolonial Predicaments of the Americas, 2003, esp. the Introduction, Escritura: On imagining/writing postcolonial histories; and Thurners chapter, Peruvian genealogies of history and nation. Further Reading Sergio Aguayo, El panten de los mitos, 1998. Thomas Benjamin, Mexicos Great Revolution as Memory, Myth and History, 2000. David Brading, Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History, 1984. David Brading, The Origins of Mexican Nationalism, 1985. William E. French, Imagining and the Cultural History of Nineteenth-Century Mexico, Hispanic American Historical Review, 79:2 (May 1999), pp. 249-67. Enrique Florescano, El nuevo pasado mexicano, 1991. Enrique Florescano, Memory, Myth, and Time in Mexico: From the Aztecs to Independence, trans. 1994. Enrique Florescano, ed., Espejo mexicano, 2002. Nicola Miller, In the Shadow of the State, 1999, chapter on history. Allen Woll, A Functional Past: The Uses of History in Nineteenth-Century Chile, 1982. Archaeology

23

Sara Castro-Klarn, The Nation in Ruins: Archaeology and the Rise of the Nation, in Castro-Klarn and Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities. Commemoration W. Beezley et al., eds., Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico, 1994. William Beezley and David E. Lorey, Viva Mxico! Viva la Independencia: Celebrations of September 16, 2001. Miguel Angel Centeno, Symbols of State Nationalism in Latin America, European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 66, 1999, pp. 75-105. Michael Costeloe, The Junta Patriotica and the Celebrations of Independence in Mexico City, 1825-1855, Mexican Studies/Estudios mexicanos, no. 13, 1997. Robert H. Duncan, Embracing a Suitable Past: Independence Celebrations under Mexicos Second Empire, 1864-66, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 30, 1998, pp. 249-78. Rebecca Earle, Padres de la Patria and the Ancestral Past: Commemorations of Independence in Nineteenth-century Spanish America, Journal of Latin American Studies, 34:4 (2002), pp. 775-805. Guy Thomson, Bulwarks of Patriotic Liberalism: The National Guard, Philharmonic Corps and Patriotic Juntas in Mexico, 1847-88, Journal of Latin American Studies, 22:1, 1990. Memory and History in Argentina and Chile During and After the Military Regimes Main Readings Loveman, B. and T. Davies, eds., The Politics of Anti-politics: The Military in Latin America, rev. edn. 1997 -- extracts from speeches by military leaders of Argentina and Chile. *** Further reading Elena Feder, The rhetoric of pathology: Political propaganda and national identity during the military process in Argentina, in Mercedes F. Durn-Cogan and Antonio Gmez Moriana, eds., National Identities and Socio-political Changes in Latin America, 2001 [in LSE library]. Marguerite Feitlowitz, A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture, 1998, esp. ch. 1, A Lexicon of Terror. Andrs Jaroslavsky, The Future of Memory: Children of the Dictatorship in Argentina Speak, 2004. Elizabeth Jelin, State Repression and the Struggles for Memory, 2003. Colin Lewis and Nissa Torrents, eds., Argentina in the Crisis Years, 1993, ch. 2 by Toms Eloy Martnez, A Culture of Barbarism and ch. 3 by Horacio Vsquez Real, The Crisis of National Culture. Sandra McGee Deutsch, The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins, 1910 to the Present, 1993. David Rock, Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, its History and its Impact, 1992. Luis Roniger and Mario Sznajder, The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone, 1999.

24

Doris Sommer, ed., The Places of History: Regionalism Revisited in Latin America , 1999, ch. by Mary Louise Pratt, Overwriting Pinochet: Undoing the Culture of Fear in Chile. Alexander Wilde, Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chiles Transition to Democracy, JLAS, 31:2, May 1999. 15. Visualising the Nation Dawn Ades, Art in Latin America: The Modern Era, 1820-1980, 1989. Orianna Baddeley and Valerie Fraser, Drawing the Line: Art and Cultural Identity in Contemporary Latin America, 1989. Deborah Poole, Landscape and the Imperial Subject: US Images of the Andes, 18591930, in Joseph, Close Encounters of Empire, 1998. Mara del Carmen Suescun Pozas, From Reading to Seeing: Doing and Undoing Imperialism in the Visual Arts, in Joseph, Close Encounters of Empire, 1998. The Mexican Muralists Roderic Camp et al., Los intelectuales y el poder en Mxico, 1991, ch. by Alastair Hennessey, The Muralists and the Revolution [in English]. David Craven, Diego Rivera: As Epic Modernist, London: Prentice Hall, 1997. Ramon Favela, Diego Rivera, 1984. Valerie Fletcher, Crosscurrents of modernism: Four Latin American Pioneers [including Diego Rivera], Washington: Hirshhorn Museum, 1992. Leonard Folgarait, So Far From Heaven: David Alfaro Siqueiros The March from Heaven and Mexican Revolutionary Politics, 1987. Tace Hedrick, Mestizo Modernism: Race, Nation, and Identity in Latin American Culture, 1900-1940, 2003, sections Rivera and Kahlo. Cynthia N. Helms, ed., Diego Rivera, 1986. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Institute of Fine Arts, Mexico, Orozco!, 1980. Jos Clemente Orozco, An Autobiography, trans. 1962. Diego Rivera with Gladys March, My Art, My Life, An Autobiography [1960], New York: Dover Publications, 1991. Rivera: A Retrospective, The Hayward Gallery, London, 1987. Desmond Rochfort, The Murals of Diego Rivera, 1987. David Alfaro Siqueiros, Art and Revolution, trans. 1975. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, chs. by Desmond Rochfort on the muralists, Gordon Brotherston on the Mexican Codices and Claudio Lomnitzs Final Reflections: What Was Mexicos Cultural Revolution?. Stacie Widdifield, The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-century Mexican Painting, 1996. Bertram Wolfe, The Fabulous Life of Diego Rivera, London: Barrie & Rockliff, 1963. Graphics D. W. Foster, From Mafalda to Los Supermachos: Latin American Graphic Humour as Popular Culture, 1989. John Johnson, Latin America in Caricature, 1980 [US cartoons]. J. Picher, Cantiflas and the Chaos of Mexican Modernity, 2002.

25

Anne Rubinstein, Bad Language, Naked Ladies, and Other Threats to the Nation: A Political History of Comic Books in Mexico, 1998. Photography Greg Grandin, Can the Subaltern be Seen? Photography and the Affects of Nationalism, Hispanic American Historical Review, 84:1, Feb. 2004, pp. 83-111. Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America, 2005, ch. by Andrea Noble, Photography, Memory, Disavowal. Wendy Watriss and Lois Parkinson Zamora, eds., Image and Memory: Photography from Latin America, 1866-1994, 1998. Exhibitions Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America, 2005, ch. by Alvaro Fernndez Bravo, Material Memories: Tradition and Amnesia in Two Argentine Museums [***] and by Beatriz Gonzlez Stephan, Subversive Needlework: Gender, Class and History at Venezuelas National Exhibition, 1883. Beatriz Gonzlez-Stephan, Showcases of Consumption: Historical Panoramas and Universal Expositions, in Castro-Klarn and Chasteen, Beyond Imagined Communities. Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, Mexico at the Worlds Fairs: Crafting a Modern Nation, 1996. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, ch. by Rick Lpez, The NOche Mexicana and the Exhibition of Popular Arts: Two Ways of Exalting Indianness. 16. Embodying the Nation Introduction Peter Wade, Race and Nation in Latin America: An Anthropological View, in Appelbaum et al., Race and Nation in Latin America, 2003. *** (week 6) Further General Reading William Beezley and L. Curcio-Hagy, eds., Latin American Popular Culture: An Introduction, 2000. Eva P. Bueno and Terry Caesar, Imagination Beyond Nation: Latin American Popular Culture, 1998. Nstor Grcia Canclini, Transforming Modernity: Popular Culture in Mexico, 1993. William Rowe and Vivien Schelling, Memory and Modernity: Popular Culture in Latin America, 1991. Ton Salman, The Legacy of the Disinherited: Popular Culture in Latin America, 1996. Lisa Shaw and Stephanie Dennison, Pop Culture Latin America!: Media, Arts and Lifestyle, 2005.

26

Music Leonardo Acosta, Cubano be, Cubano bop: One hundred Years of Jazz in Cuba, trans. Daniel S. Whitesell, 2003. Michelle Bigenho, Sounding Indigenous: Authenticity in Bolivian Music Performance, 2002. Simon Collier, The Life and Times of Carlos Gardel, 1986. Vanessa Knights, Modernity, modernization and melodrama: The bolero in Mexico in the 1930s and 1940s, in Hart and Young, Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003. Deborah Pacini, ed., Rockin las Amricas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America, 2004. Julie Sellers, Merengue and Dominican Identity: Music as National Unifier , 2004. Ned Sublette, Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo, 2004. H. Vianna, The Mystery of Samba: Popular Music and National Identity in Brazil , 1999. Maya Roy, Cuban Music, 2002. Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006, ch. by Marco Velzquez and Mary Kay Vaughan, Mestizaje and Musical Nationalism in Mexico. Peter Wade, Music, Race and Nation: Msica Tropical in Colombia, 2000. Eric Zolov, Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture, 1999. Sport Joseph Arbena, Sport and Society in Latin America, 1988. Joseph Arbena & David LaFrance, eds., Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2002. Eduardo Archetti, Masculinity and Football: The Formation of National Identity in Argentina, in R. Giulianotti and J. Williams, eds., Games Without Frontiers: Football, Identity and Modernity. Eduardo Archetti, The Spectacle of Identities: Football in Latin America, in Stephen Hart and Richard Young, eds., Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003. Anthony Mason, Passion of the People? Football in South America, 1995. Food Lauren Derby, Gringo Chickens with Worms: Food and Nationalism in the Dominican Republic, in Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of US-Latin American Relations, 1998. Mike Gonzlez, Food in Latin America, in Hart and Young, Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003. J. M. Pilcher, Tamales or Timbales: Cuisine and the Formation of Mexican National Identity, 1821-1911, The Americas, 53:2 (1996), pp. 193-216. Clothing Rebecca Earle, Two Pairs of Pink Satin Shoes! Race, Clothing and Identity in the Americas (17th-19th centuries), History Workshop Journal, 52, Autumn 2001, pp. 175-95.

27

Rick A. Lpez, The India Bonita Contest of 1921 and the Ethnicization of Mexican National Culture, Hispanic American Historical Review, 82:2, 2002, pp. 291-328. Regina A. Root, ed., The Latin American Fashion Reader, 2005. Jon Schackt, Mayahood Through Beauty: Indian Beauty Pageants in Guatemala, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:3, July 2005, 269-287. 17. Icons and Iconography Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America, 2005. Eva Pern Eva Pern, My Mission in Life, 1953; and In My Own Words, trans. 1997. Javier Auyero, Poor Peoples Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita, 2001. James Brennan, ed., Pern and Peronism, 1998. Cristian Buchrucker, Nacionalismo y peronismo, 1987. Alberto Ciria, 'Flesh and Fantasy: The Many Faces of Evita (and Juan Pern)', Latin American Research Review, 18 (1983), 150-65. M. Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism, 1982 -- chapter by Marysa Navarro. Alicia Dujovne Ortiz, Evita Pern, 1995. Toms Eloy Martnez, The Pern Novel, 1988 ; and Santa Evita, 1997. Julio Godio, El movimiento obrero argentino (1930-1940): socialismo, comunismo y nacionalismo obrero, 1989. Lidia Santos, Eva Pern: One woman, several masks, in Hart and Young, Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003. Julie M. Taylor, Evita Pern: The Myths of a Woman, 1979. The Virgin of Guadalupe David Brading, Mexican Phoenix: Our Lady of Guadalupe. Image and Tradition across Five Centuries, 2001. Isabel de Sena, Engendering the Nation, nationalizing the sacred: Guadalupismo and the cinematic (re)formation of Mexican national consciousness, in Mercedes F. Durn-Cogan and Antonio Gmez Moriana, eds., National Identities and Sociopolitical Changes in Latin America, 2001 [in LSE library]. Jens Andermann and William Rowe, Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America, 2005, ch. by Mary Louise Pratt on the Virgin of Zapopan. Gabriel Mistral Licia Fiol-Matta, A Queer Mother for the Nation: The State and Gabriela Mistral, 2002. Tace Hedrick, Mestizo Modernism: Race, Nation, and Identity in Latin American Culture, 1900-1940, 2003, section on Mistral. Nicola Miller, Contesting the Cleric: The intellectual as icon in modern Spanish America, in Hart and Young, Contemporary Latin American Cultural Studies, 2003.

28

18. Mass Media John A. Britton, ed., Molding the Hearts and Minds, 1994, ch. by Alan Wells, The Americanization of Latin American Television. Julienne Burton, ed., Cinema and Social Change in Latin America, 1986; interviews with Latin American directors. Richard R. Cole, ed., Communication in Latin America: Journalism, Mass Media, and Society, 1996. Susan Dever, Celluloid Nationalism and Other Melodramas: From postrevolutionary Mexico to fin de siglo Mexamrica, 2003. Seth Fein, Everyday Forms of Transnational Collaboration: US Film Propaganda in the Cold War Mexico, in Joseph et al., Close Encounters of Empire, 1998. Elizabeth Fox, ed., Media and Politics in Latin America, 1988. Her introduction, Media Policies in Latin America: An Overview is useful. Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Radio Nation: Communication, Popular Culture, and Nationalism in Mexico, 1920-1950, 2000; or see her chapter in Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen M. Lewis, eds., The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940, 2006; see also Joanne Hershfield, Screening the Nation in this volume. Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Fragments of a Golden Age: The Politics of Culture in Mexico since 1940, 2001. John King, Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America, 1990 and new edn, 2000. Joanne Hershfield and David R. Maciel, Mexicos Cinema: A Century of Film and Filmmakers, 1999, esp. chs. by Seth Fein and Ann Marie Stock. Gilbert Joseph et al., eds., Fragments of a Golden Age: The Politics of Culture in Mexico since 1940, 2001. Lisa Shaw and Stephanie Dennison, eds., Latin American Cinema: Essays on Modernity, Gender and National Identity, 2005; and their Pop Culture in Latin America: Media, Arts and Lifestyle, 2005. T. Skidmore, ed., Television, Politics and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America, 1992.

19. Geographies of Nationalism: Territories, Regions and Borders Introduction Vctor Ziga, Nations and Borders: Romantic Nationalism and the Project of Modernity, in David Spener and Kathleen Staudt, The U.S.-Mexico Border: Transcending Divisions, Contesting Identities, 1998. Further Reading Aviva Chomsky and Aldo Lauria-Santiago, eds., Identity and Struggle at the Margins of the Nation-State, 1998.

29

Raymond Craib, A Nationalist Metaphysics: State Fixations, National Maps, and the Geo-Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Mexico, Hispanic American Historical Review, 82:1, 2002, pp. 33-68. Seemin Qayum, Nationalism, Internal Colonialism and the Spatial Imagination: The Geographic Society of La Paz in Turn-of-the-Century Bolivia, in Dunkerley, Studies in the Formation of the Nation-State, 2002. Sarah Radcliffe and Sallie Westwood, Remaking the Nation: Place, Identity and Politics in Latin America, 1996 [mostly about Ecuador]. Doris Sommer, ed., The Places of History: Regionalism Revisited in Latin America , 1999. Case Study: The Mexican-American Border Howard Campbell, A Tale of Two Families: The Mutual Construction of Anglo and Mexican Ethnicities Along the US-Mexico Border, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 24:1, Jan. 2005, 23-43. R. L. Earle and J. D. Wirth, eds., Identities in North America: The Search for Community, 1995, ch. by J. Bustamante, The Mexico-US Border. Gilbert G. Gonzlez and Ral A. Fernndez, A Century of Chicano History: Empire, nations and migration, 2003. The Journal of American History, special issue on Rethinking History and the NationState: Mexico and the United States as a Case Study, 86:2, Sept. 1999. Jos E. Limn, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture, 1998. Jaime Rodrguez and Kathryn Vincent, Common border, uncommon paths: Race, culture and national identity in US-Mexican relations, 1997. David Spener and Kathleen Staudt, The U.S.-Mexico Border: Transcending Divisions, Contesting Identities, 1998.

20. Conclusions: The Future of Nationalism in Latin America Main readings: Guillermo de la Pea, A New Mexican Nationalism? Indigenous Rights, Constitucional Reform and the Conflicting Meanings of Multiculturalism, Nations and Nationalism, 12:2, April 2006, 279-302. [available on www.ingentaconnect.com] Mauricio Tenorio Trillo, Essaying the History of National Images, in Mark Thurner and Andrs Guerrero, eds., After Spanish Rule, 2003. *** Further reading:

30

Sonia Alvarez, Evelina Dagnino and Arturo Escobar (eds.), Cultures of Politics/Politics of Culture: Re-visioning Latin American Social Movements, 1998. See Introduction and Part I, The Cultural Politics of Citizenship, Democracy, and the State; and chapter by George Ydice, The Globalization of Culture and the New Civil Society. John Beverley, et al., The Postmodernism Debate in Latin America, 1995, esp. Jos Joaqun Brunner, Notes on Modernity and Postmodernity in Latin American Culture. Thomas Docherty, ed., Postmodernism: A Reader, 1993, ch. by Nelly Richard, Postmodernism and Periphery. Nstor Garca Canclini, La globalizacin imaginada, 1999. Nstor Garca Canclini, Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multi-Cultural Conflicts, trans. George Yudice, 2001. Elizabeth Jelin, Citizenship Revisited: Solidarity, Responsibility and Rights', in E. Jelin & E. Hershberg eds., Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship and Society in Latin America, 1996, pp.101-19. Stephen D. Morris, Reforming the Nation: Mexican Nationalism in Context, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 31, 1999, pp. 363-97. Ian Roxborough, Citizenship and Social Movements under Neoliberalism', in W.C. Smith & R.P. Korzeniewicz, eds., Politics, Social Change and EconomicRestructuring in Latin America, 1997.

Essay Questions For the first essay, please all take the following question: Evaluate the theoretical strengths and weaknesses of perennialist, modernist and postmodernist approaches to nationalism in Latin America. For the following two essays, choose from among the following: How important is the concept of gender to understanding nationalism in Latin America? What role has warfare played in the development of nationalism in Latin America? What impact did Social Darwinism have on nation-building in Latin America?

31

Indigenismo was the acceptable face of whitening. Discuss with reference to any two or more Latin American countries. How far is the rhetoric of inclusion; reality of exclusion argument applicable to the relationship of Afro-Latin Americans to the nation-state? Analyse the relationship between anti-imperialism and nationalism in Latin America. Why did the United States respond so much more harshly to some cases of nationalization than others? How effective is education policy in promoting nationalism? Nationalism is inherently antipathetic to a revolutionary ideology. Discuss. To what extent have novels been significant to nation-building in Latin America? Account for the rise of cultural nationalism in Latin America from 1900 to 1940. National consciousness in twentieth-century Latin America was largely a creation of the state: intellectuals played little part. Discuss. How valid for Latin America is Renans claim that nationalism entails forgetting? Analyse the role of visual images of the nation in any two or more Latin American countries. What problems does the study of material and/or performance culture in Latin America pose for Benedict Andersons theory of nationalism? The most decisive force for creating national consciousness in Latin America was undoubtedly the development of modern mass culture, especially as reinforced by technology (Hobsbawm). Discuss.

32