Hazard 102:

Hydro-meteorological Hazards (Part 1) - Intro

Project on Enabling Cities in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan to Cope with Climate Change (Project Climate Twin Phoenix)

Training on Trainers on DRR/CCA for Local Partners

8 January 2013, Tagaytay City

SUSAN R. ESPINUEVA
HYDRO-METEOROLOGY DIVISION, PAGASA, DOST

Department of Science and Technology Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Outline of Presentation
1. Background 2. The Hydrologic Cycle, Runoff Process, River System 3. Types and causes of flooding, flood mitigation measures, some examples of extreme flood 4. Flood hazard and risk mapping 5. Flood forecasting and warning system 6. Challenges, opportunities and WAY FORWARD

Nature of hazards in the PH According to any criteria, the Philippines is an extremely dangerous place to inhabit.

One of the most comprehensive records on the occurrence of recent natural hazards even advised that the archipelago has experienced more disasters than any other country in the world since 1900.
- Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Universit Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (hereafter CRED) EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database.

Residents of southern Luzon were likely to face a major typhoon once every 5 to 6 years in the 18th century and once every four to five years in the 19th century.
- Rantucci, Geological Disasters in the Philippines, 27; Archive of the Manila Observatory, Manila (hereafter AMO):

Background Geographical Location of the PH

The PH climate is influenced by the complex interactions of various factors such as: Philippine Geography and Topography Ocean currents

Semi-permanent cyclones and anticyclones

Principal Air Streams Linear systems

Tropical Cyclones

Background Physiographic features of the PH

EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHY

Associated hazard: Flashfloods

Topographic Map of PH

Hydromet hazards in the PH

1. Floods/flash floods 2. Storm surges 3. Rainfall induced landslides 4. Drought

Background The Water (Hydrologic) Cycle

The Runoff process A critical issue is how to determine exactly what comprises runoff. One component is the water visibly flowing across the ground surface. As water infiltrates, some water will flow just below the surface (interflow, or subsurface stormflow). That portion of rainfall percolating to lower layers becomes part of the groundwater. Groundwater flow to a stream or river is termed baseflow - supports streamflow during non-storm periods.

The Runoff process Runoff Process is defined as the portion of rainfall and/or irrigation water that runs over the soil surface toward the stream rather than infiltrating into the soil. It is sometimes called surface runoff.

The Runoff process Runoff is that portion of rainfall that does not infiltrate into the soil. In the case of a paved area, the expected runoff would equal the amount of rainfall minus evaporation and any small amount of surface storage.

The Runoff process The accounting budget approach for hydrology is expressed as: Inflow (I) Outflow (O) = +/- Change in Storage (S) Or I O = +/- S (Continuity Equation/Conservation of mass) Surface water storage and distribution occurs in lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams and accounts for less than 0.01% of the earth's water. Groundwater - occurs in the aquifer, a region beneath the earth's surface composed of unconsolidated rock and soil particles. Less than 1% of the earth's total water supply is stored as groundwater or soil moisture.

The Runoff process Springs are almost completely fed by groundwater sources. If enough groundwater is taken out of storage and the local water table is lowered, baseflow, the water in a stream occurring during nonstorm or dry periods, will decrease and springs may disappear.

The Runoff process As the soil becomes saturated, less infiltration will take place. For identical storms, the amount of storm runoff will vary depending on the soil moisture conditions. The amount of water that infiltrated during an earlier storm increases the current soil moisture. This means that the soil cannot absorb as much water as before resulting in a decreased infiltration rate and more surface runoff from the later storm.

The Runoff process A graph of streamflow is called a hydrograph.

The shape of the hydrograph is influenced by the storm and watershed characteristics. Storm factors include amount, duration, intensity, and areal extent of precipitation.
Watershed factors include basin size, shape, overall basin slope, topography, soil & vegetation, channel network and drainage pattern, land use, and soil moisture conditions at the time of the storm.

Definition River basin

A river basin is the area within the basin divide (blue outline), and drains the surface runoff and river discharge (green lines) of a contiguous area .
The soil water that travels through various processes reaches the river at various time scales. Baseflow takes months to reach the stream and sustains the river during its low or normal flow. An accounting of the soil water and surface runoff in order to forecast flood is usually done on a river basin or watershed. A basin is defined as a drainage area of a stream, river or lake.

River system

Source: JICA TCP: Strengthening Floof Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation, Nov 2012

Longitudinal profile of Agno River (Upstream)

Agno River
up to the Agno-Tarlac confluence

Source: JICA TCP: Strengthening Floof Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation, Nov 2012

Longitudinal profile of Agno River (Upstream)

Agno River
up to the Agno-Tarlac confluence

Source: JICA TCP: Strengthening Floof Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation, Nov 2012

River flow capacity

N
W E

San Roque Bannor Namipucan Banguero Cataban Furao Lenzon

Gamu

Aur or a Br i dge
Bolinao Kalabasa Bagong-Tanza San Andres Apiat Lalog Kalinga Pulay Camarungayan Victoria

Cagayan River

Aurora
Reina Mercedes Santor

Relocation Taotao River

Villa Fugo Bagong Sikat

Luna Br i dge

Cabatuan

San Roque Mapurok

San Roque O ver f l ow Br i dge

San Mateo
Magat River

Legend City/Town Barangay

MAG AT Dam
Sinamar Norte

MARIS DAM
Oscariz

Presumed Inundation Map in the Magat River during Typhoon Emong in 2009

Scale (km)
0 2500 5000

Source: JICA TCP: Strengthening Floof Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation, Nov 2012

River flow capacity

El. 56.6 m

Left Bank El. 55.6 m

River Flow
1 ,3 9 0

Right Bank El. 56.4 m

Source: JICA TCP: Strengthening Floof Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation, Nov 2012

El. 58.4 m

River boundary
Water Code: Article 51

Preparatory Survey for Flood Risk Management Project for Cagayan de Oro River (FRIMP-CDOR)

River boundary: No building zone

Tropical Storm Sendong Danger Zone (Prohibited Area for building construction)

Preparatory Survey for Flood Risk Management Project for Cagayan de Oro River (FRIMP-CDOR)

River boundary: Alternatives

Option 1: Water Code (up to Highest Flood Level) & Topography Reference: Previous M/P (along bank of low water channel) Option 2: Protection for residential area

Inundation at HWL Residential Area

Preparatory Survey for Flood Risk Management Project for Cagayan de Oro River (FRIMP-CDOR)

River boundary
1. Main Laws/Regulations/Orders
(1) RA10121: comprehensive and Integrated DRRM approach (2) Water Code: determination of easement, establish flood control area, etc. (4) Local Government Code : All the LGUs have responsibility to deliver basic
services, including flood control facilities.

(5) Executive Orders by each related LGU : establishment of LDRRMCs in each LGU

2. Legal aspects related to River Boundary

Present main issues
- DPWH had never invoked the Flood Control Area based on the Water Code - In spite of Article 56 of Water Code, river beds, sand bars are being developed. - Local peoples are settled or come back at danger zones within the River Area A Challenge of enactment of No-build Zone in Cagayan de Oro City - Enactment of City Ordinance for Nobuild Zone - Approval of Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Including No-build Zone of CDO City After that, declaration of Flood Control Area by DPWH will be needed.

Preparatory Survey for Flood Risk Management Project for Cagayan de Oro River (FRIMP-CDOR)

River basins in the Philippines

There are 421 principal river basins and twenty (20) of these are considered major river basins with catchment areas that are 1,400 km2 or more. The flood plains of major river basins are highly susceptible to severe flooding.
Low-lying agriculturally developed and economically productive lands also frequently devastated by extreme flooding events.

Major river basins

Topographic map