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The concept of MIS is evolutionary rather than revolutionary the first starting traditional view presented the data in the form of forms and reports. The data here is very in personal. So it is done and regular intervals. The traditional view for the modified and differentiated data form information where the data is similar to raw materials and information is the finished products. However for much of importance is given to information and its processing the further modifications of MIS. Where the information is personalize information is personalize information is retrieved and access based on by necessity decision making is one of the very effective feature of MIS.
ROLE OF MIS:
The utilization of information in any business plays a very important role. Information is the process form of the data it says that all the data collected may not be useful and so MIS plays a very important role. It is considered to be the part of the organization as heart plays a very important role in the human body by providing pure blood to all parts of the body in the same way MIS also plays the same role in the organization. It collects the data and process in to information and parts it to the required unit. MIS is useful to all levels of management.
DATA v/s INFORMATION:People often use the term data and information interchangeably however it is better to view data is raw material resources that are process in to finished information.
CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION:
Information can be classified in number of ways. Action vs Non-action information Recurring vs Non-recurring Internal vs External
1) Action vs Non-action information:The information which induces action is called as action information. The information which communicates only the status of situation is called as non-action information. 2) Recurring vs Non-recurring:The information generated at regular intervals is recurring information. Ex:-monthly sales report. The financial analyses are the report of market research study is a non-recurring information.
3) Internal vs External:The information generated through the internal sources of the organization is termed as internal information. The information generated through government reports the industrial surveys etc. is termed as external information.
USAGE:a) Organizational information: When the information is used by all the people in the organization is called as organization information. b) Database information: When the information has multiple users it is called as data base information. c) Functional information: It is also called as operational information when the organization is use in the operations of a bus. It is called as functional or operation information.
Applications:
a) Planning information: Certain standards, norms and specifications are use in planning of any activity. hence, such type of information is called as planning information.
b) Controlling information: Reporting the status of any activity through a feedback is called as controlling information. c) Knowledge information: A collection of information through library reports & research studies to build up a knowledge base as a high information source for decision making is known as knowledge information.
Components or Elements or Resources of Information system:_ People _ Data _ Hardware _ Software _ Network 1) People: People are those who are required for the operations of all information systems in the organization. These people include users & information systems specialists.
a) users: These users are also called as end users or clients. these are the people who uses the information system or the information that it produces they can be accountants ,sales persons, engineers, clerks, managers etc. b) specialist: These are the people who develop and operate the information system. they include the analysts programmers and computer operators and clerical information system personnel system analyst design the information system based on the requirements of the end users and the programs based on the specialization of system analyst. 2) Data: Data is more than the raw material for the information system. The concept of data brooded by the managers& the information systems professionals. They realize that data constitutes valuable organizational resources to organization. Data can be taken from many forms. It is composed of alphabetic, numeric other characteristics. That describes transactions. The text data consists of sentences & paragraphs used in written communication image data consists of graphical shapes & figures, audio date consists of human voice & other sounds which also the important firms of date. 3) Hardware: The concept of Hardware includes physical devices and used in information processing specifically it involves not only machines such as computers and
calculators but also all the other media which are tangible on which the data is recorded. Hardware includes A) computer system It consists of CPU, MONITOR, KEY BOARD, MOUSE, verity of inter connected peripherals of the information system. B) Computer peripherals There are the devices which includes KEYBOARDS, ELECTRONIC MOUSE & other INPUT devices & OUTPUT devices which are used for the information system. 4) Software: This concept includes all the set of information processing used in information system. The concept of software includes not only the set of operating instructions called programs but also the set of information processing instructions needed by the people called as procedures. The following are the some examples of software a) system software It includes the operating system which controls and supports the operations of a computer system.
b) Application software These are the programs that are directly for a particular use by the end users. c) Procedures These are the concept of which are operating the entire information system .procedures are the operating instructions for the people who are using information system. 5) Network: The generic category includes all of the people. Hardware, Software & Data resources that directly support the operations & used of common network. Ex:-common process such as modems internet & work processors common control software etc.
Definition of MIS:According to Walter, MIS is defined as a formal method of collecting information in a presentable form in order to facilitate effective decision making & implementation to carry out organizational operations for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. According to Gordon MIS is defined as An integrated user machine system For providing information To support the operations communication mgt and decision making functions.
Objectives of MIS: Fixing responsibilities Facilitates decision making Avoid duplication of data& work Saving of time Establish uniform procedures improving services
MIS STRUCTURE
The two approaches in MIS structure are 1) MIS based on management activity 2) MIS based on organization activity MIS based on management activity:It is also called as utilization of MIS by the management (refer to Antony model).
MIS based on organization activity:The structure of the information system can also be described as information used by the organization. There is no standard classification on the amount of information needed by the organization. In the other way we can state that activities that are done take the information. Usually the activities are MARKETING, PRODUCTION, ADVERTISING, LOGISTICS etc.
Characteristics
1. Ability to support solution for any type of complex problems utilize in any type of structure 2. Supports all the levels of managers 3. Supports all the levels of management 4. Ability to work in any environment 5. Supports individuals as well as groups 6. Supports variety of techniques are decision making process 7. MIS is a product and DSS is a process 8. Allows decision making to interact with different types of environment 9. Access data and manipulate it 10. Provide online solutions
Capabilities of DSS
1. DSS can update or manipulate the data or information 2. DSS creates special reports in desired formats 3. DSS can perform any type of calculations and execute the data 4. DSS can construct simple models that describe a problem or situation visualized by the user. It performs activities in trials in contains optimization techniques to find out the best method.
Components of DSS
_ Data management sub-system _ Model management sub-system _ Knowledge management sub-system _ User interface sub-system
DSS elements
I. DSS tools II. DSS generators III. Specific DSS
i.
DSS tools
There are the programs or codes which are foundations used to create DSS generators and in turn specific DSS.DSS has variety of tools used for supporting data base models, query systems etc. the DSS tool are classified into four types. They are a. Data base software b. Model base software c. Data analysis software d. Display software Data base software DSS requires data base software to use the database and take decisions and these softwares are used in mainframe and miniframe computers. The most popular data base tool is MS-Access and SQL. Model base software Model base software helps a manager to design models which incorporate business rules and assumptions made for application of rules. Data analysis software This is also known as statistical software it is used to analyze a variety of data and derived meaningful information for decision making.
Display software Display software supports DSS through graphics display. it provides easy interpretation of the information. Integrated DSS tool All the DSS tools available are used to solve users needs. But these can solve only a part of users needs. So, Microsoft had designed a software which would solve all the needs of the user. The name given to the integrated DSS tool is MS-Excel. MS-Excel is a data base which contains data model base, data analysis software which works on statistical program and display software.
ii.
DSS generators
A DSS generator is a package of software used to build a specific DSS application. It displays the required information like a map showing the location of equipment and inventories inside the organization.
iii.
Specific DSS
A specific DSS application is constructed with DSS generators supported by special DSS tools. This specific DSS is used for decision making.