work done on the carriage by the

LESSON 2.10 horse.

Understanding work,
Solution
energy, power and
efficiency.
Work(W),Enegy(E) and Power (P)
and Effiecency
Example 2
(a) The Definition and S.I. unit of
Work Figure shows an ice cube is pulled by a
force 20N
Work is defined as the product of the At an angle of 60o to the surface of the
applied force,F on the object and its smooth surface.
displacement,s in the direction of the
net force.

W = Fs where W = Work, F=
force
and s = Calculate the done on the ice cube?
displacement
Solution
The S.I.unit for Work is Joule(J)
IJ = 1Nm
Work is a scalar quantity.
Example 3

Figure shows a graph force-

displacement of spring which is
compressed by a force increases from
0 N to 100 N for 0.15 m.

Work done also can get from the graph

force-displacement.
Calculate the work done on the spring.

Solution

(b) The Definition and S.I. unit of

Example 1
A horse pulls a carriage with a total
force 40 N for 50m . Calculate the
Energy(E)
Energy is the capacity or ability of a
system to do work.
Without enegy the work cannot done.
When work is done , energy is
transferred to the object or change
into a different form.

68
Energy can exist in various form ; Solution
potential energy(Gravitational
Potential Energy, Elastic Potential
Energy, Electrical Potential Energy , Gravitational Potential Energy
Atomic Potential Energy ) kinetic ( Eg)
energy,mechanical energy, heat
energy,sound energy, electrical energy
The Gravitational potential energy of
and nuclear energy.
any object is the energy stored in the
The S.I. of energy is Joule (J). object because of its height above the
Energy is scalar quantity. earth’s surface
Example 4 Eg = m g h
m = mass
A student lifts a brick of mass 0.8 kg g= acceleration due
from the floor to the table top of to gravity
height 1.2 m.Determine h = height
(a) work done on the brick Example 7
(b) energy is used to lift the brick.
A ball of mass 0.2 kg is thrown to a
Solution height 15 m. How much gravitational
potential energy does the ball gain?
Solution
Kinetic Energy ( Ek )
Kinetic energy is the energy Example 8
possessed by a moving object.
A boy of mass 50 kg sitting on the top
Ek = ½ mv2 m = mass ,
end of an inclined sliding board has an
v= energy of 2 kJ. What is the height the
velocity inclined sliding board from the
ground?
Example 5
Solution
A bullet of mass 0.02 kg moves at a
velocity 150 ms-1
What is the kinetic energy of the
bullet ?

Solution Principle of Conservation of

Energy
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed.
Energy can be transformed from one
Example 6
kind to another,
but the total energy in a system stays
A moving lorry of mass 800 kg has an the same or is conserved .
energy of
160 k J. What is the velocity of the Example 9
lorry.
A stone is thrown with a velocity 20
ms-1.

69
What is the maximum height can be
reached by the stone? Solution

Solution

Example 10 Example 12

Figure shows a ball of mass 0.5 kg Figure shows a ball moves on a

slides from rest at point A through a frictionless curve track with a velocity
a frictionless rail height 0.8 m down . 6 ms-1 at point A.

What is the velocity of the ball at the

bottom of the rail.

Solution What is the velocity of the ball when it

reaches at point B?

Solution

Example 11

Figure shows a trolley is released from

a rest at
point X through a frictionless (c) The Definition and S.I. unit of
inclined plane. Power (P)

Power is the rate at which work is

done or
Power is the rate at which energy is
changed or transferred.

@ P= W or P = Fs = F v
t t
@ P=E
t

What is the velocity of the trolley at

point Y.

70
 P = Power , W = Work, E =
Energy , t = time v =
velocity
The S.I. unit of power is Watt(W)
1 W = 1 Js-1
Example 13
A monkey of mass 20 kg climbs a
coconut tree of height 15 m in 2.5 s.
What is the power of the monkey?
Solution
(d) The Definition of Efficiency
Efficiency = useful energy transferred
x 100%
total energy supplied
= useful energy output
x 100%
energy input
Example 14
A man pulls a box of mass 8 kg with a
total force
100 N. After pulled for 5 m ,the box is
moving at a speed of 6 ms-1. Calculate
the efficiency with which the man is
using his energy to pull the box.
Solution
Example 15
A crane lifts a load of 400 kg to a
height of 100 m in 20 s. If the power
input is 25 000 W, calculate
71
(a) the useful energy output
(b) the energy input
(c) the efficiency of the crane.
Solution
(e) Appreciating the importance of
maximising the
efficiency of devices.
Energy conservation demands that
the total energy output of a
machine or device must equal its
energy input.
However , when we measure the
energy output as work done on the
load by a machine or device, we find
it is less than the energy input.
It is because the machine or device
also does work against frictional
forces and sometimes does work in
moving itself.
The work done against friction
converts input energy into wasted
heat energy and a little noise
energy.
So the energy equation now looks
like this:
Energy = useful energy +
wasted energy
Input output
output
Maximising the efficiency of
machine or device makes the best
use of the input energy and reduces
wasted energy output.
Maximising the efficiency of
machine and device
can helps
 (a) to conserve resources since
fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas are
non-renewable resources
(b) to protect the enviroment from
deforestation,oil spills and
radioactive
wastes
(c) to reduce the emission of air
pollutants and
greenhouse gases from power
stations
(d) to reduce the energy bills
The following are several ways of
increasing the efficiency of
needed depend
machines and devices:
Machines:
Moving surfaces are made as
smooth as
Possible.
Lubricants such as oil and silicone
are used to separate surfaces.
Rollers and ball bearings are used
to separate rotating axles from
their mountings.
Cushions of air are used as elastic
lubricant.
Machines which move through
fluids are made streamlined in
shape to reduce the frictional
drag.
illumination can directed to
specific area.
A lighting of a room should
depend on the
size of the room.
(ii) Water heater
When having a shower during
a hot weather,
a lower temperature is needed
(iii) Refrigerator
The doors of the refrigerator
must always
be shut tight.
Thermostat should be used in
refrigerator
to control the temperature
The power of refrigerator
on the size of the family.
Another ways:
Recycling also conserves energy
resources. Recycling saves
energy because we do not have
to make new bottles, papers
e.t.c.

Heat engines:
TUTORIAL
Heat engine must be designed 1 Which of the following is true ?
with capability to do a greater
amount of mechanical work while A Work is a vector quantity
discharging waste heat at a lower B Work and energy has the same
temperature. unit
C Work is the product of force
Electrical devices: and distance
(i) Lamp:
A fluorescent lamp is more 2 1 J is equivalent to
efficience than a
filament light bulb. A 1 kg m B 1Ns
Use a lamp with a reflector so C 1 kg s D 1Nm
that the

72
3 Choose the figure which shows the C 320 J D 400 J
student doing the maximum work. E 560 m

6 An object of mass 4 kg moves at a

velocity
2.5 ms-1. What is the kinetic
energy of the object.

A 5.0 J B 10.0 J
C 12.5 J D 25.0 J
E 30.0 J

7 A moving car of mass 800 kg has

an energy of
250 k J. What is the velocity of the
car.

A 2 ms-1 B 10 ms-1
C 20 ms-1 D 25 ms-1
E 30 ms-1

8 The figure shows a student

4 An object of mass 0.4 kg is pulled running up a staircase at a
by a force of 20 N over a distance constant speed.
of 1.5 m on horizontal surface..The
angle between the force to the
horizontal surface is 60o to the
horizontal . What is the work done
on the object.

A 26 J B 20 J Which physical quantity increases

C 15 J D 10 J while the student is running up
E 5J the staircase?

5 Figure shows an object of mass 1.5 A Inertia of the student

kg lifted to the top of a rough rail B Momentum of the student
with a force of 80 N. C Kinetic energy of the student
D Gravitational potential energy
of the student

9 A boy of weight of 500 N walking

up a staircase consisting of 20
steps. Each step is 40 cm height.
What is the work done to lift the How much gravitational potential
object to the top of the rough rail. does he gain?

A 40 J B 240 J A 40 J B 400 J

73
 C 4000 J D 40000 J
E 400000 J

10 Which of the following is true

regarding the
Principle of Conservation of Energy

A Energy can be created or

destroyed
B Total energy in a system stays
the same
C Energy cannot be transformed 13 A moving lorry has kinetic energy.
from one When the lorry stops ,its kinetic
kind to another energy is zero. This is because the
kinetic energy
11 Figure shows a pendulum
oscillating between positions P and A is destroyed
S. B is used to stop the lorry
C converted to gravitational
potential energy
D converted to heat energy as
result of
friction

14 The figure shows the path of a ball

What is the position of the bob
rolling down a smooth sloope.
possess both of kinetic energy and
gravitational potential enegy?

A P B Q
C R D S

12 Figure shows a pendulum

oscillating between positions X
and Z.
The ball has the greatest change
in gravitational potential energy
between

A P and Q B Q and R
C P and S D R and T

Which one of the following graphs 15 Figure shows a ball is released

is true regarding the oscillation of from a rest at point A of a
the pendulum? frictionless track.

74
 Which of the following is true? Determine the velocity of the bob
A The total of energy at all the at the lowest point B.
points is same
B The velocity of the ball at point A √2 ms-1 B √3
A is same as the velocity of the ms -1
ball at point
C 2 ms-1 D 3 ms-1
C The kinetic energy of the ball
E 4 ms-1
at point B is same as the
kinetic energy of the ball at
18 A tennis ball of mass 20.0 g is
point C
thrown vertically with a velocity of
D The gravitational potential
20 ms-1. What is the maximum
energy of the ball at point A is
height reaches by the ball?
same as the gravitational
potential energy of the ball at
A 5.0 m B 10.0 m
point E
C 20.0 m D 40.0 m
E 60.0 m
16 Figure shows a trolley is released
from a rest at
19 Figure shows of a ball of mass 0.05
the top end of a frictionless
kg moves on a rough track with a
curve track.
velocity 6 ms-1. At height of h the
velocity of the ball is 2 ms-1.

What is the velocity of the trolley

when it reaches the bottom of the
track? What is the value of h?

A 5 ms-1 B 7 ms-1 A 0.9 m B 1.0 m

C 8 ms-1 D 9 ms-1 C 1.2 m D 1.4 m
E 10 ms-1 E 1.6 m

17 Figure shows a simple pendulum 20 Figure shows a trolley moves on a

has a 150-g bob at the end of a curve track with a velocity 8 ms-1
string is released from a state of at point A . It reaches of a height
rest at point A. of 1.95 m.

75
 24 Figure shows a worker pulling a
borrow up a ramp.

What is the velocity of the trolley

at point B?

A 5.0 ms-1 B 5.6 ms-1

C 6.4 ms-1 D 8.0 ms-1 What is the efficiency of the ramp?
E 9.2 ms-1
A 25 % B 40 %
21 A lift in a hotel can raise 8 people C 50 % D 75 %
through a height of 20 m in 5 E 80 %
seconds. The lift plus passengers
has a mass of 800 kg. What is the 25 A pump lifts 200 kg water per
power of the lift motor? minute through a vertical height of
15 m. Calculate the power input
A 40 W B 8 000 W rating of the pump if it is 65%
C 40 000 W D 32 000 efficient?
W
E 160 000 W A 480 W B 500 W
C 640 W D 770 W
22 The figure shows a motor lifting a E 890 W
load of mass 8.0 kg. The motor
takes 4.0 s to lift the load to a 26 Figure shows an electric motor on
height 0.5 m. a buildingsite lifts a load of mass 2
kg top of a house. The house is 15
m high and it takes 7.5 s to lift the
load.

What is the power of the motor?

A 4W B 10 W
C 16 W D 40W
E 160 W

23 A motor can raise a mass of 10 (a) Determine the weight of the

kg with a uniform velocity 20 ms- load.
1
. What is the power of the motor?

A 2W B 200 W (b) What is the work to lift the

C 2 000 W D 4 000 load by the motor?
W
E 8 000 W

76
 (c) How much gravitational
energy does the load gain?

28 Figure shows an athlete of mass

(d) Compare your answer in (b) 60 kg in a pole pole vaulting
and and give the reason.(c) event. J, K,L,M,N,O,P and Q are the
positions taken by the athlete. The
................................................. height of the bar from ground is 5
................... m. The higest height reaches by
the athlete from the bar is 0.2 m.
.................................................
...................

(e) What is the power of the

motor.

27 Figure shows two boys Ali and Abu

of masses 42 kg and 60 kg
respectively running up a staircase
in a competation. They start
running at the same time. Abu is
announced as the winner of the
competation. (a) Explain why at the position K , the
athelete accelerates at a specific
(a) Determine the work done by speed before he starts to jump.
Abu.
……………………………………………
…..

……………………………………………
(b) What is the diffrerence in
…..
gravitational potential energy
of Ali and Abu?
……………………………………………
…..

(b) Why is the pole is bent at the

(c) Although Abu is the winner,
position L?.
the power of Ali is bigger than
the power of Abu. Give the
……………………………………………
reason for your answer.
…..
.................................................
……………………………………………
...................
…..
.................................................
……………………………………………
...................
…..
(c) Calculate the maximum
gravitational potential energy of
the athelete.

77
(d) What is the acceleration of the
athelete at the position P? (b) State the type of motion of
the bag of cement along the
…………………………………………… track PQ.
……
(e) Why is the thick mattress with a ……………………………………
soft surface is used in this event. …

…………………………………………… ……………………………………
…… …
(c) The bag of cement
…………………………………………… experiences an average
…… frictional force of 100 N
along QR and stops at R.
…………………………………………… (i) Calculate the velocity
…… of the bag of cement at
Q.
29 The figure shows smooth
inclined track, PQ, and a rough
surface QR is used to transfer a (ii) Calculate the distance
bag of cement into a lorry . QR.
The bag of cement of 50 kg mass
is released from P at a height of 5 (iii)
State the changes of
m and slides to Q and energy when the bag
stops at R. of cement moves from
Q to R.
…………………………
………….

…………………………
………….

30 Figure shows a crane lifts a load of

800 kg to a height of 150 m in 20
s. The power input of the crane is
75 kW.
(a) (i) Name the type of
energy the bag of
cement has at P.
……………………………
…

……………………………
…
(ii) Calculate the
energy in (a) (i).
(a) Determine

78
 (i) the useful energy experimental framework to
output test your hypothesis.
In your description , state
clearly the following:
(iii) the energy input (i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Variables in the
experiment
(iii) the efficiency of the (iii) List of apparatus and
crane materials
(iv) Arrangement of the
(b) Compare your answer in (a)(i) apparatus
and (a)(ii) and give your (v) The procedure of the
reason for your answer. experiment
which include the method
of controlling the
……………………………………… manipulated variable and
……… the method of measuring
the responding variable.
……………………………………… (vi) Way you
……… wouldttabulate the data
(vii) Way you would
……………………………………… analysis the data
………

31 Each figure below shows two

positions of a student on a swing.
The initial position in each figure is
different.

Observe the positions of each of

the swing in each diagram and
the appearance of the student
when she swings.
Based on the observations:

(a) State one suitable inference

that can be made.
(b) State one apporopriate
hypothesis for an
investigation.
(c) With the use of apparatus such
as trolley, ticker timer and
other apparatus , describe an

79