EE 2192 Laboratory Practice IV

Use Of Series & Shunt Capacitances In Transmission Line

Instructed by: Mr. Branesh Pillai

Name Index No Group Date of Per Date of Sub Field

: : : : : :

S.P.M Sudasinghe 100523G G - 12 2013/03/07 2013/03/ EE

PROCEDURE

Series Capacitance

Sending end voltage Vs is kept at 100V and the receiving end voltage Vr at 90V throughout the test. Current and power at receiving end is measured for different values of series capacitance values while keeping the Vr at 90 V by varying the load.

Shunt Capacitance

Sending end voltage Vs is kept at 100V and the receiving end voltage Vr at 90V throughout the test. Determine the power that is received for different values of shunt capacitors.

OBSERVATIONS Name : S.P.M Sudasinghe Index No : 100523G Group : G -12 Date : 2013/03/07 Instructed by : Mr. Branesh Pillai

Series Capacitance

C (F) 43 45 46 47 49

Pr (W) 50 50 45 50 50

Ir (A) 0.59 0.62 0.52 0.61 0.57

Shunt Capacitance

C (F) 43 44 45 46 49 52 55

Pr (W) 110 110 110 115 110 115 110

Is (A) 1.65 1.65 1.70 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.80

Ir (A) 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.20

CALCULATIONS Series Capacitance

When series capacitance = C = 43F, L = 0.15 H and f = 50Hz Received power = 50W , Ir = 0.59 A Series capacitive reactance =
Inductive reactance = Per unit compensation = = = = = 47.124

= 74.026

= 1.571

Series Capacitance (F) 43 45 46 47 49

Series Capacitive Reactance () 74.026 70.736 69.198 67.726 64.961

Per unit compensation of the line 1.571 1.501 1.468 1.437 1.379

Pr (W) 50 50 45 50 50

Shunt Capacitance

Similarly, Shunt Capacitance (F) 43 44 45 46 49 52 55 Shunt Capacitive Reactance () 74.026 72.343 70.736 69.198 64.961 61.213 57.875 Per unit compensation 1.571 1.535 1.501 1.468 1.379 1.299 1.228 Pr (W) 110 110 110 115 110 115 110

Power Received Vs Series Capacitive Reactance

51 Recieved Power (W)

50

49

48

47

46

45

44 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Series Capacitive Reactance ()

Received Power Vs Per unit Compensation

51

Recieved Power (W)

50

49

48

47

46

45

44 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 Per unit compensation of line 1.6

Power Received Vs Shunt Capacitive Reactance

116 Power Recieved (W) 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 Shunt Capacitive Reactance ()

DISCUSSION 1. Effect of power factor in the power system

When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load. But when the power factor is less than 1, part of the energy supplied by the source is stored and returned back to the source; inductive loads will absorb part of the energy supplied by the source and store it in its magnetic field, and capacitive loads will store it in its electric field. Therefore, when the power factor is less than 1, more current is required to deliver the same amount of useful energy. Effects of low power factor : Low power factor causes the kVA rating ( apparent power ) to increase. Industrial consumers have to pay a demand charge depending on this kVA rating. From the point of view of supply side they have to increase the supplied reactive power. Poor voltage regulation The large current at low power factor causes greater voltage drops in alternators, transformers, transmission lines and distributors. This results in decreased voltage available at the supply end, thus impairing the performance of utilization devices. Reduced handling capacity of system The lagging power factor reduces the handling capacity of all the elements of the system because the reactive component of current prevents the full utilization of installed capacity. The high current drawn by the system will damage the power system equipments and reduce the life time and also excessive heat generation can be occurred. Large conductors would be needed to carry high currents.

Low P.F. will result in a more expensive system with equipment able to absorb internal loads and larger load requirements

2. Usefulness of Shunt Capacitors in improving power factor

Inductive components of a power system draw a lagging reactive power from the supply. It lags by 90 0 to the active power. The capacitive component of the power system leads by 90 0 to the active power. The directions of the above two components oppose each other. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor.

Industrial facilities tend to have a lagging power factor, where the current lags the voltage because of having a lot of electric induction motors. This will lead to the consumption of Lagging Reactive Power. To minimize this effect we should either consume Leading Reactive Power or Supply Lagging Reactive Power within the system. This can be accomplished by adding Shunt Capacitors to the system. Some industrial sites will have large banks of capacitors strictly for the purpose of correcting the power factor back toward one to save on utility company charges.

3. The effects of series and shunt capacitances Series Connection: This is not a very common method of connecting capacitors. In this method, the voltage regulation is high, but it has many disadvantages. They are, Because of the series connection, in a short circuit condition the capacitor should be able to withstand the high current. Due to the series connection and the inductivity of the line there can be a resonance occurring at a certain capacitive value. This will lead to very low impedance and may cause very high currents to flow through the lines.

Shunt Connection: This is the most common method of connection. . The capacitor is connected in parallel to the unit. The voltage rating of the capacitor is usually the same as or a little higher than the system voltage.

4. Other methods of improving power factor Synchronous Condenser A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited and therefore behaves as a capacitor. An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply it takes a leading current which partly neutralizes the lagging reactive component of the load. Thus the power factor is improved. Filters

There are certain situations where capacitors are not connected directly to the supply lines. The reason for this is the presence of harmonics in the waveform caused by switched mode power supplies. The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter. It is possible to design a filter that passes current only at line frequency (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz). This filter kills the harmonic current, which means that the non-linear device now looks like a linear load. At this point the power factor can be brought to near unity, using capacitors or inductors as required. This filter requires large-value high-current inductors, however, which are bulky and expensive.
Phase Advancers Phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of induction motors. The low power factor of an induction motor is due to the fact that its stator winding draws exciting current which lags behind the supply voltage by 900. If the exciting ampere turns can be provided from other AC source, then the stator winding will be relieved of exciting current and the power factor of the motor can be improved. This job is accomplished by the phase advancer which is simply an AC exciter. The phase advancer is mounted on the same shaft as the main motor and is connected in the rotor circuit of the motor. It provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuit at slip frequency. By providing more ampere turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor like an over-excited synchronous motor.