Chemistry and Materials Research at The Interface Between Science and Art 2009

1
CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS

RESEARCH AT THE INTERFACE
BETWEEN SCIENCE AND ART

Report of a Workshop Cosponsored by the
National Science Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

July 67, 2009
Arlington, Virginia

Co-Chairs

Marco Leona
Department of Scientific Research
The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Richard Van Duyne
Department of Chemistry
Northwestern University

Steering Committee

Barbara Berrie
Scientific Research
Department
National Gallery of Art
Francesca Casadio
Conservation Department
Art Institute of Chicago

Richard R. Ernst
Laboratorium fr
Physikalische Chemie
ETH Zrich

Katherine T. Faber
Department of Materials
Science and Engineering
Northwestern University
Antonio Sgamellotti
Department of Chemistry
Universita degli Studi di Perugia
Karen Trentelman
The Getty Conservation Institute
The J. Paul Getty Trust

Paul Whitmore
Department of Chemistry and the Art
Conservation Research Center
Carnegie Mellon University

2

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A: Auuitional Recommenuations Fiom Bieakout Sessions
B. Woikshop Paiticipants
C. Woikshop Scheuule
27

Covei Image: Elemental analysis by X-iay fluoiescence spectioscopy showeu that this Roman sculptuie at The Netiopolitan Nuseum of Ait was
once painteu with a blue, coppei-containing pigment such as azuiite oi Egyptian Blue. (Photo: The Netiopolitan Nuseum of Ait)
CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS RESEARCH AT THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SCIENCE AND ART

3
%,%)-!./%&+-00"12&
he objects that make up a poition of oui cul-
tuial heiitagefiom ancient aitifacts to
mouein ait pieceshave physical lives.
They change ovei time, iesponu to theii enviion-
ments, anu eventually bieak uown. The stuuy of
the mateiials that make up these objects, anu the
changes they unueigo, is the piovince of cultuial
heiitage scientists. The fielu of cultuial heiitage
science, oi conseivation science, is vast anu com-
plex, encompassing analytical anu physical chem-
istiy, biology, engineeiing, anu mateiials science.
To auvance the fielu of cultuial heiitage sci-
ence, chemists anu mateiials scientists fiom mu-
seums, univeisities, national laboiatoiies,
inuustiy, anu othei institutions came togethei foi
!"#$%&'()*+,-*.+'#(%+/&*0#&#+(1"*+'*'"#*2,'#(3+1#*
4#'5##,*61%#,1#*+,-*7(',(a woikshop cosponsoieu
by the Anuiew W. Nellon Founuation anu the Na-
tional Science Founuation. The paiticipants uis-
cusseu thiee scientific challenges in the stuuy anu
pieseivation of cultuial heiitage: mateiials anu
stiuctuies; uegiauation anu aging; anu stabiliza-
tion, stiengthening, anu iepaii. This iepoit out-
lines the uiscussions of this uiveise gioup of
specialists, which coveieu the scientific uiiveis of
this woik, the ieseaich neeueu to continue au-
vancing the fielu, anu initiatives in euucation
anu funuing.
The woikshop paiticipants highlighteu the im-
poitance of a funuamental unueistanuingat mo-
leculai anu miciostiuctuial levelsof cultuial
heiitage mateiials. This knowleuge will pioviue
infoimation about past cultuies, civilizations, anu
technologies, anu enhance oui ability to pieseive
the woilu's mateiial cultuie. Noie specifically, the
scientific iueas uiiving cultuial heiitage science
ieseaich aie: the funuamental uesciiption of com-
plex mateiials anu stiuctuies, the unueistanuing
of mateiial changes in cultuial objects, anu the ef-
ficient uesign of effective anu safe conseivation
tieatments. Examples of iecommenuations to meet
the thiee challenges incluue:
Bevelopment of analytical piobes with
high sensitivity anu spatial iesolution
(ianging fiom small to laige scale), foi ie-
stiicteu volume, as well as stanuoff uetec-
tion of component mateiials, uegiauation
piouucts, anu ueteiioiation maikeis
Stuuy of ultiaslow changes in mateiials,
occasionally in seveiely uegiaueu states oi
in small populations in which each object
has a unique histoiy
Compatibility-uiiven uesign foi multifunc-
tional tieatment mateiials
Theoietical moueling of mateiials anu
stiuctuies that acknowleuges the complex-
ity of authentic objects anu theii vaiious
aging piocesses

The woikshop attenuees confiimeu that the
fielu will continue to piospei thiough the builuing
of bioau-baseu paitneiships between scientists at
univeisities, national laboiatoiies, anu cultuial
heiitage institutions such as museums. 0nly such
collaboiation will biing necessaiy auvances in
sensing technologies, nanoscience, mateiials ue-
sign, anu theoietical moueling into cultuial heii-
tage ieseaich. Fuithei netwoik-builuing
oppoitunities may come thiough inteinational col-
laboiations, paiticulaily with acauemic institu-
tions in Euiope. The woikshop uiscussions also
highlighteu the neeu foi a sustaineu funuing effoit
on the pait of the National Science Founuation,
thiough a vaiiety of tools such as uevelopment
giants; initiatives foi woikfoice uevelopment;
small giants foi exploiatoiy ieseaich; multiyeai
ieseaich giants; suppoit foi woikshops, confei-
ences, anu web-baseu netwoiking initiatives; anu
the cieation of ieseaich centeis.
The infoimation that can be gaineu thiough
the scientific investigation of cultuial heiitage ma-
teiials has cleai impact anu ielevance in basic sci-
ence, the humanities, anu euucation. The
incoipoiation of cultuial heiitage ieseaich into
cuiiicula is a highly effective means to attiact anu
inspiie the next geneiation of scientists, anu the
fielu can ieach new auuiences foi science thiough
museum- anu cultuial heiitage institution-baseu
piogiamming, such as exhibitions, public lectuies,
anu electionic anu mass meuia. 0nly a conceiteu
effoit to giow anu inteilink the cultuial heiitage
science community in the 0niteu States will iealize
these benefits.

T

4
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t is all too easy, as one walks thiough a mu-
seum, to foiget that the woiks of ait that in-
spiie anu enlighten us aie tangible, physical
objects that age anu bieak uown in ways that we
may oi may not see. Almost all of them have al-
ieauy outliveu theii cieatois anu in many cases
even theii cieatois' imaginations; they exist hun-
uieus oi even thousanus of yeais beyonu what
theii makeis intenueu. Cultuial heiitage objects
fiom aichaeological aitifacts of the ueep human
past, to contempoiaiy pieces maue of synthetic
mateiials, to builuings anu monumentslive
physical lives,
subject to the
enviionments in
which they aie
exhibiteu oi
stoieu anu all
the little insults,
inauveitent anu
uelibeiate, that
come with it.
Pieseiving these
items is the
iealm of ait anu
aichaeological
conseivatois,
but stuuying
theii mateiial
makeup, the way
that they age anu
ueteiioiate, anu
new methous to
pieseive anu
iestoie them is the piovince of scientists. The fielu
of cultuial heiitage science, oi conseivation sci-
ence, is vast anu complex, encompassing analytical
anu physical chemistiy, biology, engineeiing, anu
mateiials science.
1

1
Auuitional backgiounu mateiial on the fielu of cultuial heiitage
science can be founu at: Nazaioff, W. W., anu B. Amauei, "New Tech-
nologies anu Cultuial Beiitage: A 0. S.-Italian Bilateial Woikshop,"
helu in venice, Italy, Apiil 2S-24, 2uu1, NSF awaiu no. u119S79
(2uu1); "Scientific examination of ait: mouein techniques in consei-
vation anu analysis," Sacklei colloquium chaiieu by T. Wiesel anu R.
Boffmann, oiganizeu by B. Beiiie, E. R. ue la Rie, }. Tomlinson, anu }.
Wintei, helu at the National Acauemy of Sciences, Washington BC,
Naich 19-21, 2uuS; anu Paul N. Whitmoie, cooiuinating authoi.
!8,&#(9+'%8,*61%#,1#*0#&#+(1":*71'%9%'%#&;*<##-&*+,-*=>,-%,?*@AA8('>B
A gioup of foity-two chemists anu mateiials
scientists fiom cultuial heiitage institutions, uni-
veisities, national laboiatoiies, anu piivate inuus-
tiy met in Ailington, viiginia, fiom }uly 6-7, 2uu9,
to take pait in a woikshop titleu !"#$%&'()*+,-*
.+'#(%+/&*0#&#+(1"*+'*'"#*2,'#(3+1#*4#'5##,*61%#,1#*
+,-*7('. The National Science Founuation (NSF)-
anu Anuiew W. Nellon Founuation-sponsoieu
woikshop exploieu the basic scientific questions
ielating to the unueistanuing anu pieseivation of
cultuial heiitage mateiials, uefineu shoit- anu
long-teim piioiities foi ieseaich, anu initiateu in-
teiaction be-
tween scientists
in cultuial heii-
tage institutions
anu theii peeis
in univeisities
anu national
laboiatoiies.
Cultuial
heiitagethe
subject of the
woikshop
incluues all the
mateiial evi-
uence of hu-
mankinu's
accomplish-
ments: aichaeo-
logical objects
anu sites, cul-
tuial piopeities,
fine aits collec-
tions, aichives, histoiical builuings, monuments,
anu othei sites. In mateiials science, the ueteiioia-
tion of a mateiial is assesseu on the basis of its
"peifoimance." Natuially, the peifoimance chaiac-
teiistics of an ait object can be uifficult to uetei-
mine, but can incluue anything fiom its stiuctuial
integiity, to the intensity of its colois, to oui ability
to extiact useful infoimation fiom it. Anu these
objects aie often highly complex mixtuies of mate-
iials, many of which haven't been piouuceu foi

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5
centuiies, that inteiact anu ieact with one anothei
in unexpecteu ways.
As a iesult of these complexities, scientific ie-
seaich on the components, stiuctuie, anu uegiaua-
tion piocesses of cultuial heiitage objects has
giown ovei the last thiee uecaues into a laige, so-
phisticateu, multiuisciplinaiy, anu technically au-
vanceu fielu. Touay, cultuial heiitage scientists use
single-molecule spectioscopies anu noninvasive
methous to iuentify mateiials, sensing techniques
to monitoi enviionments, anu computei-aiueu im-
aging anu moueling to exploie objects anu theii
bieakuown piocesses. The ultimate goal of the
fielu is to impiove oui ability to pieseive the
woilu's aitistic anu cultuial patiimony, anu it is a
iich iepositoiy of basic scientific questions.
Cultuial heiitage scientists come fiom the
fielus of chemistiy, physics, mateiials science, anu
biology, anu aie baseu in ait museums, libiaiies,
goveinment laboiatoiies, anu, to a lessei uegiee,
univeisities. Cuiiently, the majoiity of applieu sci-
entific ieseaich into cultuial heiitage mateiials is
caiiieu out in museum-baseu laboiatoiies, while
univeisity laboiatoiies focus moie on funuamental
ieseaich anu technological auvances. A majoi leap
in the unueistanuing of cultuial heiitage objects
anu theii mateiial issues anu conseivation is pos-
sible by biinging these appioaches togethei
fosteiing paitneiships between scientists in mu-
seums who apply new technologies anu those in
univeisities anu national laboiatoiies who
uevelop them.
Cultuial heiitage science simultaneously pui-
sues seveial goals: unueistanuing the ueteiioia-
tion of ait objects, ueveloping new tieatments foi
conseivation anu iestoiation, anu pioviuing in-
foimation about the past oi the aitists' intentions.
0nfoitunately, issues with cultuial heiitage often
aie piesenteu to scientists when theie aie piob-
lems that cannot be auuiesseu by moie tiauitional

6
conseivation techniques. Fuitheimoie, the uegiee
to which cultuial heiitage mateiials aie subject to
ueteiioiating piocesses is incieasing. We can no
longei affoiu a tiiage appioach, so we must ue-
velop a cooiuinateu, multifaceteu, anu sustainable
ieseaich piogiam to stuuy pieces of cultuial heii-
tage befoie they ieach a ciitical stage. !
This is paiticulaily challenging foi piactitio-
neis of cultuial heiitage science because they aie
subject to constiaints that iaiely affect othei
chemists anu mateiials scientists. Cultuial heiitage
objects aie iiieplaceable, so any analytical investi-
gations must be noninvasive anu nonuestiuctive,
oi at the veiy least iequiie minimal sampling. Any
conseivation tieatments that iesult fiom these
stuuies must be compatible with the oiiginal ob-
jects anu completely ieveisible. In auuition, cul-
tuial heiitage objects have existeu anu will exist
ovei long time spans, anu the mannei in which
they have been tieateu anu stoieu is often un-
known. Theiefoie, accuiately pieuicting how a
paiticulai objectoften maue of a mixtuie of ma-
teiials that may inteiactwill age is multifactoiial
anu minu-benuingly complex, with uiffeient com-
ponents aging at uiffeient iates unuei uiffeient
conuitions ovei the lifetime of an object. Noieovei,
natuial, ultiaslow aging piocesses may not match
up with laboiatoiy-acceleiateu aging tests, anu the
uegiauation piouucts of one mateiial might accel-
eiate oi ietaiu the ueteiioiation of anothei. But
these constiaints anu challenges uo pioviue bene-
fits to scientific inquiiythey aie stiong catalysts
foi the uevelopment of new technologies with
bioau application. The fielu has high scientific
meiit in both basic anu applieu ieseaich.
Auvances in analytical chemistiy anu mateiials
science, in auuition to nanotechnology anu bio-
meuical ieseaich, will inciease oui knowleuge of
components anu stiuctuies of cultuial heiitage
aitifacts. The complexity of cultuial heiitage pio-
viues a uemanuing pioving giounu foi new ana-
lytical techniques anu instiumentation, which
allows conseivation science to contiibute to basic
ieseaich in these complementaiy fielus. Foi ex-
ample, iecent auvances in plasmonics suppoits foi
suiface-enhanceu Raman scatteiing have been
successfully applieu to the iuentification of uyes of
aichaeological inteiest, anu in tuin the instiumen-
tation anu techniques uevelopeu by cultuial heii-
tage scientists have been successfully
implementeu in inuustiial applications anu ie-
seaich in othei aieas. The same holus tiue foi
computational uesign of mateiials that can be useu
in iepaii anu iestoiation. Basic ieseaich in this
aiea can be applieu to cultuial heiitage science,
wheie the mateiials cieateu must meet challeng-
ing iequiiements of chemical compatibility, iesis-
tance to coiiosion anu coloi change, theimal
stability, anu theimal expansion to match with the
oiiginal mateiials of a cultuial object. Auvances
unuei such iigoious conuitions can in tuin be ap-
plieu to pioblems in othei fielus.
Beyonu scientific meiit, cultuial heiitage sci-
ence pioviues a numbei of othei social benefits.
The piimaiy anu most obvious of these is the long-
lasting pieseivation of the woilu's shaieu cultuial
objects, so that they can be aumiieu, tieasuieu,
anu leaineu fiom foi centuiies. It is impossible to
assess how much has alieauy been lost to conflict
anu thoughtlessness; Nobel-Lauieate chemist
Richaiu Einst, who gave the woikshop's keynote
auuiess, uesciibeu the conseivation anu iestoia-
tion of cultuial heiitage as a piimaiy iesponsibility
of oui time. This is a lasting benefit, extenuing be-
yonu the lifetime of the scientists anu conseiva-
tois. In auuition, the fielu pioviues biiuges
between basic ieseaich, applieu science, anu the
humanities, auuing immeuiate social ielevance to
the piactice of science. As an example of use-
inspiieu ieseaich, the fielu attiacts geneiations of
stuuents to basic science, anu has uemonstiateu
gieat potential in impioving genuei iepiesenta-
tion anu euucational oppoitunities foi unueipiivi-
legeu youths thiough museums in laige cities anu
heiitage centeis in iuial aieas. Anu moie iecently,
cultuial heiitage science has become an attiactive
option foi unueigiauuate stuuents fiom uiban,
iuial, oi tiibal backgiounus.
The cuiient state of cultuial heiitage science is
stiong, but theie is an uigent neeu to bieak uown
bounuaiies fuithei to link uispaiate effoits in fun-
uamental ieseaich into a iobust, integiateu vision
foi the futuie of the fielu. This woikshop was con-
veneu to ueteimine the path foiwaiu. The uistin-
guisheu expeits weie inviteu to iuentify the most
piessing questions foi the futuie of the fielu, es-
tablish long-teim inteiaction between scientists at
univeisities anu national laboiatoiies with those
at cultuial heiitage institutions, anu outline neai-
anu long-teim piioiities. Following piesentations
by the woikshop planneis, paiticipants weie ui-
viueu into fluiu bieakout gioups to uiscuss thiee

7
uianu Challenges in the fielu: the uevelopment of
analytical techniques, the investigation of ueteiio-
iation piocesses, anu the uevelopment of new con-
seivation methous anu mateiials. The uiscussions
weie wiue-ianging. This iepoit consists of sections
focusing on each of the thiee uianu Challenges anu
the enabling ieseaich aieas that will help meet
those challenges, the iesouices neeueu foi the con-
tinueu giowth of cultuial heiitage science, anu
ways to nuituie the bioauei impact of the fielu.
In many ways, Euiope has an enviable mouel
foi the uevelopment of cultuial heiitage science. In
the 0niteu States, this woik tiauitionally has been
caiiieu out in museums, libiaiies, anu othei cul-
tuial heiitage institutions, with ieseaicheis baseu
in acauemia anu national laboiatoiies only occa-
sionally anu inconsistently involveu. Acioss the
Atlantic, howevei, financial suppoit fiom the
Euiopean 0nion has been consiueiable, iesulting
in multinational anu multi-institution paitnei-
ships. The NSF can play a key iole in piomoting
anu suppoiting just this soit of collaboiation,
which is not only uesiiable but necessaiy. The
NSF's emphasis on intei- anu multiuisciplinaiy
woik is well suiteu to a sustaineu effoit in basic
ieseaich that bieaks bounuaiies between vaiious
types of institutions. Establishing a unifying uiiec-
tive foi the fielu anu suppoiting collaboiation will
significantly acceleiate the iate of uiscoveiy, facili-
tate the tiansfei of infoimation to cultuial heiitage
applications, anu enhance the uevelopment of
euucational activities. This woikshop is a ciitical
fiist step in stimulating uiscoveiy, innovation, anu
euucation.

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8
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ne of the fiist steps in stuuying an iiie-
placeable oi piecious object with cultuial
heiitage value is chaiacteiizing the mateii-
als fiom which it is maue anu theii stiuctuie. To
uo this, cultuial heiitage scientists use analytical
testssuch as atomic foice micioscopy, mass
spectiometiy, Raman spectioscopy, anu otheis.
The fiist of the thiee uianu Challenges uealt with
analytical technologies. Woikshop Steeiing Com-
mittee membei Fiancesca Casauio, Anuiew W.
Nellon Senioi Conseivation Scientist at the Ait
Institute of Chicago, spoke to the attenuees about
the topic befoie they weie sepaiateu into uiscus-
sion gioups.
A cleai unueistanuing of the mateiials that
compose objects of aitistic, histoiic, anthiopologi-
cal, anu aichaeological significance is funuamen-
tally impoitant foi making uiscoveiies about theii
composition, layei stiuctuie, suifaces, anu uegia-
uation. It also pioviues infoimation to auuiess ait
histoiical anu conseivation questions, such as
those ielateu to the technology of fabiication,
tiaue ioutes in antiquity, attiibution, uating, anu,
most impoitant of all, long-teim pieseivation. But
because cultuial heiitage objects aie often heteio-
geneous anu complex, the fielu uemanus new anu
impioveu appioaches to this science of measuie-
ment. In this way, cultuial science is similai to cell
biology, as both fielus involve complex systems
that will iequiie massive leaps in oui ability to
make multiple measuiements on vaiying time
scales, acioss uispaiate length scales, anu involv-
ing a wiue iange of chemical species, incluuing oi-
ganic anu inoiganic molecules with both high anu
low moleculai weights.
But cultuial heiitage science is subject to sub-
stantial technical constiaints that uo not affect
othei fielus, such as cell biology. Cultuial heiitage
objects aie iiieplaceable, so analytical investiga-
tions must be noninvasive, oi at least iequiie only
minimal sampling, anu they must be iapiu anu
highly sensitive. Tests to unueistanu an object's
piopeities anu monitoi its peifoimance neeu to be
nonuestiuctive, anu aie often conuucteu on highly
complex mateiials. Bowevei, these constiaints
pioviue gieat oppoitunities foi the uevelopment
of new, auvanceu measuiement science anu imag-
ing technologies, which can have bioau applica-
tion. The constiaints anu complications of cultuial
heiitage science pioviue a uemanuing pioving
giounu foi new analytical techniques anu instiu-
mentation. 0thei fielus, such as the inuustiial,
biomeuical, anu enviionmental iealms, can cleaily
benefit fiom auvances in the analytical techniques
of cultuial heiitage science. In-line inuustiial qual-
ity-contiol piocesses; in situ analysis of aeiospace
components; phaimaceutical analysis; anu in-fielu
tiace uetection of naicotics, biowaifaie agents,
anu biologically anu enviionmentally active mole-
cules aie just a few examples.

"#$#%"&'!('#)#$!
Impioving analytical technologies foi use in cul-
tuial heiitage science involves expanuing the abili-
ties of these tests to pioviue a suite of complex,
uetaileu, anu integiateu infoimation. The ultimate
goal is to uevelop analyses that pioviue thiee-
uimensional uata, can be specific at the moleculai
level, aie highly sensitive, anu opeiate at multiple
spatial scalesmacio, micio, anu nano. Anu iue-
ally, the tests must woik in situ anu without the
iemoval of piecious samples fiom the aitifacts oi
aitwoiks. Theie aie seveial complementaiy scien-
tific uiiveis foi woiking towaiu these goals.
Nateiial anu Stiuctuial Complexity - 0p-
uateu analytical technologies must be able
to investigate heteiogeneous mateiials
that aie stiuctuieu in complex ways.
Spatial Resolution - Iueal analytical tests
shoulu pioviue infoimation on the scale of
a whole aitwoik oi stiuctuie, anu at mi-
cioscopic level anu moleculai iesolution.
volume Restiictions - Sampling fiom cul-
tuial heiitage objects often is seveiely ie-
stiicteu. Bowevei, some infoimation
(isotope iatios, piecise iuentification of oi-
0

9
ganic species, etc.) can only be obtaineu
with uestiuctive techniques. Boiiowing
fiom the biomeuical fielu, in which tech-
niques aie applieu to extiemely small vol-
umes, can benefit cultuial heiitage
ieseaich.
Remote Sensing - To use the least uestiuc-
tive oi invasive tests possible, iemote tests,
which can be conuucteu without making
any contact with the object, aie iueal.
Ninimal Invasiveness - Those tests that
iequiie contact with an object oi sample
must be impioveu to ueciease theii impact
as much as possible.

%*+%,&#$!,##*#*!
The key auvances that aie uigently neeueu to im-
piove the chaiacteiization of the mateiials of cul-
tuial heiitage objects aie the uevelopment of
auvanceu analytical techniques that combine a va-
iiety of tests on multiple scales, anu a iobust theo-
ietical fiamewoik foi inteipieting the uata they
piouuce. Piogiess has been maue in the cieation
anu use of uevices that chemists anu mateiials sci-
entists can use to analyze micioscopic samples oi,
in some cases, whole museum objects in situ
(without taking samples at all). Yet theie iemain
limitations to these pioceuuies in teims of theii
sensitivity anu noninvasiveness, anu in the ability
of cultuial heiitage scientists to integiate these
uata to unueistanu an entiie object. Reseaicheis
neeu flexibility, anu must be able to achieve
compiehensiveness anu minute uetail at the
same time.
Foi example, auvanceu analytical techniques
aie neeueu to be able to cieate laige-scale, thiee-
uimensional maps of an entiie object with mole-
cule-level uetail. An iueal system coulu then com-
bine this topogiaphical infoimation with uetails of
the moleculai oi elemental composition of any
pait of the piece. Anu these uata coulu in tuin be
integiateu with ueep-penetiating imaging tech-
niques, such as optical coheience tomogiaphy, ul-
tiasounu imaging, teiaheitz imaging, oi single-
siueu nucleai magnetic iesonance imaging. The
same applies to samples fiom objects, such as the
cioss-sections sometimes taken fiom multilayeieu
objects such as paintings. Reseaicheis neeu to be
able to peifoim uepth piofiling, imaging, molecu-
lai mapping, oiganicinoiganic analysis, anu
chemical speciation on a single sample in an effi-
cient anu manageable way. The iuea is to integiate
analytical tests on multiple scales anu looking at
multiple attiibutes. Specific questions will uiive
how such suites of uevices might be useu. Foi ex-
ample, if a scientist wants to measuie inoiganic oi
polymei systems in an aitist's mateiials, then mi-
cion-scale tests will be sufficient. But if one is tiy-
ing to ueteimine the geogiaphical oiigin of a
sample of lapis lazuli, then nanoscale iesolution
with high sensitivity foi tiace elements is ciucial.
Also, as will be uiscusseu in moie uetail in the
othei two uianu Challenge sections, ieal-time anu
time-uepenuent testing anu chemical sensois also
will be impoitant to tiack ueteiioiation, ultiaslow
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CBQQJF(RB`J@(\=MGKGH5(%MJ(*JKFGIGR>KBD(*OHJOC(GT(+FK](

10
piocesses, anu tianspoit within an aitwoik, such
as solvent migiation in a painting.
In auuition to this bioau neeu foi auvanceu
analytical techniques that will be specifically use-
ful to the stuuy of cultuial heiitage objects, othei,
moie taigeteu uevelopments woulu also benefit
this aiea of stuuy. Analytical tests that iequiie fui-
thei iefinement incluue suiface-sensitive tech-
niques, the ability to measuie oiganic mateiials, in
situ suiface-enhanceu Raman spectioscopy
(SERS), anu the use of synchiotions anu othei
laige-scale facilities.
Impioveu suiface-sensitive techniques aie
necessaiy because the ueteiioiation of objects of
cultuial heiitage may involve changes in veiy thin
layeis of oxiuation. Such tests coulu also be useu to
uetect, at a moleculai level, the inteiaction of the
oiiginal object with enviionmental pollutants, ma-
teiials useu in theii tieatment oi conseivation, oi
electiomagnetic iauiation. This woulu allow the
monitoiing of the kinetics anu moleculai uynamics
of ieactions occuiiing uiiectly on the suiface of
the object oi at inteifaces between uiffeient mate-
iials in it.
Anothei challenging aiea of ieseaich is the
measuiement of oiganic mateiials. The scientific
stuuy of cultuial heiitage objects woulu benefit
gieatly fiom the ability to conuuct moleculai fin-
geipiinting, anu mapping anu uepth-piofiling, of
oiganic components eithei in situ oi with minimal
sampling. Impioveu signal amplification, hyphen-
ateu techniques (that is, methous that combine
seveial analytical appioaches), anu methous of
ueiivatization can help achieve this. 0ne of the
methous foi oiganic analysis, SERS, has enableu
uetection of micioscopic amounts of biomolecules,
such as natuial coloiants, in extiemely ageu mate-
iials, such as uyeu textiles oi faueu wateicolois.

11
Bowevei, theie is a ieal neeu to peifoim such
highly sensitive analysis in situ, by biinging the
piobe to the aitifact oi sample without leaving
iesiuues, peihaps with tip-enhanceu SERS (TERS)
oi SERS-active optical fibeis.
In auuition, ovei the past uecaue, laige-scale
facilities, such as synchiotion souices anu centeis
foi paiticle physics, have gieatly auvanceu the
ability to piobe whole museum objects, though
ieseaich is neeueu to acceleiate acquisition times.
Also, iecent auvances in X-iay optics allow foi ma-
teiials analysis at finei anu finei length scales. Foi
example, in computeu X-iay tomogiaphy, imaging
with 1uX lenses pioviues submicion spatial infoi-
mation, which can then be useu to ieconstiuct
thiee-uimensional images. Combinations of tech-
niques pioviue anothei ioute foi theii uevelop-
ment anu fuithei iefinement. Coupling imaging
with phase analysis pioviues a poweiful, noninva-
sive methou foi stuuying miciostiuctuie anu
chemistiy. Bevelopments in zone-plate focusing
optics, in conjunction with synchiotion X-iay
souices, have enableu stiuctuial stuuies of nano-
size objectsan auvance that has consequences in
the stuuy of the eaily stages of coiiosion, the
stiuctuie of nanopaiticles that give iise to lusteis,
anu the aggiegation of nanopaiticles in photo-
giaphs. 0ltimately, new oi impioveu noninvasive
anu mobile instiumental methous neeu to be ue-
velopeu to avoiu the neeu to tianspoit iiieplace-
able pieces of cultuial heiitage to these types of
exteinal facilities.
Achieving all of these ambitious auvances
fiom new, integiateu analytical tests to using pai-
ticle physics labswill iequiie the uevelopment of
theoietical anu computational methous to cieate
accuiate pieuictive mouels foi the behavioi of cul-
tuial heiitage objects. We must have a iobust
baseline fiamewoik fiom which to uesign analyti-
cal tests, inteipiet finuings, anu attempt to pieuict
the effects of age anu tieatment on these objects.
0ne ciitical example of this is the neeu to
mouel the inteiaction of electiomagnetic iauiation
with complex mateiials so we can unueistanu
theii uielectiic piopeities anu pieuict how they
will absoib eneigy on a moleculai level. This will
iequiie a combination of expeiiment anu theoiy.
We must piepaie stanuaiu test mateiials with
known piopeities, measuie them, anu encouiage
communication between labs to establish these
stanuaius. The same piocess applies to a numbei
of othei mateiial chaiacteiistics that cultuial heii-
tage scientists neeu to assess. Anothei example is
bettei moleculai computation to stuuy exciteu
states foi inteipieting spectial uata, which can
help pieuict how enviionmental factois anu lasei
tieatments might affect cultuial heiitage objects.
Please see Appenuix A foi auuitional iecommenua-
tions fiom the woikshop bieakout sessions.


12
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ultuial heiitage objects, foi all theii intangi-
ble attiibutes, aie still physical objects sub-
ject to a vaiiety of inteinal anu exteinal
piocesses that can bieak them uown oi altei theii
"peifoimance"changing theii aesthetic appeai-
ance (such as fauing of colois) oi infoimation con-
tent (such as loss of magnetization in tape
iecoiuings). The piocesses of ueteiioiation aie
key to unueistanuing how objects have ageu anu
will age, anu aie ciitical to theii suivival as cul-
tuial aitifacts. Effective conseivation stiategies
must be aimeu at uiagnosing the unueilying causes
of ueteiioiation, iuentifying eaily stages of change,
aiiesting the piogiess of those piocesses, anu us-
ing safe anu effective iepaiis that aie not them-
selves pione to ueteiioiation. The seconu of the
woikshop's uianu Challenges uealt with unuei-
stanuing the uominant mateiial uegiauation pioc-
esses anu the iisk factois goveining theii iates.
Woikshop Steeiing Committee membei Paul
Whitmoie, Reseaich Piofessoi in the Bepaitment
of Chemistiy anu Biiectoi of the Ait Conseivation
Reseaich Centei at Cainegie Nellon 0niveisity,
spoke to the attenuees befoie they bioke out into
uiscussion gioups.
As with the uevelopment of analytical tech-
niques foi the stuuy of cultuial heiitage objects,
unueistanuing theii ueteiioiation is complex anu
multifactoiial. Such aitifacts aie composeu of an
enoimous vaiiety of mateiials anu stiuctuies, anu
aie subject to a wiue iange of stoiage anu uisplay
enviionments. Consequently the pioblems these
objects face anu theii ioot causes aie legion. Typi-
cally, the aitifacts themselves uictate what will be
stuuieu. Changes in specific objects, oi the iesults
of those changes, attiact ieseaich attention. In
othei cases, an object's cultuial impoitance, iathei
than specific obseiveu changes, uiive ieseaich. Foi
example, objects such as the 0.S. Chaiteis of Fiee-
uom aie so highly piizeu that extiaoiuinaiy meas-
uies aie sought to
ieuuce all ueteiio-
iation to an abso-
lute minimum. The
stuuy of many ueg-
iauation phenom-
ena often iequiies
specific foci, so the
iesults often aie
not tiansfeiable to
othei object types.
0nueistanuing
mateiial uegiaua-
tion usually ie-
quiies intensive
stuuy uown to the
miciostiuctuial anu
moleculai levels.
This woik focuses
on unueistanuing
chemical ieactions
oi physical changes,
anu measuiing the
iates of those pioc-
esses anu the fac-
tois, both within
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13
the object anu outsiue of it, that affect them. Again,
cultuial heiitage science faces the constiaint of
having iiieplaceable objects as its subject. As a ie-
sult, the stuuy of ueteiioiation can iaiely be uone
on the cultuial objects themselves. Insteau, these
stuuies must usually be tianslateu to the laboia-
toiy, wheie iuealizeu suiiogate objects (close ap-
pioximations of the authentic mateiials anu
stiuctuies) can be stuuieu unuei contiolleu conui-
tions anu to a gieatei level of uetail. This piocess
illustiates the uegiee to which all aspects of cul-
tuial heiitage science aie linkeuthe infoimation
necessaiy to cieate such suiiogates uepenus heav-
ily on the auvanceu analytical techniques uis-
cusseu in uianu Challenge 1.
Laboiatoiy stuuy of cultuial mateiial uegiaua-
tion has both auvantages anu uisauvantages. The
main auvantage is that in the lab, bettei, moie in-
sightful, anu highly contiolleu expeiiments can be
uone than with the cultuial objects themselves.
Stuuies can be iepeateu to achieve statistical sig-
nificance, anu the full iange of analytical tools can
be useu, incluuing uestiuctive oi less sensitive
analytical techniques that iequiie the consump-
tion of laige amounts of sample mateiial. Bowevei,
these lab tests will be, in some sense, uivoiceu
fiom the oiiginal aitifacts: the samples anu the
aging piocesses to which they aie subject aie only
appioximations. Authentic mateiials anu stiuc-
tuies in uegiaueu states aie uifficult to ie-cieate,
anu often samples aie cieateu to be "typical,"
iathei than specific to a unique aitifact with a sin-
gulai aging histoiy. Similaily, veiy slow piocesses
cannot be stuuieu with piecisionstiess-testing
oi acceleiateu aging must stanu in foi centuiies of
weai anu teai. As a iesult, the ielevance of the
laboiatoiy simulations is uncleai.
To examine this ielevance, cultuial heiitage
scientists must ietuin to the cultuial aitifacts
themselves. This "ieality check" oi "giounu-
tiuthing" can be useu to veiify that the outcome of
the laboiatoiy tests iesembles natuial aging pioc-
esses. By suiveying gioups of authentic objects,
one can cieate benchmaiks foi lab stuuies, confiim
pieuictions, anu impiove the suiiogate objects
anu piocesses. This cycle of lab testing, compaii-
son to actual object behavioi, anu iefinement of
lab tests is at the centei of the stuuy of uegiaua-
tion of aitifacts.
These suiveys of actual objects that shaie ma-
teiials anu aging histoiies can also be useu outsiue
the lab setting. Suiveys can, foi example, help cul-
tuial heiitage scientists exploie the natuial vaiia-
tion of mateiials, uiffeiences in manufactuiing
conuitions, oi the iesults of uiffeient stoiage anu
uisplay histoiies. In some ciicumstancesan
Egyptian mummy, foi instanceit is not feasible
to ie-cieate an authentic object, so insights into
the piopeities, stability, anu caie must come fiom
the object itself. The mateiials of many ancient ai-
tifacts can be so tiansfoimeu by the millennia that
one cannot estimate oi infei theii unique chemical
oi physical piopeities. It may be necessaiy to sac-
iifice a small poition of the mateiials oi even a
companion oi uuplicate object to gain the uesiieu
unueistanuing. New uevelopments, such as in-
cieasingly sensitive analytical tools, aie slowly ex-
panuing the iange of possible stuuies, so that now
it is becoming moie possible to stuuy slow uegia-
uation piocesses on aitifacts themselves without
this saciifice.

"#$#%"&'!('#)#$!
Reseaich in the aiea of mateiial uegiauation is
motivateu piimaiily by the neeu to uiagnose fun-
uamental ueteiioiation pioblems affecting physi-
cal piopeities, appeaiance, anu infoimation
content of cultuial objects. Theie aie seveial com-
plementaiy scientific uiiveis foi woiking towaiu
this goal.
Complex Nateiials - Nany cultuial heii-
tage objects aie composeu of complex ma-
teiials anu stiuctuies. Paintings, foi
example, aie composite mateiials, while
stone has a poious stiuctuie. Beteiioiation
piocesses of complex stiuctuies must be
fuithei investigateu.
Nultiple Enviionmental Stiessois - No en-
viionmental stiessoi, such as heat, humiu-
ity, light, oi pollutants, opeiates on an
object in isolation. Bow uo multiple sties-
sois affect an object's uegiauation.
0ltiaslow Piocesses - In "non-seveie" en-
viionments (unuei ioom tempeiatuie,
moueiate humiuity, anu ultiaviolet-fiee
lighting), slow aging piocesses continue to
take place. These uifficult-to-simulate ef-
fects, anu ways to limit theii iates, must be
unueistoou in gieatei uetail.
Relationship Between Piocesses anu Pei-
foimance - Reseaich effoit must be in-
vesteu in unueistanuing how chemical anu

14
physical piocesses in cultuial heiitage ob-
jects coiielate with the loss of peifoimance
piopeities (physical piopeities, appeai-
ance, infoimation content, anu otheis).

%*+%,&#$!,##*#*
Auvances in seveial key aieas will help cultuial
heiitage scientists auuiess the scientific uiiveis.
Specifically, analytical tools customizeu foi assess-
ing piocesses (incluuing ultiaslow ones anu envi-
ionmental monitoiing) anu gieatei unueistanuing
of moleculai oiueiing, among othei auvances, will
be necessaiy.
Piogiess in unueistanuing mateiial uegiaua-
tion piocesses is uiiven laigely by auvances in
analytical technologies that aie noninvasive anu
have high sensitivity anu spatial iesolution. In au-
uition to the benefits of these tests uesciibeu in the
pievious uianu Challenge summaiy, they can also
be useu to chaiacteiize the iesults of uegiauation
piocesses anu the basic mateiials of an aitifact, so
that accuiate lab suiiogates can be uevelopeu.

15
Bowevei, these tools have limits when applieu to
an object's ueteiioiationthey cannot, foi exam-
ple, noninvasively piobe a peifoimance piopeity
such as physical stiength. Such tests woulu be of
gieat benefit in unueistanuing how aitifacts age
anu whethei they aie at iisk. These analytical tests
will still iequiie high sensitivity, noninvasiveness,
anu spatial iesolution acioss multiple scales. In
auuition, it is impoitant that they be tailoieu, oi
new tests uevelopeu, to stuuy impoitant ueteiioia-
tion changes in aitifacts. In some cases, tools ue-
velopeu foi othei uses might be insufficient in this
context. Foi example, sometimes small chemical
ieactions can compiomise peifoimance. Polymeis
can completely lose stiength when just u.1 peicent
of the chemical bonus in the molecules change.
New techniques, such as mass spectioscopies that
can piobe veiy slight changes in high-moleculai-
weight substances, oi sensitive anu spatially ie-
solveu optical spectioscopies, will enable bettei
examination of the funuamental natuie of ueteiio-
iation piocesses in the lab.
In auuition to veiy slight uegiauation, these
tests also must be iefineu anu ie-engineeieu to
stuuy ultiaslow piocesses, which aie taking place
in eveiy cultuial heiitage object all the time. These
technologies can be useu to monitoi the enviion-
ment suiiounuing objects, as well as the conuition
anu stability of them, anu will help coiielate lab
test iesults with authentic objects in ieal-woilu
conuitions. Some tools foi this aie availablefoi
the spectioscopic chaiacteiization of coloi, foi ex-
ampleyet the piotocols foi theii use ovei many
yeais (incluuing coiielating iesults fiom eaily
geneiations of uevices to latei ones) must be ue-
velopeu.
At the level of basic science, a moie complete
uesciiption of ueteiioiation iequiies stuuy of the
supiamoleculai oiuei in the mateiials composing
cultuial aitifacts. This high-level oiueiing of mole-
cules can contiol the iate of uegiauation anu how
it affects an object's peifoimance. Foi example,
Naya blue is a pigment containing the moueiately
stable inuigo molecule, but as a whole is extiemely
stable because the inuigo molecules aie inteica-
lateu in the stiuctuie of the clay. Papei enjoys
flexibility anu cohesive stiength fiom the ai-
iangement of cellulose molecules in miciofibiils
anu fibeis. Beteiioiation of papei is known to ue-
iive fiom the bieakuown of the cellulose chains,
but how that ieaction affects physical piopeities is
pooily unueistoou. Expeiimental stuuies, such as
X-iay scatteiing, that can eluciuate moleculai oi-
ueiing will be essential.
0thei ueteiioiation piocesses that iequiie fui-
thei stuuy come fiom the complexity of specific
aitifact mateiials. Common uamage, such as the
iuptuie of stone fiom ciystallization of incoipo-
iateu salts, involves a simple moleculai-scale
change that occuis in a constiaineu enviionment
in the poies of the mineial. That auueu complexity
intiouuces new foicesthe pushing of the giow-
ing salt ciystals against the mineial suifaces
causes the stone to fiactuie anu ciumble. 0nuei-
stanuing these uegiauation piocesses iequiies
both expeiimental stuuy anu theoietical moueling
of the complex systems. Anu finally, ieseaich effoit
must be uiiecteu towaiu unueistanuing what hap-
pens when multiple uegiauation piocesses take
place at the same timeas they uo in eveiy object
in the ieal woilu. Lab simulations of these multiple
stiessois will be neeueu to simulate moie accu-
iately the inteiaction of vaiious piocesses occui-
iing simultaneously, but at uiffeient iates anu with
uiffeient effects on peifoimance.
Noleculai moueling anu multiscale simulation
also aie impoitant foi unueistanuing an object's
chemical stability anu mateiial piopeities
inuicatois of the state of pieseivation at the mo-
leculai level. With a basic simulation of an object,
scientists can test, with no iisk to a ieal piece of
cultuial heiitage, the effects of conseivation anu
iestoiation inteiventions by moueling the chemi-
cal changes causeu by tieatment mateiials anu ex-
tiapolating the physical iesults. Computational
mouels can also be useu to compaie natuial aging
with acceleiateu aging, oi to obseive how changes
in tempeiatuie anu humiuity affect an object's
physical piopeities. Foi example, one can mouel
the effects of ueaciuification oi colu stoiage on cel-
lulose-baseu objects, such as wateicoloi paintings,
photogiaphs, oi impoitant uocuments. 0i one can
cieate a mouel to unueistanu how aieas of ciystal-
linity might uevelop in natuial anu synthetic po-
lymeiic mateiials, anu whethei they confei
stiength oi weakness. Please see Appenuix A foi
auuitional iecommenuations fiom the woikshop
bieakout sessions.


16
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n auuition to leaining moie about the aitifact
oi aitwoik itself, cultuial heiitage science is
laigely ueuicateu to impioving the conseiva-
tion anu iestoiation of iiieplaceable objects. Con-
seivatois neeu evei moie sophisticateu infoima-
tion anu tools to continue to ensuie that cultuial
heiitage will be available to futuie geneiations.
The finuings of analytical tests anu uegiauation
stuuies can be applieu to tieatment, stabilization,
anu the stuuy of the enviionment in which woiks
aie uisplayeu oi stoieu. As a iesult, this is a bioau
topic of uiscussion, encompassing eveiything uis-
cusseu in the pievious uianu Challenges anu then
applying those scientific auvances in the conseiva-
tion laboiatoiy. Woikshop Steeiing Committee
membei Baibaia Beiiie, Senioi Conseivation Sci-
entist at the National ualleiy of Ait in Washington,
B.C., spoke to the woikshop attenuees about the
specific challenges of applying cultuial heiitage
science to conseivation.
Theie aie two bioau appioaches in this aiea:
assessing existing anu potential tieatments foi cul-
tuial objects, such as solvents anu auhesives, anu
ueteimining how enviionmenta suite of exteinal
factois that incluues light, heat, pollution, anu hu-
miuityaffect the stability anu longevity of
those objects.
Like cultuial heiitage scientists, conseivatois
face seveie iestiictions on the woik they uo to
stabilize oi iepaii cultuial objects. Theii methous
must be ieveisiblethat is, any iepaiis must be
ieauily iuentifieu anu iemoveu oi unuone. Sam-
pling of objects must be minimal oi nonexistent,
anu conseivatois must not altei the appeaiance of
a woik in unanticipateu ways when they apply
coatings, solvents, oi consoliuants. As a iesult, the
methous foi cleaning anu pieseiving woiks of ait
have changeu little in the last centuiy. Foi exam-
ple, the use of oiganic solvents to iemove vainish
layeis has been the most wiuely employeu methou
since it was intiouuceu in the nineteenth centuiy.
But in some cases, the most well-intenueu tieat-
ments can be ineffective oi potentially uamaging.
Sometimes tieatment mateiials fail to peifoim as
pieuicteu oi cleaning stiategies iesult in uamage
that is only obvious aftei months oi yeais. Be-
taileu, funuamental scientific investigations aie
neeueu to assess these tieatments, ueteimine why
they uiu not woik, anu uevise altogethei new
stiategies.
In the case of vainish iemoval, foi example,
new techniques have begun to emeige, guiueu anu
iefineu in some cases by cultuial heiitage scien-
tists. uels, iesin soaps, anu laseis have been
biought to the pioblem. Fuithei iefinements anu
new techniques often come fiom auvances in sci-
entific ieseaicheithei thiough incieaseu unuei-
stanuing of the objects themselves oi ieseaich
ueuicateu to uevising new tieatments foi them.
Bowevei, conseivatois, iestoieis, anu cuiatois
usually tuin to scientists foi help on specific pio-
jectsthe ones they aie woiking on at the mo-
ment. Because of this, most scientifically
uevelopeu solutions aie uiiven empiiically, by the
neeus of the moment, iathei than theoietically.
The tiiage appioach to pioblem solving will not
auvance the fielu of cultuial heiitage science anu
may impaii the ability of cultuial heiitage scien-
tists to help conseivatois.
I
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OHJH(B(MBDQMJRQ(CGD>KGF(KG(CJBHOFJ(ORKFBP>GRJK(R>?MK(RJPS
JRH(BTTJEK>D?(/EJBD>E(BFK@(\=MGKG5(%MJ(*JKFGIGR>KBD(*OS
HJOC(GT(+FK](

17
Cultuial heiitage objects aie unique, heteioge-
neous, anu complex, so a tieatment stiategy spe-
cifically uesigneu foi one may cieate seiious
pioblems when applieu to anothei. Auuiessing
this issue iequiies a iethinking of the mannei in
which new tieatments aie uevelopeu. Woiking
fiom sounu scientific piinciples anu new ieseaich,
scientists can help uevelop innovative ways to
clean anu stabilize objects anu, using moueling,
even anticipate the consequences of specific con-
seivation tieatments oi stoiage oi uisplay conui-
tions. This woulu allow mouifications anu
iefinements to be maue theoietically, shifting cui-
ient stiategies foi the tieatment anu caie of cul-
tuial heiitage away fiom the puie empiiicism.
Theie is a poweiful neeu foi coopeiation anu
euucation iegaiuing the scientific challenges of
assessing olu tieatments anu uevising new ones
between conseivatois, cuiatois, cultuial heiitage
scientists, anu scientists in othei uisciplines.
!
"#$#%"&'!('#)#$!
Theie aie seveial aieas in which incieaseu unuei-
stanuing of physical anu chemical piocesses will
have a majoi impact on the tieatment of oui mate-
iial cultuial heiitage. Cultuial heiitage scientists
anu conseivatois can then use this basic infoima-
tion to uevelop geneial stiategies that aie flexible
enough to apply to unique objects with uistinctive
pioblems.
Bynamic Imaging anu Sensois - Real-time
chemical anu spectioscopic imaging, anu

18
ultiasensitive chemical sensois, can be
useu to monitoi stability of an object, the
effects of tieatment, enviionmental conui-
tions, anu molecules on the suiface that
signal unseen oi subthiesholu ueteiioia-
tion, peihaps ielateu to a conseivation
tieatment.
Solvents - A tiauitional technique foi
cleaning oi iestoiing paintings, solvents
can be impioveu, peihaps by incoipoiating
them in new ueliveiy mechanisms, such as
ionic liquius, gels, oi sols. Fuithei stuuy
will incluue the effects of solvents on the
metal-oiganic fiamewoiks that aie piesent
in paint films anu ciusts on stones.
Reveisible Auhesion - Conseivatois use a
vaiiety of auhesives to iepaii bioken ob-
jects such as those maue of glass, ceiamic
shaius, fossils, anu othei mateiials, anu
impioveu auhesives will be both stable anu
completely ieveisible.
Tianspoit Phenomena - Claiifying how
components move in bulk thiough an ob-
ject will help cultuial heiitage scientists
unueistanu how they influence suiface ie-
actions that might affect peifoimance oi
appeaiance.
Nateiial Begiauation Piocesses - A majoi
goal of conseivation is ietuining mateiial
stiength to objects. Cieating new anu bet-
tei ways of uoing this ielies on the founua-
tional science of the piocesses of
uegiauationspecifically those that cause
fissuie anu ciack foimation, loss of tensile
stiength, embiittlement, anu fiiability.
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The auvances necessaiy to impiove the way that
cultuial heiitage scientists anu conseivatois woik
togethei to impiove existing conseivation tieat-
ments anu ueiive new ones centei aiounu a key
shift in scientific appioachusing theoiy anu a
funuamental unueistanuing of mateiials anu pioc-
esses to uiive innovation, iathei than the empiii-
cal, tiiage appioach that may cieate techniques
with limiteu oi unpieuictable applicability. Rathei
than having conseivatois biing specific objects
anu pioblems to cultuial heiitage scientists, con-
seivatois anu scientists can woik togethei to biing
scientific iigoi anu auvances to the tiauitions of
the piactice of conseivation.
An example of this appioach comes fiom the
stuuy of mateiial uegiauation piocesses anu how
they influence anu initiate vaiious bieakuowns in
an object's stability. The new fielu of mateiiom-
icsthe stuuy of the mateiial piopeities of bio-
logical tissues oi pioteins anu theii effect on
macioscopic functionpioviues a goou mouel foi
how to ielate piopeities, acioss a laige scale
iange, to the function of complex composite mate-
iials, such as cultuial heiitage objects. It piesents a
means by which to apply, theoietically anu scien-
tifically, the finuings of mateiials science to the
behavioi of woiks of ait anu theii tieatment.
Anothei inteiesting angle on this iuea is Nate-
iials by Besign
, a methou, pioneeieu by u.B. 0l-

son of Noithwestein 0niveisity, of uesigning
mateiials to meet multiple peifoimance iequiie-
ments. In cultuial heiitage science, this might
mean cieating a mateiial with specific optical
chaiacteiistics, mechanical iobustness, anu the
ability to auheie ieveisibly to a cultuial heiitage
object. The technique may ieplace the time-
consuming, tiial-anu-eiioi, expeiimental methou
of ueveloping new mateiials by integiating physi-
cal mateiials science, piocessing science, applieu
mechanics, quantum physics, mechanical engi-
neeiing, anu soliu-state chemistiy. It iequiies a
stiong founuation in computational mateiials sci-
ence. The Nateiials by Besign
piocess begins
with the iuentification of the peifoimance ie-
quiiements, anu then incoipoiates both stiuctuial
piopeities anu piocessing-stiuctuie ielationships
to meet them. 0ften the uiffeient piopeities ie-
quiieu of the mateiial, known as subsystems, in-
teiact anu conflictfoi example, an auhesive with
the iight mateiial stiength may not look the way it
neeus toso piioiities have to be establisheu to
ieach appiopiiate compiomises. Cuiiently, theie
aie computational uesign tools foi all the length
scales neeueu foi iobust mateiials uesign anu as-
sessment of theimouynamic stability. Bowevei,
the piocess lacks a complete uatabase of the pa-
iameteis necessaiy foi woik on cultuial heiitage
mateiials.
0nueistanuing the enviionmental conuitions
that cause oi exaceibate uegiauation, as well as
the stability anu effects of tieatment, is anothei
ciitical aiea in which cultuial heiitage scientists
can pioviue uiiect suppoit to conseivatois anu
cuiatois. It is in this aiea that auvancements in
ieal-time, ongoing spectioscopic imaging can help

19
pieuict ueteiioiation causeu by pollutants by as-
sessing piecisely how objects change unuei vaiy-
ing enviionmental conuitions. Supplementeu with
mathematical moueling, this can be a poweiful tool
foi unueistanuing the basics of the bieakuown of
cultuial objects anu how conseivation can aiiest
those piocesseseven when the effects of uegia-
uation cannot be obseiveu in othei ways, also
known as subthiesholu changes.
Fuitheimoie, bettei chemical imaging anu
monitoiing, like the techniques uiscusseu in the
fiist uianu Chal-
lenge, which opeiate
at micio- anu macio-
scales, with high
iesolution anu a
laige fielu of view,
aie essential foi the
ongoing monitoiing
of tieatments once
they have been com-
pleteu.
In auuition to
closely watching
tieateu anu un-
tieateu objects, the
science of the mate-
iials of cultuial heii-
tage also can be
useu, with
coopeiation between
uisciplines, anu
between museums
anu acauemic institutions, to impiove the tieat-
ments themselves. Two of the piimaiy conseiva-
tion inteiventions on woiks of ait aie cleaning,
often using the same solvents anu solutions that
have been useu foi uecaues, anu auhesion, useu to
ieassemble bioken objects oi stiengthen weak
ones.
New ueliveiy mechanisms foi solvents, incluu-
ing ionic liquius, gels, oi sols, aie one avenue of
ieseaich. Anothei is unueistanuing how solvents
themselves affect the metal-oiganic fiamewoiks in
layeis of paintsuch as inoiganic, metallic pig-
ments with an oiganic binuing agentoi as ciusts
on stone oi ceiamics that foim as a iesult of bio-
logical activity. Begiauation of these mateiials cie-
ates small molecules such as oxalic aciu that
migiate thiough objectsthe same molecules that
bonu with metal ions to foim metal-oiganic
fiamewoiks. 0nueistanuing this uegiauation
piocess, the ieactions that follow it, how solvents
affect it, anu how molecules move thiough an ob-
ject aie ciitical to unueistanuing why a painting oi
othei object bieaks uown anu how it can be
cleaneu safely.
Foi auhesion, key scientific auvances must be
maue in the science of making auhesives that aie
both stable anu ieveisiblethat is, like all consei-
vation tieatments, they must be able to be ie-
moveu completely fiom a piece, pieventing the
oiiginal fiom being
peimanently al-
teieu. Innovations
in this fielu coulu
change the way
conseivatois ieas-
semble ceiamic
shaius, fossils, anu
glass woiks, oi how
they ieattach flakes
of paint. Anu if
enough options aie
maue available, ie-
seaich into ieveisi-
ble auhesion also
might leau to meth-
ous foi tempoiaiily
stabilizing woiks
foi tianspoit oi ex-
hibition.
Theie aie
seveial othei
auvances neeueu in the fielu of applying cultuial
heiitage science uiiectly to conseivation tieat-
ment. Foi example, mateiials scientists aie stuuy-
ing the chemical anu physical factois that initiate
anu halt the aggiegation of nanopaiticles, which
sometimes occuis when photogiaphs, staineu
glass, oi ceiamic glazes aie tieateu by conseiva-
tois. Anothei topic that iequiies auuitional woik is
the unueistanuing of the effects of the thin film of
wateifiom the humiuity in the aiithat foims
on the suiface anu in fissuies of objects. Analysis
of the ieactions this watei-film causes, anu how
they aie affecteu by conseivation tieatment, aie
ongoing. 0ltiafine electioues aie one possible so-
lution that woulu be veiy useful in monitoiing coi-
iosion. Please see Appenuix A foi auuitional
iecommenuations fiom the woikshop bieakout
sessions.
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20
%3-)"!.'*&"*3&#1'"3%1&.0;")!&
*
ultuial heiitage science, by its veiy natuie,
builus biiuges. As a fielu of scientific inquiiy,
it biings togethei chemistiy, mateiials sci-
ence, anu othei specializeu uisciplines. But its
piactice ieaches fai beyonu the scientific commu-
nity, acioss the aisle to aichaeology, ait conseiva-
tion, ait histoiy, anu the humanities. Cultuial
heiitage science is not just at the inteiface be-
tween science anu aitit is at theii nexus.
Because of the connection of cultuial heiitage
science with beloveu woiks of ait anu intiiguing
bits of oui shaieu past, the fielu bioauens the ap-
peal of science
as a whole,
biinging science
to many people
who might
nevei come into
contact with it,
oi may even ac-
tively uistiust it.
Ait anu ait con-
seivation is a
means by which
to intiouuce
stuuents of
eveiy level to
science anu get
them exciteu. In
auuition, cul-
tuial objects can
biing science to
the geneial
public in novel
ways. Within the sciences, cultuial heiitage ie-
seaich pioviues a means by which to encouiage
intei- anu multiuisciplinaiy collaboiation, anu can
uiive innovation, in no small pait because of the
uemanus anu constiaints with which cultuial heii-
tage scientists must contenu. Finally, the inheient
value of cultuial heiitage lenus a ciiticality to this
iealm of scientific enueavoi ueuicateu to its pies-
eivation anu the knowleuge about the past it can
pioviue.
The NSF assesses the potential of pioposeu ie-
seaich to pioviue bioauei impacts in foui geneial
aieas: euucation, ieseaich anu euucation infia-
stiuctuie, scientific anu technological unueistanu-
ing anu uissemination stiategies, anu oveiall
benefits to society. As a single gioup, the woik-
shop paiticipants uiscusseu these topics with ie-
spect to cultuial heiitage science.

#,'%,&#)#,(!=>!#*?&%(@=,!
Cultuial heiitage science auvances uiscoveiy, in-
spiies leaining, anu can ieach populations that
might not otheiwise be exposeu to science. Cul-
tuial heiitage ieseaich, when incoipoiateu in high
school anu unueigiauuate chemistiy cuiiicula,
engages stuuents by showing tangible examples of
how scientific
inquiiy can im-
pact oui unuei-
stanuing of
histoiy, aichae-
ology, anu soci-
ety. In auuition,
the multiuisci-
plinaiy natuie of
cultuial heiitage
ieseaich en-
couiages com-
plex pioblem
solving anu un-
ueistanuing of
how theoietical
mouels apply oi
uo not apply to
"ieal-woilu"
cases. At the
giauuate level,
cultuial heiitage
science couises aie listeu unuei both chemis-
tiymateiials science anu ait conseivation, teach-
ing scholais at eaily stages in theii caieeis the
value of inteiaction acioss uisciplines. Finally, at
the postuoctoial level, the inteiuisciplinaiy natuie
of this ieseaich is iueal foi cultivating ieseaich
paitneiships between acauemic anu cultuial insti-
tutions, anu pioviues gieatei tiaining oppoituni-
ties foi tiansfeiable skills.
The bioau appeal of cultuial heiitage science
also engages stuuents who might not otheiwise
puisue caieeis in science. The enoimous uiveisity
of cultuial heiitage mateiials, foi example, may
appeal to stuuents fiom a wiue vaiiety of ethnic,
C
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\EB@(4affAEB@(4fbf(8@#@](HKGDJ(T>?OF>DJ@(\=MGKG5(.GFKMWJHKJFD($D>PJFH>KL](

21
geogiaphic, anu cultuial backgiounus. Anecuotal
eviuence fiom conseivation tiaining, high school
outieach, anu intein piogiams inuicates that stu-
uents who have been exposeu to science thiough
cultuial heiitage aie likely to continue in science.
This effect, while intuitive, neeus to be confiimeu
anu quantifieu.
!
!
!
!
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@,>"%$("?&(?"#!
Because of its inteiuisciplinaiy natuie, cultuial
heiitage science has tiemenuous potential to en-
hance facilities, instiumentation, anu paitneiships
between ieseaicheis at uiffeient institutions. In
paiticulai, it biings togethei seemingly unielateu
uisciplines, such as the physical sciences, histoiy,
anu ait. The uevelopment of ueuicateu ieseaich
centeis woulu allow such paitneiships to expanu
beyonu the acauemic woilu to incluue ieseaicheis

22
fiom museums, national laboiatoiies, anu inuus-
tiy. The instiumentation foi the analysis of woiks
of ait piefeiably is noninvasive, nonuestiuctive,
poitable, quick, anu easy to use, meaning that it
can have wiue application. The uevelopment of
iegional mobile laboiatoiies equippeu with poit-
able instiumentation woulu fuithei enable uiveise
paitneiships, making scientific iesouices available
to smallei cultuial heiitage institutions thiough
coopeiative agieements.

#,'%,&#)#,(!=>!$&@#,(@>@&!%,*!(#&',=3=4@&%3!
?,*#"$(%,*@,4!
Compaieu to othei scientific uisciplines, cultuial
heiitage ieseaich offeis the oppoitunity to com-
municate its iesults thiough a wiuei iange of me-
uia anu appioachesto membeis of the scientific
community, ieseaicheis in associateu uisciplines,
anu the geneial public. Publication of impoitant
finuings in peei-ievieweu scientific jouinals is of
couise impoitant. It biings iesults uiiectly to the
scientific community anu cieates a ieseaich iecoiu
foi futuie inquiiy. Web-baseu seaiches of the sci-
entific liteiatuie have gieatly incieaseu access to
this infoimation, but because cultuial heiitage ie-
seaich also impacts the woik of ait histoiians,
conseivatois, anu cuiatois, it is impeiative also to
piesent it at inteiuisciplinaiy confeiences anu
symposia. Finally, thiough museums, galleiies, anu
othei cultuial institutions, cultuial heiitage sci-
ence has access to a unique ioute to a bioauei
auuience. Scientists in this fielu can engage ui-
iectly with the geneial public thiough galleiy uis-
plays, exhibition publications, oi public lectuies.
These activities have the potential to intiouuce
science to a laige auuience that is piobably pii-
maiily engageu with ait, anu theieby inciease
public awaieness of the ways science can contiib-
ute to oui unueistanuing of the woilu anu the past.

A#,#>@($!(=!$=&@#(B!
Cultuial heiitage ieseaich benefits society in many
ways. At a basic level, by incieasing knowleuge of
anu helping to pieseive oui shaieu cultuial heii-
tage, the fielu contiibutes to a ciitical neeu that
impacts eveiyonein ways both euifying anu
emotional. The stuuy of the mechanisms of long-
teim mateiial uegiauation may pioviue new anu
moie sustainable stiategies foi the exhibition,
stoiage, anu long-teim caie of cultuial heiitage
mateiials. Anu the uevelopment of new techniques
anu mateiials can pioviue conseivatois with bet-
tei tools to pieseive piecious woiks of ait foi fu-
tuie geneiations. At a scientific level, the
uevelopment of new instiumentation that can pei-
foim analyses noninvasively, at high iesolution
anu acioss multiple scales, can stimulate technol-
ogy tiansfei to ielateu uisciplines to benefit soci-
ety thiough impioveu inuustiial piocesses anu
othei mechanisms. The investigation of histoiic
mateiials also has the potential to inciease oui
unueistanuing of past cultuies anu societies, anu
peihaps ieveal lost technologies that can pioviue
insight into mouein pioblems.


23
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heie aie consiueiable uiffeiences between
the 0niteu States anu Euiope in the way
that scientific ieseaich on cultuial heiitage
is caiiieu out. Beie, most ieseaicheis in the fielu
aie baseu in museums, libiaiies, oi othei institu-
tions ueuicateu to the conseivation of cultuial
heiitage. By contiast, in Euiope, most ieseaicheis
aie baseu in acauemia. As a iesult, few museums in
Euiope have theii own scientific ieseaich laboia-
toiies. At the same time, substantial funuing fiom
the Euiopean 0nion has maue this an attiactive
anu sustainable fielu of inquiiy foi univeisities.
Since 1986, unuei the Fiamewoik Piogiamme
1, the Euiopean 0nion has, thiough a vaiiety of
piogiams anu mechanisms, pioviueu consiueiable
suppoit to cultuial heiitage science, incluuing ie-
seaich infiastiuctuie backing, ieseaich giants,
human iesouices uevelopment, anu the cieation of
specializeu centeis. Nuch of the funuing has come
thiough the Enviionment Biiectoiate of the Biiec-
toiate-ueneial foi Reseaich, in auuition to seveial
piogiams unuei the Euiopean Coopeiation in the
Fielu of Scientific anu Technical Reseaich Pio-
giamme (C0ST)@(Founueu in 1971, C0ST is an in-
teigoveinmental fiamewoik that cooiuinates
nationally funueu ieseaich on a Euiope-wiue level.
In auuition to the Euiopean 0nion piogiams, theie
aie also limiteu funuing oppoitunities at the na-
tional level in many countiies, especially foi
equipment, PhB fellowships, anu sometimes small
national oi bilateial piojects. The Euiopean Com-
mission has set up an oiganization to cooiuinate
the funuing of these moie uistiibuteu cultuial
heiitage piojectsthe NET-BERITAuE Euiopean
netwoik on Reseaich Piogiamme applieu to the
Piotection of Tangible Cultuial Beiitage.
T
7>?@([(A(%MJ(#2+,&)*+(CGU>RJ(RBUGFBKGFL(>D(!OFGIJ(MBH(CBQJ(BQPBDEJQ(BDBRLK>EBR(KGGRH(BPB>RBURJ(KG(B(W>QJ(FBD?J(GT(EORS
KOFBR(>DHK>KOK>GDH(KMBK(WGORQ(GKMJFW>HJ(DGK(UJ(BURJ(KG(EGDQOEK(EORKOFBR(MJF>KB?J(HE>JDEJ@(\=MGKG5(3OEB()?BCJRRGKK>](

24
Two cases pioviue stiong examples of the
stiategies followeu by the Euiopean 0nion: the
seiies of cultuial heiitage ieseaich piojects funueu
thiough the Enviionmental Technologies anu Pol-
lution Pievention 0nit of the Enviionment Biiec-
toiate (a uivision of the Biiectoiate-ueneial foi
Reseaich), anu the vaiious piojects funueu acioss
Euiope aftei the fiist call foi pioposals of the
Fiamewoik Piogiamme 7 (2uu7-1S). In the lattei
case, paiticulai attention will be paiu to the
CBARISNA pioject, which iesulteu in the cieation
of a mobile analytical laboiatoiy anu a netwoik to
facilitate anu cooiuinate access to laige analytical
iesouices acioss the continent.
Fiom 1986 to 2uu6, unuei the Fiamewoik
Piogiammes 1 thiough 6, the Euiopean 0nion Bi-
iectoiate-ueneial foi Reseaich sponsoieu,
thiough its Enviionment Biiectoiate, moie than
12u sepaiate piojects involving Suu paitneis.
Nost of the effoits unuei the fiist foui Fiamewoik
Piogiammes, staiting fiom the veiy fiist pioject,
D33#1'&*83*7%(*E8//>'%8,*8,*F%&'8(%1*4>%/-%,?&*(1986-
9u), uealt with the impact of pollution on built
heiitage, though some subpiojects auuiesseu oi-
ganic mateiials anu uevelopment of new tech-
niques. Fiamewoik Piogiammes S anu 6 expanueu
the scope of this suppoiteu ieseaich to incluue the
impacts of enviionmental pollution, paiticulates,
anu global climate change on cultuial heiitage; the
ueteiioiation of inuooi anu outuooi cultuial heii-
tage mateiials; the uevelopment of innovative,
nonuestiuctive analytical methous; the tiansfei of
innovative technologies; anu new conseivation
mateiials anu methouologies.
The total expenuituie foi this expansion alone
(1998-2uu6) toppeu tSu million (ovei $7u mil-
lion). 0ne pioject caiiieu out uuiing this peiiou,
LightCheck
, iesulteu in the successful uevelop-

ment anu maiketing of new uisposable light inui-
catois foi monitoiing conuitions in museums. The
thiee-yeai pioject involveu seven paitneis fiom
five Euiopean 0nion countiies anu cost a total of
t1.S million, (aiounu $2 million).
The fiist call foi pioposals unuei Fiamewoik
Piogiamme 7 saw 11 piojects funueu, involving
1S8 paitneis acioss the continent, foi a total of
tSu.2 million (ovei $4u million). These piogiams
aie stiuctuieu aiounu foui thematic aieas: Coop-
eiation, Iueas, People, anu Capacities. These aieas
suppoit, iespectively, tiansnational coopeiation,
investigatoi-uiiven "fiontiei ieseaich," mobility of
young ieseaicheis within Euiope, anu builuing
anu enhancing ieseaich capacity thioughout
Euiope. Cultuial heiitage piojects weie submitteu
anu funueu in all foui thematic aieas. A paiticu-
laily inteiesting one is Cultuial Beiitage Auvanceu
Reseaich Infiastiuctuies: Syneigy foi a Nultiuisci-
plinaiy Appioach to conseivation (CBARISNA), a
pioject with 21 paitneis anu t7.6 million (ovei
$1u million) in funuing. CBARISNA iepiesents the
evolution of two othei piojects (totaling t4.2 mil-
lion, oi ovei $6 million), LabSTECB anu Eu-
ARTECB, funueu in Fiamewoik Piogiammes S anu
6, iespectively. The goal of CBARISNA is to make
auvanceu analytical equipment wiuely available to
ieseaicheis at univeisities anu cultuial heiitage
laboiatoiies. The iesult amounts to a tiansnational
ieseaich centei, spieau acioss an infiastiuctuie
netwoik foi ieseaich on cultuial heiitage
acioss Euiope.
Theie aie a numbei of ways in which the
Euiopean mouel of funuing anu coopeiation might
help guiue the uevelopment of this uiscipline in the
0niteu States, iesulting in moie funuing, moie ac-
cess to auvanceu equipment, anu moie inteiaction
between cultuial heiitage institutions anu univei-
sities. The NSF can play a cential iole in this
piocess.


25
1%+'-1)%+&*%%3%3&('1&"3/"*).*6&)4%0.+!12&"*3&
0"!%1."$+&1%+%"1)4&.*&)-$!-1"$&4%1.!"6%&

lthough the woikshop focuseu piimaiily on
the uianu Challenges anu iuentifying majoi
enabling ieseaich aieas anu specific ie-
seaich neeus in cultuial heiitage science, the final
unifieu session of the woikshop auuiesseu the
moie geneial iesouices that will be necessaiy to
encouiage a quantum leap in the ability to stuuy,
unueistanu, pieseive, anu piotect cultuial heii-
tage assets. The uiscussion was lively, anu also
spuiieu a spiiiteu follow-up exchange on email
among woikshop paiticipants, who iuentifieu the
following themes as ciitical to this goal.

>3#C@A3#!4"%,(!)#&'%,@$)$!
Because of the inteiuisciplinaiy natuie of the fielu,
scientific ieseaich in cultuial heiitage haiuly fits
into a single box, such as chemistiy, mateiials sci-
ence, aichaeology, oi ait histoiy. Theiefoie, it of-
ten has been uifficult to finu appiopiiate taigets
foi ieseaich pioposals in this aiea. uiant ieview-
eis anu piogiam officeis must be awaie of this
complexity anu offei flexible ieseaich giants that
acknowleuge the inteiuisciplinaiy natuie of the
fielu. This woikshop anu iepoit aie ciucial eaily
steps in this uiiection.

,#D!&=33%A="%(@+#!%EE"=%&'#$!(=!"#$#%"&'!
uiants shoulu suppoit thiee to five yeais of ie-
seaich involving paitneis fiom acauemia, cultuial
institutions, national laboiatoiies, anu inuustiy.
This type of sustaineu collaboiation is the only
way to auvance the bounuaiies of scientific uis-
coveiy in this aiea, anu will leau to the successful
implementation of solutions foi complex piob-
lems. In auuition, seeu funuing foi exploiatoiy ie-
seaich is also neeueu to exploie completely novel
iueas anu to nuituie paitneiships aiounu common
themes that iequiie specializeu expeitise.

*#+#3=E)#,(!=>!"#$#%"&'!@,>"%$("?&(?"#$(
Instiument uevelopment giants will be necessaiy
to auvance all of the ieseaich aieas highlighteu in
this iepoit, fiom innovative methous of mateiials
anu stiuctuial chaiacteiization, to measuiement of
mateiials ueteiioiation, to monitoiing of stiength-
ening anu iepaii tieatments. Instiument acquisi-
tion giants, which have histoiically been gianteu
to museums anu cultuial institutions, will continue
to be extiemely impoitant.

'?)%,!"#$=?"&#$!*#+#3=E)#,((
Buman iesouices uevelopment anu a cieative ex-
change of iueas will be necessaiy, anu can be
achieveu thiough the suppoit of joint postuoctoial
fellowships, as well as inteinational collaboiations
anu exchanges of ieseaicheis.

&"#%(@=,!=>!&#,(#"$!=>!#C&#33#,&#(
The woikshop paiticipants maue a veiy stiong call
foi the cieation of specializeu centeis of excellence
foi cultuial heiitage science, iueally equippeu with
mobile laboiatoiies. Such centeis woulu be able to
woik at the leauing euge of scientific uiscoveiy
anu fostei coopeiation anu continuing exchange
anu engagement between acauemia, inuustiy, na-
tional labs, anu cultuial heiitage institutions. This
coulu be achieveu thiough woikshops, web-baseu
initiatives, focuseu symposia, anu hosting of visit-
ing scholais anu fellows.
A

26
)'*)$-+.'*+!

ultuial heiitage objects contain valuable in-
foimation about both the ait anu science of
the cultuies that cieateu themknowleuge
that we can access anu that tells us something
about ouiselves. Cuiiosity about oui histoiy spuis
the scientific imagination anu uiives cultuial heii-
tage science, incluuing the uevelopment of new
analysis methouologies anu a ueepei unueistanu-
ing of mateiials piopeities. In this puisuit we
chase moie than scientific achievement; we chase
a ieneweu appieciation of who we aie anu the
uebt we owe to aitists anu scientists of the past.
Scientific ieseaich inspiieu by the uesiie to leain
moie about oui physical cultuial heiitage iequiies
iobust scientific thought anu the uevelopment of
state-of-the-ait instiumental anu analytical meth-
ous. Revealing the seciets of these piecious aiti-
facts anu aitwoiks while also leaining how to
pieseive them uemanus innovative thinking.
The paiticipants in this woikshopfoity-two
scientists fiom all aieas of chemistiy anu mateiials
science, iepiesenting colleges, univeisities, na-
tional laboiatoiies, ait museums, anu cultuial
heiitage institutionsagieeu on the impoitance
anu uigency of scientific ieseaich on cultuial heii-
tage. The challenges they exploieu offei consiuei-
able oppoitunities foi funuamental ieseaich,
piomise to stimulate the uevelopment of new ma-
teiials anu auvanceu technologies, anu can
bioauen anu enliven the way science is taught. The
paiticipants engageu in a seiies of lively uiscus-
sions, exchanging iueas anu insights anu sowing
the seeus of futuie collaboiations. It is significant
that eveiy ieseaich iuea uiscusseu at the woik-
shop was accompanieu by the uesiie to establish a
foium wheie scientists active in cultuial heiitage
ieseaich coulu meet theii peeis in acauemic insti-
tutions anu involve them in theii woik.
We believe this is the most ciitical iesult of the
woikshop: the cieation of the coie of a new ie-
seaich community. The uialogues begun heie must
continue anu the collaboiations initiateu at the
woikshop must be suppoiteu. To unueistanu the
lessons anu messages of the scientific stuuy of cul-
tuial heiitage, we neeu scientists who can place
the finuings in the appiopiiate context of the
bioau sweep of othei fielus. This is no easy task.
Bispaiate finuings anu iesults must be collateu if
we aie to answei piofounu anu impoitant ques-
tions. Nuseum-baseu scientists often have stiong
empiiical knowleuge about the chemistiy of com-
plicateu chemical systems anu aie auept at obsei-
vations ielateu to suiface chemistiy, chemistiy of
composites, anu changes in mateiials piopeities
ovei time scales that aie not familiai to bench
chemists. Nuseum-baseu scientists also enjoy bet-
tei access to the histoiy of science anu ait, which
pioviues context to theii finuings. Scientists at
univeisities, on the othei hanu, have access to
moie uiveise suites of analytical equipment, apply
theoietical unueipinnings in theii woik, anu aie in
a position to collaboiate with scientists in othei
fielus moie easily.
Now is the time to meige these appioaches
anu tiansfoim the tiauitional empiiical appioach
of cultuial heiitage ieseaich into a ueepei,
biancheu, anu layeieu fielu of inquiiy, in which
scientists in acauemia aie encouiageu to collabo-
iate with theii peeis in cultuial heiitage institu-
tions. 0nly in this mannei can we successfully
auvance oui unueistanuing of cultuial heiitage
anu inciease oui ability to pieseive it thiough ba-
sic anu applieu woik in chemistiy anu mateiials
science.

(
C

27
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"33.!.'*"$&1%)'00%*3"!.'*+&(1'0&&
#1%"<'-!&+%++.'*+!

4"%,*!&'%33#,4#!:*
In auuition to the specific aieas of optoelectionics anu sensois, anu x-iay opticssynchiotion techniques uesciibeu in
uetail in uianu Challenge 1, theie is a neeu to enhance oui funuamental unueistanuing of complex systems at the mo-
leculai level, both in static anu uynamic conuitions. Neasuiements of suiface, subsuiface, anu bulk components anu
piocesses must be maue ovei multiple time anu length scales anu concentiations. Specific ieseaich neeus uiscusseu
by the woikshop paiticipants incluue:
Bevelopment of piobes baseu on below-bieakuown thiesholu suiface uesoiption to help uetect loosely
bounu species in complex systems. Employing a focuseu lasei beam (with eneigy below plasma thiesholu)
anu a mass "sniffei" will enable the uetection of compounus evolveu fiom the suiface of an object. The auvan-
tage of this appioach, which involves photochemical bonu-bieaking with theimal eneigy ejection, is that it
will allow ueteiioiation monitoiing anu ieactivity stuuies anu offei chaiacteiization of the oiiginal compo-
nents, ueteiioiation piouucts, anu species absoibeu fiom enviionment without uamage to an object.
Bypeispectial imaging in the visible, ieflecteu neai- anu miu-infiaieu (IR), anu theimal IR to pioviue mate-
iial anu stiuctuie infoimation thiough moleculai mapping at the laige scale. By using stanuaiu spectia that
can be piocesseu to ieuuce the uataset anu aie compatible with existing uatabases, ieseaicheis will be able to
achieve a compiehensive examination of an entiie suiface, highlighting common mateiials piioi to point
analysis.
Auvances in laige-scale atomic foice micioscopy (AFN) with enhanceu Z iange, by enlaiging existing instiu-
mentation anu holuing the scanning heau ovei laige aieas. This woulu allow laige objects with high topogia-
phy to be mappeu, while simultaneously pioviuing nanoscale infoimation about stiuctuie anu about
ueteiioiation piocesses that aie eithei fully uevelopeu oi only in incipient stages.
Byphenateu techniques, such as Raman, teiaheitz, anu nucleai magnetic iesonance (NNR) spectioscopies.
Such stiategies will pioviue chemical imaging anu incieaseu uepth piofiling ovei an entiie object. Bevelop-
ment of othei types of concuiient piobes, such as mouulai miciopiobes employing spectioscopy anu imaging
with scanning aiiays woulu extiact chemical, stiuctuial, anu elemental infoimation fiom the same volume by
enabling in situ multi-time-scale analysis with geospatial iefeiencing capabilities. The poitability anu speeu
of noncontact analysis foi this appioach aie highly uesiiable.
0ne-uimensional NNR, which woulu be able to map moistuie movement in masoniy by noninvasive piofiling
of veiy ueep layeis in situ

4"%,*!&'%33#,4#!F!
Reseaich neeus in the aiea of mateiial uegiauation anu aging weie uiscusseu at the woikshop anu incluue but aie not
limiteu to:
Beconvolution of simultaneously active mechanisms in ueteiioiation piocesses by combining expeiimental
anu theoietical appioaches. By using analytical chemistiy to iuentify pieuominant mechanisms, in combina-
tion with cyclic anu combinatoiial appioaches to expeiimental pieuictions, accompanieu by theoietical mou-
eling, it will be possible to iuentify the pieuominant mechanisms anu thus contiol acceleiants.
Contiibutions to the funuamental uevelopment of ueteiioiation science
Bevelopment of a chip foi iapiu, ieal time, on-uemanu quantification of pollutants anu enviionmental factois
in macio- anu micioenviionments (exhibition anu stoiage spaces), both auventitious anu coming fiom the
woik anu theii cases, to achieve bettei caie of aitwoik
Bevelopment of a ieal-time lasei-scanning spectioscopic techniques to uetect uistiibution of pollutants in the
enviionment aiounu an ait object, oi off-gasseu fiom exhibition, uisplay, stoiage, packing mateiials, oi the
object itself, to obtain bettei awaieness of the uynamics of the ait-containing enviionment
Impiovement in the funuamental unueistanuing of failuie mechanisms, incluuing both mechanical piopeities
anu chemical uegiauation of aitwoiks, with special attention to the syneigistic chemistiies, such as exploiing
the evolution of components in an object ovei time. Thiough theoietical multiscale moueling, computational
simulation, anu expeiiments (incluuing case stuuies anu stanuaius), the ielationship between bulk, suiface,

28
anu syneigistic effects anu the enviionment uuiing long-teim uegiauation neeus to be fuithei exploieu, leau-
ing to the uevelopment of testable mouels anu iobust pieuictive capabilities.
Bettei unueistanuing of the iate-ueteimining piocesses in the suiface inteiaction between objects (outuooi
woiks anu monuments) anu the enviionment, so as to leain to mitigate them. Bevelopment of mouel sys-
temssuiiogates, ueiiveu fiom theoietical moueling to uelay sampling, to ielate to samples obtaineu fiom
cultuial heiitage
Bevelopment of a bioau unueistanuing of how stuuy piobes anu tieatments affect objects of cultuial heiitage
thiough a combination of theoiy anu expeiiment, to aiiive at tiue nonuestiuctive techniques anu new stan-
uaius foi conseivation of cultuial heiitage assets
Chaiacteiization, with high sensitivity, of suiface oxiuation ieactions foi inoiganicoiganic composites
Bevelopment of an auvanceu, moleculai-level unueistanuing of tianspoit phenomena of ueteiioiation piou-
ucts, in conjunction with the uetaileu chaiacteiization of amoiphous ieactants anu piouucts. This may be
achieveu by using suiface baseu-techniques (photoelection spectioscopy, augei, photoluminescence, anu
otheis) on ageu aitwoiks anu thiough the synthesis of mouel systems with the auuition of oiganics. This ap-
pioach woulu leau to the iuentification of vulneiable systems, anu moie focuseu anu effective iecommenua-
tions foi uisplay anu pieventive conseivation, with wiue applicability to systems within the fielu of cultuial
heiitage science, but also high peifoimance oiganicinoiganic composites anu quantum uots, which aie often
uispeiseu in an oiganic matiix.
Auvancement of oui funuamental unueistanuing of the inteifacial inteiaction between giowing ciystals anu
confining suifaces as obseiveu, foi example, with salt oi ice in stone. An appioach to auuiessing this neeu
may involve atomic foice measuiements (AFN, macioscopic methous) anu a combination of moueling (mo-
leculai uynamics) anu mouification of the stone's poiosity with suiface tieatments. This will in tuin allow a
gieatei unueistanuing of the natuie of uisjoining foices; the behavioi of liquius in thin films; anu the stiesses
in poies of stone, biick, anu moitais, as well as the uevelopment of methous foi piotecting stone fiom salt
anu ice. Such impoitant auvances will leau to impioveu pieventive tieatments anu peimit the evaluation of
iisk of uamage to oiiginal oi iepaii mateiials.
!
4"%,*!&'%33#,4#!G!
Bieakout session iecommenuations conceining mateiials stabilization, stiengthening, monitoiing, anu iepaii incluue:
Impioveu quantitative monitoiing of objects uuiing cleaning, tieatment, anu stoiage. By measuiing phenom-
ena such as polymei swelling uuiing solvent cleaning, uimensional changes associateu with tempeiatuie anu
RB fluctuations uuiing stoiage, anu geneial chemical challenges, the evolution of objects can be followeu ac-
cuiately, anu tiue measuies of conseivation appioaches obtaineu.
Taigeteu ueliveiy of solvents anu ieagents. The use of encapsulateu ieagents, nanoemulsions, anu pioceuuies
such as suiface-eneigy-uiiven solvent intake (a piocess in which localizeu piessuie can inciease the solvent
uptake at a ueteimineu location) woulu enable nano- anu micioscale contiol of ieactions. The appioach
woulu leau to impioveu tieatment of complex objects though a bettei unueistanuing of chemical anu physical
vaiiables in cleaning anu consoliuation piocesses.
Beveloping new conseivation mateiials as moie stable ieplacements foi tiauitional mateiials. 0ne of the ma-
joi challenges in intiouucing new mateiials in the conseivatoi's toolbox is the ieluctance to abanuon mateii-
als whose hanuling piopeities aie well known anu highly appieciateu. Nuch has been uone to iuentify
suitable substitutions foi pictuie vainishes. Bowevei, the uevelopment of new synthetic mateiials to substi-
tute foi tiauitional consoliuants anu auhesives must incluue uetaileu stuuies of theii viscoelastic piopeities.
The uesign phase shoulu uesciibe anu quantify what constitutes uesiiable hanuling anu chaiacteiistics, anu
investigate the ielations between hanuling chaiacteiistics anu othei piopeities such as cohesive stiength anu
theimal anu light stability.
In paiallel with the uevelopment of new vainishing, ietouching, anu consoliuation mateiials, the use of new
cleaning agents such as ionic liquius, gels, sols, anu supeiciitical C02 shoulu be investigateu. Theii use not
only coulu leau to tunable anu scalable cleaning appioaches, but also woulu auvance the uevelopment of
gieen conseivation methous.
Investigation anu quantification of the concept of ieveisibility. A two-piongeu appioach featuiing computa-
tional moueling of cleaning anu consoliuation pioceuuies anu the compaiisonthiough extensive analytical
investigationsof successful anu less satisfactoiy tieatments woulu allow cleai uefinition of the opeiational
paiameteis in conseivation. An auuitional check woulu be pioviueu by the iaie cases in which objects come
uown with little oi no inteivention. The appioach woulu pioviue a tiue scientific appioach foi cleaning
methous.

29
Nonitoiing of subthiesholu events. The use of suiface chaiacteiization techniques, such as light scatteiing, in-
teifeiometiy, ellipsometiy, anu imaging ellipsometiy woulu allow the uetection of micioscopic changes in an
object, ueliveiing a uigital health caie iecoiu foi an object. A paiticulai case is that of ciacks anu ciaqueluie.
Cuiiently, these aie only investigateu when at an auvanceu stage. A "measuiement anu monitoiing" appioach
woulu enable conseivatois to evaluate the state anu piogiess of object unuei stiain. Noueling the stiain fielu
shoulu allow the ueteimination of the enviionmental conuitions leauing to slowei ciacks anu ciaqueluie ue-
velopment. Investigating iheology anu tackiness can help ueteimine the iight amount of inteiaction in a sys-
tem. Stuuying uiiection anu giowth of ciack systems woulu allow the uiagnosis of the evolution of the system
anu help limit its piogiess towaiu failuie. Anothei way to monitoi subthiesholu events is to unueistanu the
effects of incipient chemical ieactions. These can be investigateu in minute fissuies on all substiates using ul-
tiamicioelectiochemistiy. Ceitain ieactions may be uiscoveieu to be bellwetheis foi initiation of bulk chemi-
cal piocesses anu mateiial uegiauation.
Bevelopment of conseivation mateiials with uesigneu functionality, such as appeaiance, auhesion, peime-
ability, theimal match, weai iesistance, anu sustainability. By computational mateiials uesign anu mouifica-
tion of existing molecules, new conseivation mateiials with the uesiieu chaiacteiistics can be obtaineu. The
appioach woulu allow the uevelopment of a toolbox of mateiials foi conseivation uses.
Bevelopment of piotective coatings foi monuments anu outuooi sculptuie. The coatings shoulu be aciu, fiost,
salt, anu soil iesistant, anu photochemically stable. A possible appioach to the uevelopment of coatings foi
stone, clay, auobe, oi conciete monuments anu sculptuie is the stuuy of watei-peimeable synthetic analogues
of mineial phases. The iueal coating shoulu be compatible with the stone chaiacteiistics, invisible, anu offei
auequate piotection fiom enviionmental uamage.
Biffeientiation anu evaluation of uiffeient factois in the peifoimance of auhesives. A paiticulai case is uiffei-
entiating mechanical anu chemical inteiaction in auhesives foi mineial stiuctuies. This is a funuamental step
in evaluating mateiials foi stone consoliuation in ait anu aichitectuial settings. The challenge woulu iequiie
moueling auhesion foi high-suiface-aiea, poious mateiials. The use of suiface techniques such as seconuaiy
ion mass spectiometiy can measuie the eneigy necessaiy to iemove molecules fiom mineial suifaces anu
chaiacteiize peifoimance at the micioscale.
Bevelopment of impioveu stiategies foi the tieatment of uelicate substiates. A paiticulai case is that of lasei
cleaning: the use of femtoseconu laseis coupleu to suiface-sensitive ieal-time analytical instiumentation can
uelivei significant impiovements ovei cuiient (mechanical anu chemical) appioaches, as ultiafast laseis
eliminate theimal uamage.


30
";;%*3.,&#(
='1<+4';&;"1!.).;"*!+!

&=H&'%@"$
Naico Leona
The Netiopolitan Nuseum of Ait
Bepaitment of Scientific Reseaich
1uuu Fifth Avenue
New Yoik, NY 1uu28
Phone: 212-S96-S476
Fax: 212-S96-S466
maico.leonametmuseum.oig
Richaiu van Buyne
Noithwestein 0niveisity
Chemistiy Bepaitment
214S Sheiiuan Ru.
Evanston, IL 6u2u8-S11S
Phone: 847-491-SS16
Fax: 847-491-771S
vanuuynenoithwestein.euu
$(##"@,4!&=))@((##!
(
Baibaia Beiiie
National ualleiy of Ait
Scientific Reseaich Bepaitment
Sixth anu Constitution Avenue NW
Washington, BC 2uS6S
Phone: 2u2-842-6448
Fax: 2u2-6886
b-beiiienga.gov

Fiancesca Casauio
The Ait Institute of Chicago
Conseivation Bepaitment
111 South Nichigan Avenue
Chicago, IL 6u6uS-611u
Phone: S12-8S7-7647
Fax: S12-S41-19S9
fcasauioaitic.euu

Richaiu R. Einst
ETB Ziich
Laboiatoiium fi Physikalische Chemie
Wolfgang-Pauli-Sti. 1u
8u9S Ziich, Switzeilanu
Phone: +41 44 6S2 4S 64
Fax: +41 44 6S2 12 S7
Richaiu.Einstnmi.phys.chem.ethz.ch

Katheiine T. Fabei
Bepaitment of Nateiials
Science anu Engineeiing
222u Campus Biive
Evanston, IL 6u2u8
Phone: 847-491-2444
k-fabeinoithwestein.euu

Antonio Sgamellotti
0niveisit uegli Stuui ui Peiugia
Bipaitimento ui Chimica
via Elce ui Sotto, 8
u612S Peiugia, Italy
Phone: +S9 u7S S8S SSu4
Fax: +S9 u7S S8S S624
sgamthch.unipg.it

Kaien Tientelman
The uetty Conseivation Institute
12uu uetty Centei Biive, Suite 7uu
Los Angeles, CA 9uu49
Phone: S1u-44u-6262
KTientelmangetty.euu

Paul Whitmoie
Cainegie Nellon 0niveisity
Ait Conseivation Reseaich Centei
7uu Technology Biive
Pittsbuigh, PA 1S219
Phone: 412-268-68S4
Fax: 412-268-1782
pw1januiew.cmu.euu

!
!

31
E%"(@&@E%,($!

Ruth Ann Aimitage
Eastein Nichigan 0niveisity
Bepaitment of Chemistiy
Ypsilanti, NI 48197
Phone: 7S4-487-u29u
iaimitageemich.euu

Chiista Biosseau
Chemistiy Bepaitment
214S Sheiiuan Ru.
Phone: 847-467-697u
Fax: 847-491-771S
c-biosseaunoithwestein.euu

}ohn Belaney
Phone: 2u2-842-67u8
Fax: 2u2-6886
j-uelaneynga.gov

}. Thomas Bickinson
Washington State 0niveisity
Bepaitment of Physics anu Astionomy
P0 Box 642814
Pullman WA 99164-2814
Phone: Su9-SSS-4914
Fax: Su9-SSS-7816
jtuwsu.euu

Baviu Billaiu
viiginia Tech
Bepaitment of Engineeiing
Science anu Nechanics
219 A Noiiis Ball, NC: u219
Blacksbuig. vA 24u61
Phone: S4u-2S1-4714
Fax: S4u-2S1-4S74
uillaiuvt.euu

Cail Biik
0niveisity of Texas at El Paso
Nateiials Science anu Engineeiing Piogiam
Suu W. 0niveisity Ave.
El Paso, TX 79968-uS1S
Phone: 91S-747-7S6u
Fax: 91S-747-S748
cuiikutep.euu

vicky uiassian
0niveisity of Iowa
SuS Chemistiy Blug.
Iowa City IA S2242-1294
Phone: S19-SSS-1S92
vicki-giassianuiowa.euu

uene S. Ball
Rutgeis 0niveisity
Chemistiy anu Chemical Biology Bepaitment
1u Tayloi Roau
Piscataway, N} u88S4
Phone: 7S2-44S-2S9u
Fax: 7S2-44S-SS12
halliutchem.iutgeis.euu
genegenehall.com

Eiic Bansen
Libiaiy of Congiess
Pieseivation Reseaich anu Testing Bivision
1u1 Inuepenuence Ave. SE
Washington, BC 2uS4u-4S6u
Phone: 2u2-7u7-1u28
Fax: 2u2-7u7-1S2S
ehanloc.gov

Kenza Kahiim
0niveisit uegli Stuui ui Peiugia
Bipaitimento ui Chimica
via Elce ui Sotto, 8
u612S Peiugia, Italy
Phone: +S9 u7S S8S SSu4
Fax: +S9 u7S S8S S624
kenzakahiimhotmail.com

Ioanna Kakoulli
0niveisity of Califoinia, Los Angeles
Cotson Institute of Aicheology
A41u Fowlei Builuing
Los Angeles, CA 9uu9S-1S1u
Phone: S1u-794-491S
Fax: S1u-2u6-472S
kakoulliucla.euu

Naiayan Khanuekai
Baivaiu 0niveisity Ait Nuseum
Stiaus Centei foi Conseivation
48S Bioauway
Cambiiuge, NA u21S8
Phone: 617-49S-4S91
Naiayan_khanuekaihaivaiu.euu


32
Tami Lassetei Claie
Poitlanu State 0niveisity
Assistant Piofessoi of Chemistiy
P0 Box 7S1
Poitlanu, 0R 972u7
Phone: SuS-72S-2887
claietpux.euu

}ohn Lombaiui
City 0niveisity of New Yoik - City College
1S8th Stieet at Convent Avenue
New Yoik, NY 1uuS1
Phone: 212-6Su-6uS2
Fax: 212-6Su-6848
lombaiuisci.ccny.cuny.euu

Chiistophei Naines
Phone: 2u2-842-6uSS
fax: 2u2-842-6886
c-mainesnga.gov

}ennifei Nass
Winteithui Nuseum anu Countiy Estate
Scientific Reseaich anu Analysis Laboiatoiy
Route S2
Winteithui, BE 197SS
Phone: Su2-888-48u8
Fax: Su2-888-48S8
jmasswinteithui.oig

Blythe NcCaithy
Smithsonian Institution
Fieei ualleiy of Ait anu the
Aithui N. Sacklei ualleiy
P0 Box S7u21, NRC 7u7
Washington, BC 2uu1S-7u12
Phone: 2u2-6SS-uS72
Fax: 2u2-6SS-9474
NccaiBlsi.euu

Chiis Nculinchey
The Nuseum of Nouein Ait
Conseivation Bepaitment
11 West SSiu Stieet
New Yoik, NY 1uu19
Phone: 212-7u8-9821
Fax: 212-4u8-642S
Chiis_mcglincheymoma.oig

Apuiva Nehta
Stanfoiu 0niveisity
Stanfoiu Lineai Acceleiatoi
2S7S Sanu Ball Roau, Nailstop uu69
Nenlo Paik, CA 94u2S
mehtaSLAC.Stanfoiu.euu

uaiy Nessing
Pennsylvania State 0niveisity
121 Steiule Blug.
0niveisity Paik, PA 168u2
Phone: 814-86S-2262
messingems.psu.euu

Royce Nuiiay
0niveisity of Noith Caiolina at Chapel Bill
Campus Box S29u
Chapel Bill, NC 27S99-S29u
Phone: 919-962-6296
Fax: 919-962-2S88
iwmemail.unc.euu

Bale Newbuiy
National institute of Stanuaius anu Technology
1uu Buieau Biive, Stop 1u7u
uaitheisbuig, NB 2u899-1u7u
Phone: Su1-97S-S921
uale.newbuiynist.gov

Samii S. Patel
Senioi Euitoi
Aichaeology Nagazine
S6-S6 SS
iu
Stieet, Ste. Su1
Long Islanu City, NY 111u6
Phone: 718-472-SuSu x17
samiiaichaeology.oig

Banneloie Roemich
New Yoik 0niveisity Institute of Fine Aits
1 East 78th Stieet
New Yoik, NY 1uu7S
Phone: 212-992-S89u
Fax: 212-992-S8S1
BiS4nyu.euu

ueoige Schatz
214S Sheiiuan Roau
Phone: 847-491-S6S7
schatzchem.noithwestein.euu


33
ueoige Scheiei
Piinceton 0niveisity
Chemical Engineeiing Bepaitment
Eng. Quau. E-S19
Piinceton, N} u8S44 0SA
Phone: 6u9-2S8-S68u
scheieipiinceton.euu

Nauiizio Seiacini
0niveisity of Califoinia, San Biego
Centei foi Inteiuisciplinaiy Science foi Ait,
Aichitectuie anu Aichaeology
9Suu uilman Biive #u4S6
La }olla, CA 92u9S-u4S6
Phone: 8S8-SS4-7uS4
mseiaciniucsu.euu

B. Petei Siuuons
Biookhaven National Laboiatoiy
National Synchiotion Light Souice
7S Biookhaven Avenue
Blug SSS, Room A-1Su
0pton, NY 1197S-Suuu
Phone: 6S1-S44-27S8
siuuonsbnl.gov

Naiy Stiiegel
National Centei foi Pieseivation
Tiaining anu Technology
64S 0niveisity Paikway
Natchitoches, LA 714S7
Phone: S18-SS6-7444 x2S6
Fax: S18-SS6-9119
stiiegelmnsula.euu

Tom Tague
Biukei 0ptics Inc.
19 Foitune Biive
Nanning Paik
Billeiica, NA u1821-S991
Phone: 978-4S9-9899 xS11u
tjtbiukeioptics.com

Pamela vanuivei
0niveisity of Aiizona
11SS E. }ames E Rogeis Way
Tucson, AZ 8S721
Phone: S2u-4uu-227u
vanuiveimse.aiizona.euu

Richaiu Weiss
ueoigetown 0niveisity
S7th anu 0 Stieets NW
Washington, BC 2uuS7-1227
Phone: 2u2-687-6u1S
Fax: 2u2-687-62u9
weissigeoigetown.euu

ueoige Wheelei
Columbia 0niveisity
uiauuate School of Aichitectuie Planning &
Pieseivation
Bistoiic Pieseivation Piogiam
1172 Amsteiuam Avenue
New Yoik, NY 1uu27
Phone: 212 8S4 S97S
uw21Sucolumbia.euu

Y. Lawience Yao
Columbia 0niveisity
Nechanical Engineeiing Bepaitment
248 S. W. Nuuu, Nail Coue: 47uS
New Yoik, NY 1uu27
Phone: 212-8S4-2887
Fax: 212-8S4-SSu4
yly1columbia.euu


34
";;%*3.,&)(
='1<+4';&+)4%3-$%!
(

)=,*%BI!7?3B!JI!FKKL!

Fieei ualleiy of Ait anu Aithui N. Sacklei ualleiy, Neyei Auuitoiium,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, B.C.

6:1S-6:Su pm Welcome anu 0pening Remaiks
9OR>BD(,BUL, Biiectoi, Fieei ualleiy of Ait anu Aithui N. Sacklei ualleiy Smith-
sonian Institution
+FQJD(3@(8JCJDK(9F@, Biiectoi, National Science Founuation
+D?JR>EB(6BDQJF(,OQJDHK>DJ, Piogiam 0fficei, Nuseums anu Ait Conseivation,
Anuiew W. Nellon Founuation

6:Su-7:uu pm Keynote Auuiess: 7'*'"#*2,'#(3+1#*G#'5##,*61%#,1#*+,-*7('*
,>EMBFQ(!FDHK, Piofessoi Emeiitus of Physical Chemistiy, Eiugenossische Techni-
sche Bochschule (ETB), Ziich

7:uu-7:Su pm !>/'>(+/*F#(%'+?#*61%#,1#
*BFEG(3JGDB, Baviu B. Koch Scientist in Chaige, The Netiopolitan Nuseum of Ait

7:Su pm Reception, Couityaiu

(?#$*%BI!7?3B!MI!FKKL!

ualleiy 1 Neeting Room, Bilton Botel, Ailington, viiginia

8:uu-8:Su am Bieakfast

8:Su-9:uu am Intiouuction to the woikshop anu piesentation of uianu Challenges (eBKMJF>DJ(%@(
7BUJF, Noithwestein 0niveisity)

9:uu-1u:uu am Intiouuction to uianu Challenge 1 (7FBDEJHEB(#BHBQ>G, Ait Institute of Chicago):
Nateiials anu Stiuctuial Chaiacteiization of Cultuial Beiitage (followeu immeui-
ately by bieakout sessions)

1u:uu-1u:Su am Piesentation of uianu Challenge 1 quauiant sliues

1u:Su-1u:4S am Coffee bieak

1u:4S-11:4S am Intiouuction to uianu Challenge 2 (=BOR(XM>KCGFJ, Cainegie Nellon 0niveisity):
0nueistanuing Nateiial Begiauation anu Aging (followeu immeuiately by bieakout
sessions)

11:4S am-12:1S pm Piesentation of uianu Challenge 2 quauiant sliues

35

12:1S-1:4S pm Box lunch anu piesentation: H"#*D>(8A#+,*DIA#(%#,1# (2BDDJRGFJ(,GJC>EM,
New Yoik 0niveisity Institute of Fine Aits, anu +DKGD>G()?BCJRRGKK>, 0niveisit ue-
gli Stuui ui Peiugia)

1:4S-2:4S pm Intiouuction to uianu Challenge S (8BFUBFB(8JFF>J, National ualleiy of Ait): Nate-
iials Stabilization, Stiengthening, Nonitoiing, anu Repaii (followeu immeuiately by
bieakout sessions)

2:4S-S:1S pm Piesentation of uianu Challenge S quauiant sliues

S:1S-S:Su pm Coffee bieak

S:Su-4:Su pm ueneial Biscussion: Scientific ieseaich in cultuial heiitage anu its impact on science,
euucation, anu society

4:Su-S:Su pm ueneial Biscussion: The uianu Challenges


Chemistry and Materials Research at The Interface Between Science and Art 2009

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Chemistry and Materials Research at The Interface Between Science and Art 2009

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1

CHEMISTRY AND MATERIALS

, a methou, pioneeieu by u.B. 0l-

, iesulteu in the successful uevelop-

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