QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 SCIENCE FORMULAE Form 1 Density = mass of substance (g) Volume of substance (cm3) =gcm-3

PROCESS EQUATIONS Form 1 1. Respiration Glucose + oxygen Form 2 1. Work done(joule)= force(Newton) X distance (m) Work(joule) = Nm 2. Power (wat t) = work done (joule) Time (second) = Js-1 3. First class lever F Second class lever L in the middle of tools Third class lever E 4. The principle of moments; Load(N) X distance = effort (N) X distance of the load (m) of the effort(m) Dist ance must be from FULCRUM 5. Moment of Force = Force(N) X Perpendicular Distance from the turning point(m) energy + carbon dioxide + water 2. Combustion Carbon + Oxygen carbon dioxide + Energy Hydrocarbon + Oxygen carbon dioxide + Energy + water For m 2 1. Photosynthesis sunlight Carbon dioxide glucose + + water chlorophyll oxyg en 2. Neutralization Acid + Alkali Salt + Water (name of salt- alkali first than acid) Form 3 1. Reactions of minerals Metal carbonates Metal sulphides Form 3 1. Ohms Law R(resistance) = V (voltage) I (current) Series V= V1 + V2 + V3 I = I 1 = I2 = I3 R = R1 + R2 + R3 Parallel : V= V1 = V2 = V3 I = I1 + I2 + I3 1/R = 1 /R1 + 1/ R2+ 1/R3 Transformers (step-up or step down ) Ns = Vs Np = Vp Electrica l energy; ( 1 Kilowatt = 1000 watt) Power (watt) = energy(joule) Time (second) = Js-1 Power (watt) = voltage (V) X current (A) Current(A) = Power (W) Voltage(V) Electrical Energy (kWh) = power (kW) X time (h) 1 unit of electrical energy(Jou le) = 1 kWh Cost of electrical energy = power( kW) X time(h) X cost per energy(R M) Metal oxide + Carbon dioxide Metal oxide + Sulphur dioxide 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2. Reactions of metals Metal + oxygen Metal oxide Metal + sulphur Metal sulphide 3. Silicon compounds Silica forms from--- silicon,oxygen Silicate forms from--- silicon,oxygen,metal 4. Calcium compound Calcium carbonate(limestone) Calcium salt + water Carbonate + + Acid carbon dioxide Calcium calcium oxide + Carbonate heat carbon dioxide Calcium oxide (quicklime) Calcium oxide calcium + energy + water hydroxide Calcium hydroxide(slaked lime): Calcium hydroxide calcium(limewa ter ) + more water hydroxide solution Page 1 Durasnita/2012

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 INDICATOR Matter Oxygen Hydrogen Sulphur dioxide Indicator Glowing splinter Burning s er Effect Rekindle Produce pop sound and extinguish Extinguish Turns clou red to yelllow Turns purple to red Turns green to orange/red Aborb carbon dioxid e Purple to colourless MOUTH Starch OESOPHAGUS Peristalsis process STOMACH Prote in Protease NUTRITION maltose Salivary amylase Carbon dioxide Burning splinter Limewater Hydrogen bicarbonate Litmus solution Universal indica tor Sodium hydroxide solution Acidified pottasium manganate(VII) solution polypeptides

Hydrochloric acids - Stop amylase reaction - Provide acidic medium for reaction of enzyms - Kill bacteria in food DUODENUM maltase Maltose

glucose amino acid Protease

Polypeptides Fats--------- fats droplets Bile Fat Lipase fatty acids + glyserol Water vapour

Blue cobalt chloride paper Anhydrous cobalt chloride

Blue to pink Absorb water vapour LOWER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE Pancreatic amylase Maltose glucose

Polypeptides Protease

amino acid fatty acids + glyserol Fat Lipase Sucrose Sucrase fructose + glucose galactose + glucose Lactase Lactose Acids

Blue litmus paper pH paper universal indicator reaction with metal Red litmus pa per pH paper universal indicator

Alkali

Turns red 0-6 pH Red, yellow. orange Release hydrogen gas Turns blue pH 7- 14 bl ue, purple, SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE Page 2 Durasnita/2012 Absorption of food occurs Reabsorptin of water occurs

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 Food test glucose starch protein fat benedict solution iodine solution mill agent emulsion test filter paper Brick-red precipitate Blue-black solution Red c oagulation Milky emulsion Translucent spot GBBr SIBb PMR FEMe SCIENCE TIPS Form one 1. Plants cell - CwCV + CmCN Animal cell - CmCN 2. Unicellular organisms - plant s; yeast, euglena,chlamydomonas, pleurococcus animals; amoeba,paramecium Multice llular organisms ; cell-tissue-organsystem (remember examples) 3. Sates of matte r - SOLID ; LIQUID ; GAS 4. Matter - ELEMENT(metal & non metal) ; MIXTURE ; COMP OUND 5. Nitrogen;78% Oxygen;21% carbon dioxide;0.03% inert gases;0.9% water vapo ur;vary NIT78,OXY21,CO2 0.03 6. Forms of energy ; potential, kinetic, light,heat ,sound,chemical,electrical,nuclear 7. Sources of energy: renewable (water,wind,b iomass,geothermal,solar,wave , firewood) or non- renewable ( fossil fuel-petrole um, coal & natural gas, radioactive substance) 8. Heat : Substance with big mass es have higher heat content than smaller masses although their temperature is th e same 9. Expansion and contractions : Liquid, solid and gas 10. Heat transfers : conduction in solid ; convection in fluids ; radiation in vacuum Metals ; Silv er-copper- gold- aluminiumiron-tin-glass. (C, A, I, G) 11. Heat in Natural Pheno mena ; land breeze (moon) sea breeze(sun)seasunmoonland 12. Heat conductors and heat insulators vacuum-air-cork-plastic-wood-glassasbestos-water 13. Application of convection; ventilation in building, refrigerator, electric kettle, 14. Effe ct of matter ; liquid to gas - boiling/evaporation (absorb heat) liquid to solid -freezing (release heat) solid to liquid - melting(absorb heat) gas to liquid condensation(release heat) gas to solid - sublimation (absorb heat) solid to ga s - sublimation (release heat) 15. Application of the principle of expansion and contraction of matter Thermometer; mercury expand when hot, contract when cool gaps in railway tracks; enable the end of a metal rail to expand freely on a hot day thermostat in iron & bimetallic strip in a fire alarm; use principle of dif ferent metal expand at different rate Aluminium>brass>copper>iron>invar ABCIrin rollers in iron and steel bridge; enable end of a bridge expand freely on a hot day gaps in concrete roads; telegraph wires; not installed tightly to enable it to expand and contract 16. Absorption and radiation of heat ; A dark dull surfac e is a good absorber and radiator of heat; white shiny surface is a good reflect ors of heat. DD-radiates/absorb WS-reflect Page 3 Durasnita/2012

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 Form two 1. Skin ; touch ;heat ;cold; pain; pressure receptors eP,dHCT,fPress(e= epi) 2. Nose; nostrils; nasal cavity; sensory cells; mucus lining; smell receptors; nerv e 3. Tounge; bitter; sour; salty; sweet --- taste bud contain taste receptors 4. Ear ; pinna; ear canal; eardrum; ossicles; oval window; choclea; auditory nerve Semicircular canal keep us balance; Eustachian tube- equalizes air pressure on both side of eardrum 5. Eye; can be seen - cornea; pupil; iris Inside; 3 layers - sclera; choroid; retina (yellow spot) conjunctiva; cornea; aqueous humour; iri s + pupil; lens+ciliary body+suspensory ligaments ; vitreous humour ; blind spot ; optic nerve 6. Light & sight ; reflection= light bounces off the surfaces (ang le of incidence = angle of reflection) refraction= the bending of light rays whe n it enters medium of different densities. (away from normal- less dense; near t o normal - more dense) short-sightedness = see near object clearly( lens too thi ck/ eye ball too long.---correction use concave lens long-sightedness = see far object clearly(lens too thin/ eye ball too short----correction use convex lens a stigmatism = caused by irregular surface of cornea use cylindrical lens colour b lindness = cannot distinguish red and green colour optical illusions = brain can not interpret accurately what eyes see blind spot = no photoreceptors at this sp ot stereoscopic vision = (binocular vision) both eyes in front of head- can esti mate distance accurately- 3 dimensional of object ---predators monocular vision = one eye at each side of the head- has a wide area of vision-able to detect pre dators from back--- preys Durasnita/2012 7. Sound & hearing; produced by vibrations; cannot travel through vacuum Hard an d smooth surface= good reflectors of sound Soft and rough surface = good absorbe rs of sound Deafness = total hearing loss Stereophonic hearing = hearing with tw o ears 8. Stimuli & responses in plants; tropism- certain directions & nastic mo vements Phototropism shoots +ve, root ve Geotropism shoots ve, root +ve Hydrotropi sm shoots ve, root +ve Thigmotropism- response to touch or contacts- tendrils, tw ine their stem Nastic movements- not depends on direction; mimosa pudica; venus fly trap 9. Nutrition -; Carbohydrate- main source of energy Proteins- for growt h and repair damaged cells - kwasyiokor Fats- source and storage of energy; act as soluble for vits A, D, E, K. Vit- B beri-beri & Vit C- skurvi Vit A Night bli ndness; Vit D-rickets; Vit E- sterility; Vit K- prolonged bleeding calcium- rick ets; sodium- muscular cramps; iron-anaemia; Iodine- goiter; phosphorus- rickets; potassium- paralysis Fibre- peristalsis ---- constipation Water- solvent; regul ates body temperature. 10. Balanced diet; age; body size; sex; occupation; clima te; state of health 11. Human digestive system; alimentary canal Mouth; oesophag us ; stomach; duodenum; small intestine; large intestine ;anus Mouth saliva- amy lase enzyme- starch to maltose-------------peristalsis Stomach gastric juices; p rotease-proteins to polypeptides/peptones---HCL(for enzyme reaction/ kill bacter ia) Duodenum- bile;- emulsifies fats; pancreatic juice;- amylase- starch to malt ose; protease- proteins to polypeptides; lipase- fats and oil to fatty acids & g lycerol Small intestine- maltase- maltose to glucose; Page 4

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 protease-polypeptides to amino acids; lipase fats to fatty acids & glycerol 12. Absorption ; small intestine- villi, diffusion of fatty acids & glycerol, vit A, D,E,K-lactael ; diffusion of Amino acids, vit B,C, glucoseblood capillaries Expe riment: visking tube with content of Starch + amylase enzyme semi-permeable- allo w small molecule through 13.Absorption of water; large intestineprocess defecati on ;problem-constipation. 14.Biodiversity = biological diversity 15. Animal; ver tebrate( mammal ,reptiles amphibians ,bird , fish); invertebrate (based on suppo rt system) 16. Plants; flowering, (monocotyledon- one seed, fibrous root, soft s tem, leaf parallel network vein dicotyledon- two seed, tap root, woody stem, lea f network vein);non flowering (algae, mosses, fern, conifers,) 17. Interdependen ce ;species( one type) population( same type live together) community( combinatio n of many population)ecosystem ( living things + non living things in certain (ha bitat) 18. Interaction ; prey-predator ; symbiosis (commensalism; mutualism; par asitism) Competition 19. Examples; Commens- remora fish&sharks,birds nest fern& t ree,clownfish & sea anemone Mutualism- Sea anemone& hermit crab, rhizobium & leg uminious plants, Lichens (algae+fungi) Parasit- raflessia & a tree, tapeworm & h uman, wood mushroom & a tree, aphids & mustard plants , mistletoe & a tree. 20. Biological control;parasitism & prey-predator examples;(Owls and snakes eat rats , fire ants eat aphids on leaf, guppies eat mosquitoes 21. Food chain; producers , primary consumers, secondary consumers. Tertiary consumers & decomposers. Durasnita/2012 22. Food chain+ food chain = food web 23. Pyramid numbers; energy flow & Number of organisms- decrease bottom to top. size of organisms- increase from bottom to top. 24. Photosynthesis; need sunlight, chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide, === oxygen&glucose 25. Test for starch ; a. immerse in boiling water- break the cel l walls b. immerse in alcohol decolorize the leaf/remove chlorophyll c. soaked i n hot water soften the leaf d. iodine test blue black colour -starch is present 26. Experiments; MV, CV, RV- presence of starch : plant kept in dark for 2 days to remove starch in leaf. a. to show carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis present of sodium hydroxide solution to absorb carbon dioxide b. to show water is needed for photosynthesis- present of anhydrous calcium chloride to absorb wa ter vapour c. to show sunlight is needed for photosynthesis- part of leaf is cov ered with black paper d. to show chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis- use v ariegated leaf 27. Cabon cycle & oxygen cycle Importance: maintain the balance o f oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas through process of photosynthesis which need ed carbon dioxide and produce oxygen for respiration of living things, combustio n, decomposition also rusting 28. Enviromental issue; green house effect- cause by increase in carbon dioxide ( deforestration) effect: increase in earth tempera ture because heat is trap by a layer of carbon dioxide ice melting at both pole, raising sea level, global climatic change. thinning of ozone layer- cause by usi ng CFC producteffect: can cause skin cancer acid rain- cause by sulphur dioxide & nitrogen dioxide from factorieseffect: corrodes Page 5

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 building, make soil acidic and not suitable for crop, destruction of habitats, p ollution. Haze- cause by open burning 29. Water ; boiling point 100 0C, freezing point 0 0C, content: hydrogen & oxygen, density 1 g/cm3, effect of impurities--increase boiling point, decrease freezing point. 30. Electrolysis of water; (p) anod(+) oxygen, cathode(-)hydrogen (ratio O:H= 1:2) 31. Evaporation; MV,CV,RV:ra te of evaporation (use word higher/lower or increase/ decrease not faster/slower because the word RATE) factors= a. humidity- present of anhydrous calcium chlor ide to absorb water vapour b. temperature- absent/ present of heat c. surface ar ea- folded/ unfolded d. air movement- absent/ present of wind 32. Comparison bet ween evaporation and boiling 33. Solutions; solvent + solute = solution Dilute s olution, concentrated solution, saturated solution, ---suspension 34. Solubility is maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in 100g of solvent at certain temp erature 35. Factors affecting solubility of a solute; a. Type/nature of solute(salt/sugar.) b. Type/nature of solvent- (water/alcohol) c. Temperature of solvent 36. Factors affecting rate of dissolving (RV) MV,CV a. size of solute, b. stirri ng, c. temperature, d. volume of solvent 37. Organic solvents; Lipstick/ nail va rnish- amyl acetate Chlorophyll- alcohol Paint/ grease-kerosene,petrol,turpentin e Blood- salt solution Fruit stains-citric acid Ink-acetone Rust/grease/rubberbenzene Plastic-chloroform 38. Acids ; pH less 7, sour, corrosive, blue litmus p aper to red litmus paper , Acid + carbonates salt+ water + carbon dioxide Acid + metal salt +water + hydrogen 39. Alkalis; pH more 7, bitter, corrosive, red lit mus to blue, Alkali + ammonium salt + water + ammonia gas. 40. Neutralization; a cid + alkali salt + water 41. Water purification; filtration. distillation, boil ing, chlorination. 42. Water supply system; reservoir coagulation(alum & lime) s edimentation filtration chlorination (chlorine & fluoride) storage 43. Air press ure; the air in atmosphere presses on the surfaces of all objects 44. Factors; t emperature of the air & volume of air Aplications; syringe, siphon, insecticide spray, suction pump, filter pump, dropper 45. Dynamics; push & pull; type of for ce ; Frictional, gravitational ,magnetic,electrostatic Frictional force has dire ction & magnitude Increasing & decreasing friction( wheels, ball bearings, oil, grease ,layer of air) 46. Support & movement; Animals & plants Invertebrates(exo skeleton & hydrostatic skeleton) Vertebrates ( land-endoskeleton, waterbuoyancy of water) Land plants ( woody stem- woody tissue special structures thorns, butt res roots, stilt roots) (non-woody stemturgor pressure special structures tendril s(cucumber), clasping roots(wild orchid), props roots(maize), prickles(rose) tho rns ( bougenvilla) stilt roots (mangrove) Aquatic plants ( buoyancy of waterair s acs in their leaf & stem) 47. Stability; centre of gravity, factors of stability ; base area & position of Centre of gravity 48. Simple machine: levers; First, second ,third (F,L,E) Durasnita/2012 Page 6

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 Form three 1. Respiration; nasal cavitytrachea bronchusbronchiolealveolus Intercosta ls muscleribsdiaphragm Inhalation- external Intercostals muscle contracts, diaphra gm contracts/flat, volume thoracic cavity increase, air pressure lower than outs ide, air force in. VICE VERSA FOR EXHALATION 2. Diffusion of oxygen; thin wall(o ne cell thick) of alveolus; moist; rich in blood capillaries; large number of al veoli Oxygen dissolve in moisture---diffuses into blood capillariescombine with h aemoglobin form oxyhaemoglobin oxygenated bloodto all body produce carbon dioxide + water vapour diffuse out of the blood to alveolus---exhaled out 3. Cell respir ation; glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water vapour+ energy 4. Harmful substan ces; a. CIGARRETE SMOKE Nicotine- addiction Tar- carcinogens-lung cancer Hydroge n cyanide-toxic gas-damage lungs Nitrogen dioxide-corrode cell of alveoli and tr achea b. SMOKE FROM FACTORIES sulphur dioxide/nitrogen oxide- corrode lung dust s uffocate passage (asbestos- cause lung cancer) c. FUMES FROM VEHICLES carbon mon oxide-combine with haemoglobin hydrocarbons- carcinogenic lead- toxin combines w ith red blood cells 5. Respiratory disease a. Pheumonia-breathing difficulty, ex cess mucus b. Chronic bronchitis-fever, pain in chest, breathing difficulty c. E mphysema-coughs and tirednesslack of oxygen in body d. Asthma-narrowing of blood vessels leading to difficulty of breathing, wheezing/coughing Durasnita/2012 6. Transport systems in humans; heart vena cava; aorta; pulmonary artery; pulmon ary veins; right & left atrium; right & left ventricle; bicuspid, tricuspid & se milunar valve------function each part. 7. Blood vessels; artery; veins ; capilla ries. 8. Pulmonary circulation ; carries blood between the heart & lungs 9. Syst emic circulation;. Carris blood between the heart & other parts of the body 10. Human blood; a. Plasma- yellow pale colour for transportation of nutrients, excr etory products and distributes heat b. red blood cell(erythrocytes)- transport o xygen c. white blood cell(leucocytes)- produce antibodies, fight infections d. P latelets( thrombocytes)-blood clotting 11. Oxygenated blood- bright red, under h igh pressure, from heart to all parts of bodies, in arteries except pulmonary ar tery 12. Deoxygenated blood- Dark red, under low pressure, from body to heart, i n veins except pulmonary vein 13. Blood group : A, B, AB, O, universal donor O -- universal recipient AB transfusion-incompatible-agglutination 14. Transport s ystems in plants; xylem - water & mineral salt; phloem;-glucose (experiment) 15. Transpiration; plants wilts- process of loss of water vapour through stomata ; guard cell 16. Factors- rate of transpiration RV MV, CV a. temperature, b. light intensity, c. air humidity d. air movement 17. Human excretion; process of remo ving waste product- through skin,lungs and kidneys;18. Urinary system; kidney ( cortex, medulla, pelvis, artery, vein) ureter, urinary bladder, urethra; ---dial ysis technique separating particles of different sizes in liquid mixture, blood is filtered through an artificial membrane in the dialysis machine; Page 7

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 19. Excretion in plants; simple diffusion through stomata & cell wall; mineral s alts are removed trough crystal formation; nitrogenous waste are removed when pl ants sheds their flowers, leaves and bark. -----latex- rubber gum-cough mixture resin- paint/ varnish oil- perfume/ medicated oil morphine- relieve pain cocaine - anesthetic quinine- threat malaria 20. Human Reproductive system ; male ;semin al vesicle, prostate gland, sperm duct, urethra, testis, scrotum, penis female;c ervix, vagina, fallopian tube ,uterus, ovary(function) 21. Sperm & ovum; structu res, function & characteristics 22. Menstrual cyce; menstruation(28 days) ovulat ion(on 14th day)menopause. Menstruation phase(day1-5) repair phase(day6-11)ferti le phase(day12-16) premenstrual phase(day17-28) 23. Fertilisation & pregnancy; o vulation(ovary) fertilisation(fallopian tube) implantation (uterus) Sperm + ovum zygote embryo foetus baby Uterus wall; placenta; umbilical cord; amnion; amnioti c fluid (function) 24. Research in human reproduction; a. STERILITY -surgery- cl ear blockages in oviducts or spermducts (laparoscope) -artificial insemination-h usband sterile- sperms donor injected into wife uterus -hormone treatment- chlom iphene to stimulate production of ovum -IVF,GIFT,ZIFT,IUI b. BIRTH CONTROL OR CO NTRACEPTION; hormone pills-preventing ovulation; tubectomy-preventing fertilizat ion Durasnita/2012 IUD-preventing implantation Diaphragm/condom-prevent sperm enter vagina Spermici de-kill sperm Rhythm method-prevent fertilisation 25. Plants reproductive system ; flower; stamen(anther& filament) pistil (stigma,style,ovary), ovul,petal,sepal ----(function)---pollen grain 26. Pollination; self pollination & cross pollinat ion ---(comparison) agents;winds; insects; animals; water (comparison-wind-polli nated flower &insectpollinated flower) advantages cross pollination; tenera sp P apaya. Eksotika Malaysia, corn masmadu 27. Development of fruit & seed; fertiliz ation; pollen grain, style, stigma, pollen tube, ovary, ovule, male gametes, fem ale gamete, micropyle. 28. Germination of seeds; embryo(plumule + radical) seed coat(cotyledon, testa, hilum,micropyleendosperm for monocotyledon) ----(function) air, water, suitable temperature for germinating of seed. 29. Vegetative reprod uction; roots; sweet potato, carrot; underground stems; potato, ginger horizonta lly stem; water lettuce, strawberry runner modified stems onion, hyacinth bulb. leaves; bryopyllum, begonia 30. Application of research on vegetative reproducti on ; stem cuttings; tissue culture 31. Growth ; growth curve of human-most rapid growth-infants;- old age negative growth. growth curve of boys & girls; compari son. Girls reach puberty first than boy.. adolescence overcome boys at 12-14 yrs old 32. Lands & its resources; haematite (iron,oxygen)-haemaIRO cassiterite (Ti n,oxygen) CassiTiO Calcite (calcium, carbon, oxygen)-CalCarO malachite (copper,c arbon,oxygen) MalCoCarO Iron pyrite (iron,sulphur) IroSul, Galena (lead, sulphur )GaLeSul Properties: do not dissolve in water. Hard. Metal oxide- do not decompo se when Page 8

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 heated, metal sulphide decompose to metal oxide + sulphur dioxide, metal carbona te decompose to metal oxide + carbon dioxide 33. Reaction between metal & oxygen & sulphur metal + oxygen metal oxide metal + sulphur metal sulphide Pottasium pe rmanganate /manganate(IIV)to release oxygen Rate of reactions MAZIC (magnesium, aluminium,zinc,iron,copper) 34. Silicon compounds; silicasilicon + oxygen silicat e---silicon+oxygen+metal Examples; silica---sand,quartz,jasper,opal silicon---as bestos, jade, clay, mica 35. Calcium compounds; properties;- insoluble in water, reacts with acids release co2, heated release co2. Calcium carbonate (limestone ) calcium oxide (quicklime)+ water calcium hydroxide(slaked lime) Calcium hydrox ide solution(limewater) LSQLSLLW 36. Natural fuel resources; fossil fuels(petroleum , natural gas & coal) provide energy. Petroleum & natural gas from remains of orga nisms. Coalfrom trees, ferns and moss that grew in swamps. Crude petroleum-mixtur e of many types of hydrocarbons-separated into components- fractional distillati on. Petroleum gas for cooking gas, petrol for vehicles, naphtha for plastic, ker osene for aircraft, diesel oil for lorries, lubricating oil for lubricant, fuel oil for ships and bitumen for roads. Remember from top to bottom PETROGAS-PETNAKERODIELUBRIFUE-BITUMEN 37. Electrostatics; static electrical charges. Atoms ( p rotons--+ve, electrons---ve , neutron-neutral) When two materials rub together, electrons will transfer. Gain electronsnegatively charged, loses electronspositive ly charged. 38. Phenomena related to electrostatics; lightning conductor,metal c hain of a tanker, Durasnita/2012 tyres of aeroplane,spark plug 39. Current; the rate of flow of charges ( only el ectrons move) from +ve to ve terminal cell . Electron move from ve to +ve terminal cell. Amphere(A) 40. Voltage; the force needed to move electrical charges. Volt (V) 41. Resistance; electrical conductors (resistor) that have the resisting of the flow of electrical current. Good conductorlower resistance, poor conductorhigh er resistance.Ohm () 42. Series & parallel circuit; (refer formula) 43. Magnetism ; produced magnetic fields line. Magnetic force strongest at its poles. Compass always pointing North. Magnetic fields line run from North to South pole. 44. El ectromagnetism; its magnetism is produced by the flow of electic current. Right hand grip rule. 45. Generators; thermal, hydroelectric,nuclear & gas turbine gen erators. 46. Transformer ; step-up & step-down transformer.(refer formula) 47. T ransmission& distribution; power station step-up transformernational grid networkst ep-down transformerbranch substation. 48. Power supply & wiring system at home; m ain fuseelectris metermain switchcircuit breakerslive wireneutral wireearth wire. (fun ction) single phase ( 1,2 & 3 + neutral line) three phase ( 1+2, 2+3, 1+3, + neu tral line) 49. 3-pin plug; international colour code, live wire-brown, neutral w ire- blue, earth wireyellow green stripes. FUSE. 50. Fuses; break off electrical circuit .A short circuit occurs when current flow through a shorter path of low er resistance. Earth wire; ensures the leakage of current flows to the ground. 5 1. The sun; layer; corona, chromosphere, photosphere, core. Phenomena ;sunspot, prominences, solar flares. Suns energy nuclear fusion ( hydrogen changed to heliu m) CC3PC Page 9

QUICK REVISION PMR 2012 52. Stars; birth; nebulae ( dust+ gases like hydrogen & helium)form gravitational force a star is created, causes the temperature to rise, causing star to expand , balance between the heat pushing & the force pulling, the star will become sta ble. Death; the core will shrink and heat up, outer layers will expand & cool. S tar turn to red giant. Medium sizewhite dwarf, large star---supernova-neutron sta r, Very big star---supernove---black hole. 53. Galaxies; spiral, elliptical, irr egular. The milky wayspiralsolar system located at the spiral arm. 54. Constellati on; a group of star arranged in a specific pattern that is visible from Earth. 5 5. Space exploration; space telescopes,- discover distant object space probes- c ollect information about object in space space station- astronaut live and carry out scientific work space shuttles- carrries spacecraft and equipmqnt into spac e and back to earth satellites- spacecraft placed orbit around earth communicati on satellites- weather satellites, navigation satellites, military satellites, g lobal positioning system(GPS), environmental satellites. Remote sensing studying condition on Earth from space. Write down all short forms which you can remember in this space without referrin g notes. GOOD LUCK PMR 2012 Durasnita/2012 Page 10