CHAPTER 1—PROBLEM SOLUTIONS voy 1a r= Le ION 2 oma TN ere OS Bo 10. ope Re ¥= Yoke fe) V=IR= mA 10 kt 100 V ® 1 Ora Mote: Vols, milliamps, amd kilo-ohms constitute consistent set of nits Pe P= QOx 10x 110 =09W should haven 1-W rating 12 | Ths () P= PR= 40x 10? «1x10 = 1,5 W THs, the resistor should have a 2-W rating (© Pa PR=G x10} 10% 10! =9.09W Thus, te resistor should have & -W rating ) P= PR=(A 10%? 10 « 10 = 0.16 Thus, the resistor should have a {-W eating fe) P= PR = 201) x 10) =0.8W Thus, the esistorshouk! have a 1-W rating () P= R= 1A x 10})=0.121WThe, a rating of £W. should though 1 W would be prudent tote 12 (a) V=dR~10mA x14 () R=V4=10VA wa P=V1=10V (© [=PVeIW R=VA=10 YAMA (V=Pt=0.1 WAOMA R=VA= 10 NAO MA = 10 (© P=FR=> 1 =1PTR 1 {1000 wW7T Va I= 31 6mA x TKO [Note Ve mA KS and mW const 14 1010 OV=OLA 108 oan ef 2 Thus, there are 17 possible resistan theoretical allow for wv P=ER=(\OmAY x 1 A= 100 mW mA =10mW R= 31.6 ma suffice LS Stunting the 1OKAbY « resistor of value re n the combination baving & resistance i Ret 8 099 9 R=990 KO £995 > R= 10k ee 10% reduction K-90 =» R=90k0 Ret R950 > R= 10k rio Stnting te 10% a) M&zresuti 101000. 10 99 40,4166 reduction; 1000 +10 * Cor by 10K ress in 10% 100 _ 10 9.00 KA, 99.1% cotton Ra" 00107 11 OKO rest in 510 = 5 WED, 350% reduction 16 Vo =¥ou Rae, To find Ry. we short erst Vay and look back inte node X18 33(1 +0008) (1003) +6811 =005) 294 =314V alues of Re ar we 0.05) +68(1+ 00 =2.22(1 -0.05)=2.11 kQ ' i 1 yea 2s peveriiel {two wavs: (a) and (e) with (having b) (two ways (a) and (d) with ( having a lower cutpet resistance19 asy To obtain Vay= 10.00 V and Ry = 3 KO we have shunt both the 47-2 and the 1OK0 resistors a show, J | wanes a del. aoa Thus ieee 110 To mike Ro=333 weadd a seriesresstance of approx imately 200 2, 2 shown, 1st1.11 Connect a resistor Rin parol with Ry. To make (0) Connect a resistor in series with the Ind restr 4, = O2F (and thus the current through A. O81), so a8 to raise the resistance of the load brench by. 10's R should be such ereby restoring the current division tatio why O20 1k 0.818 desied value. The added series resistance must be 10% 2 R= 25002 Rie, 0.18 d aaa] 1 } or de zt ff Lf Ty make the current through K equal 40 173 we shut ® Ry a tage by a resistance A of value such that he current vou 2 ‘awl be 203) thes ” Lig i, 10% higher than in ease (a LIS R = 10.4 — 10 ¥ my RYR AR Now if Ry is 109 40 high, ie Himat the voltage LY, we Fesistor Ry across R, of valve such that R with aresstar R whose value is such thatthe par lel combiaation of R; and Ris <1 kQ. Thus, the eben cn be sed in two way sae (©) Contest RAR, RAR? Rair72 RR Lak =a: +! LRG Desi de feee me a al a) Sisko ed an? ‘Similarly, tue voltage drops seross R; and Ry add upto 10 V, thu 10= hh + 158s which yields Equations (1) and @) can be solved togedher by anu lying 2) by 6, 2h +a2h= 60 @ Now, subtracting () fromm @) yi 401, = 45 >= 1A25mA 10-7 1.125 mA = LORS mA h=4+ 0625+ 1.1950 LISTS ma Ven; 1 summarize 106 mA fy 1.13mA R= MI9mMA Vr 238V (8) A node equation tthe common node ean be vite ev 1-V_ vy & oR 5-¥,10-¥_y Ti 5 2 V=2375 V Now, f.and fy can be easily found as = 152575 0625 ma~ 105 mA 0 10 = 1.125 mA=|.13 ma t= ¥ 22378 21.1815 mA = 1.19 mA Method (5) is much prefered: fester, more insihitul and Tess. pr ore. In general one attempts 9 fy the leat possible numberof variables and write the core:ponding minimum number of equations 17 Soe diag = 4 , win) 4 2 en A a a $9800 u tL Qe gee ee1.18 From the symmetry of the ol ho current in Ay. (Otherwise the § violited) Thus cach bra and J, ile the su 2000 “22001 = W=11 4.37 Wh-1 b,= 1: the th switch is a posiion I asda current (Vna/2R) flows to the outpul. Thus fg will be ing 19 "1" bits tie su ofall the curentscomrespe (6) dyisthe LSB by isthe MSB w(t Kazi "3 = 1.96875 ma, changing from 0-0 | the 1/2" = 0.03125 mA. Corresponding the LS} rapt changes by 10) 18 There wil be 44100 samples per second wih adh ale taproncte by 16H Tete rog si or apd wil Bos, ID x 16= 2.086% 10 is po ats 129 @) 4,=" 10¥_ . 100 vw Wav Oop = 40 JB | clet/te W/O, O18 i OR TOO aA inn AA A Be Bo fom Hy a6 104) 108 WA =s0un by ‘ papas 2Y mani vv . 10 pV x, 20 19g2 x 10"= 106 8 pele tlt, W/O KD io oom 22 md 0219" 9p aia | TA ~ 00x10" 0p 426548 =2 x 10% x 2000 = 108 Wa or 10 lop Ay = 8648 ove67,20 log 1000 = 60 4B @r 10 }0g49A, = 40a 140 i =f 4 Www 67 200g 11 = 208 a be 100. cmt _2mA Tas, A 2 AA oF, Dog A, = 26.8 AB =282 Wh Supply power=2 3 V x 20mA= 120 mW (2273) Output power ae R, 1000 = U2 mW Input power mW (negligible) Amplifier dissipation ~ Supply powe: ~ Ouput powe: = 120-242-958 mW Amplifier efficiency = Quiet power. Supnly power LAL For ¥so=5V The lavgest undistorted sine-wave omput is of 3.8-V peak amplitude © 1R/J2=2 Wy Input needed is For Vop)= 10 V, the largest undistorted sine-wave out put is of 8 8°Y peak amplitude o 6.2 Vi Ip aeeded 124 mV For Voo = 15 V, the largest undistorted sine-wave utput iS Of I38-V peak amplitude oF 98 Vu. The £00 = 19.6.1, input needed is 9.8 1.42 (a) For an outpur wh 1 3c of clipping, ie, an output of OV must have 9 V/1000 = 9 mV jeu paw the inp b) For an ouput that is clipping 90% of the time, = 0.1 x 90° =9° and V, sin 9° =O V =e V,=575V v6 not occur asthe output saturates tis result the inpan 75 mv. hich of cours x29 V. To produc(¢) For an output that is slipping 99% of the time, 9=0.01 90 = 08" V,sin 0.9°=9V si be $73 V/ 1000 oF 0.573 Va andthe input m 1443 When the amplifier is biased at 4 V (Le, at point Q). the maximam possible amplitude of a sine-wave axput without shipping is 4 ~ 1-5) ~2.5 View G av} AVE Thus, ain the largest undistorted sine wave output pos: sible with this amplifier, it must be biased halfway hetween the saturation levels, ie, ato = (B+ 1.5)/2= 75-V (point Q;) and the resulting ouspat will have a penk vilbe of B= 4.78 = 4.75~ 15=3.25V 14 y= 10 WASH e042, Po (@) For $2 ¥, v= 10 "The tipper limit on 1y is foand by substtating = +2, mati. v 2 in the transfer characteristic the result is vp = 10 — Su, whose solution 18 vo = 117 V and ite eoresponding vj = 3317 V. To obtain sketch of op wersus ny, we evaluase x for values of vy, Te results the following =5V webias t ¥j=3V I gain sine 20 align gin at bias point = 77) =-5«2V)-2)=-10VIV 3+ Vjcos a 10-50 + ¥,co8 ox = 29? 12.08 r+ V? cos? a) 10% 2SV2)~ 10¥, cos - 2.5Vic0s 200 _ monic distortion: 2.5V7/10¥,= 0.04 10x01 v 10 WV Be =05x10x0 vw or, 20 log 25= 8B 4 R10 K/10, o® Bre TRF, ons3vv"I 146 20 1og.4,,= 40.45 = A, = 100 V/V ron = Mao ‘ rng « ° 0% ton A, 100% 00 00+ sao vw 2010990939. ats 100 A310 83.10! Ww 71 Ni 100g (83 x 107) =79. 4, For peak output sine-wave cament of 100.0, the Peak ouput voltage will be 100 mA x 100.82 = 10 V Correspondingly », will be sine wave with » peak value of 10a, = 1/909 or an ns valus of 10/(90.9 x 3) = O48 V, on re Obey meds Qu ae 1000 x 100, 1108 10 The signal loses about 90% ofits nected to the amples input (besause th when con- i= RAO). Also the outpur signal of the amplifier loses approximately its stength wi 908 the load is connected Not a good design! Neverthe- ‘connected directly to the fond, “Teas 00k 3001 niall ay O wht oocae \at ini wa Qe fs me waive IMO 44, jog TH+ 10K “!* Too as 10a 100 _ 9 93 y i" 110 Vorage sain="!=083 V/V or 16 dB 1100.9 : Curren gain = 3x 11x 10 ® Tima = °® : 9091 AIA oF 79.248 578 WAV stakes into acct. the power dissipated in the internal resistance of the source.)180 Casa) sa AV pw we 0 sant sang om wong Op twng s 4 f hoa HO Gg A gs Ae +100"! Tos 10 100+ 10 sites or 2upt= 12548 Sua had joka | s | . k Rad 100. iwaror 7 oi =0SVV or 648 Thus, obviously case (a) ie BL is prefered, 1stRequired overall voltage gain = 2'V/10 m¥ = 200 ViV Boch stage is capable of providing a marimum voltage gain of 10 (he open-circuit gain value). Por m stages in cascade the matimum (unuttsinable) voluge gain in 10", We thus see that we need at east 3 stapes, Fo 3 sages, the overall voltage gin tained is 10 0 O 510x Ose 10% +0 +10% OT 2066 VV Ths, thee sages suffice Ligh luyer than required The eurpat voltage actualy obtain #810 mV x 205.6 = 2.07 V 133 aye an () Required voliage sy YW onv (8) The smallest R lle is obeained from 10 mV A+, = 100 42 1 pas hus R,=90 ko, For Ry =90 RO, j= 0.1 p28 peak, and (Overall current gain = 9 10° WW (This takes into acct. the poorer dissipated inthe iter ) IFA, ») has its peak value Himited to SV, te lag st valve Of Ry is Fount from K, Reve greater than this value th sor088 Ky Would be less than 3 V.) ouput votiage (d) For R= 90 KO and 8 = 667 ©, the required value 300 viv = _%0 stot +0 Tot 2 A= 558.7 VV e) R= 100K (1 10" R= 100-10 A) ©) eis wn ont = 10005G.=40mAV nce Ry in parallel withthe input and aR) R, te a 4X, = 5 Wee E Overall voltage gain = “= 19.05 W/V Dion nhs OD wil sh : . aie: ; Ai ] 1.57 A voltage amplifier require. 1009 + + ¢+ a To limit the change in v, to 10% as &, varies from | to =%9 4 = 39.248 10 K2 we select K; sufficiently large: ) Voliage gain Thus B, = 100 KO. To limi the eh nge in v, coresponiag 10 Ry vay to 10 KO, 10 109%, we select R, sufi ing in theo ently sal Resin 19 =09%908 cy 1=001 = 81.8 WW = 19.108 i+ 00 = a, =I lon ne Avy 2 Out ag ag wong, C>r205hen ani fons $i a nina) 101 webs To limit the change in resulting from &, the range 1 t9 10 KO, 10 10% we ow so thay select R, suicienlly Rpm 10 Tus, &)= 1008 "TS limit the change in fy OKA 10 10% we select sufficiently Inxge Ry changes from 1 40 RZ 1K 100 Ke TopA Ths, &% Now ford, vin = 10" Ths, to! = 91000, _ 100 Too 1001904 70 2 Ay=1L AA oy, ——».ou 1.59 Transeenducin K ryt) or R, varying inthe range | to 10k, and Ai, limited to 10% we have to select R;sufisiently large 2/2 10Rieu = 100k orf, varying in de range I 10 10 9, she change ia , canbe Lept to 10% if R, is selected suffisontly large Re? Renu Tins R, loo Ka wong Go oy S100%K 1.60 Transresitence amplifier To lat to 109% corresponding to, varying in the range 10 10KO, we select R, sufficiently low: a io Ths, = (Re while Ry varies over the range 1 ta 1 R, sufficient low: To limit Av. to Woke 1000 3210 a 1000+ 1007000. 105 = 121 x08 =121K went nf OrinLs Quel nk Gn Opea-ctcvit output volte | IOV 1 yy Shovt-cineuit output current 10 mA ox BY 107% (1007 888VV or 58.948 220. NA or 68.808 or @29uB Gveral current gain = = Jk, _ 8 1 =2000 /A, 3S Using the voltage divider rule ansfer function is of the STC lowpass type with a de gain K=RAR,+R,) and a SAB fre quency @ = 1/C (RR, 20 KA f= SOKO ond Cy 5 pk 1.25% 10 radi CR RD wie fiom Table 12s of the bigh-pass type with k, aeAs a further veriicaion that this isa highpas and 716) isa high-pass uranser function we observe as 3 0, Tis)=0; and that a8. + o, Tis) = R/C, +) Ao, fecen the circit observe as at 99 (VAC) > and V,/V,=RyAR, +R). Now, for Ry = 10 kO, Ry = §OKO, and C= 0.1 a a fe S-— 2x” Fen 04 €10*110-440) 10 31.8 ie Ira) 01 J ostviv Bw p 1.67 Using the woe divider rat pe ws hatka = s RAR i R, Rak, Forfis 10 te 1 TCR FR, <10 2c — Ix 10(20+ 5) x10 Thus, the salle val 0.66 ut 1.68 The given measured data indicate that this ampli= fier has a low-pass STC frequency response w fequency gain of 40 JB, and a 3-48 trequency 10" Ha. From our knowledge of the Bode plots for Jowepass STC networks (Figure -..) we can complete ‘of C that will do the job is C= the Table enties and sketch the amplifier frequene, response 20d/decde nZnnmnaReHRAaA Fm. 0 “WA 1 Fate ihe) maa Tidegrees) Wot 0 w 2» 1.69 From our knowledge of the Bode plots of STC Jow-pass and high-pass networks we see that this amplifier has a mid-band gan of 40 dB, + lowfrequency esponse ofthe high-pass STC type with ug = 10? He, and a high-frequency response of the low-pass STC type with fgg= 10° Hl, We thus can sketch the ampli fier frequency response and complete the table entries 2 folow map i #20¢8Mecate ~20.anfGeeade 17 a) fa) 10 10 10° 10 10° 108 107 10" mide) 0 20 37 40 40 40 37 20 0N72 Since the overal transfer fonction is that of three identical STC LP circuits in eascade (out with no lod. ing effects since the buffer amplifiers have input asd eto ontpnt resistances) the overall pain will drop bs 3 UB below the value at de at the frequency for which the guin of each STC circuit is 1 dB down, This fre quency is found as follows: The transfer function of tach STC circuits Ira) 20 tog — 1 14 (ue an = 051/ LBB R, = 100k, since by a vty high raust be much i find C, from 36 3B frequency is reduced factor (from 6 MHz to 120 tz) C, per than C). Thus, neglecting C, we 120 ket 7 (1 | 1f the original 3B frequency (6 MITz) is ateibutable to Gen Since when C is conaested the 3418 frequency is reduced by lage factr, the value of € must be much larger than whatever parasitic capacitance oniginally existed at nad A (ie >and), Further ‘itmust be tha Cis wow the dovainant deer o lifer 3-4 frequency (i. itis dominat over whatever may be happening at node B or any whete ele in the arsplifier). Thus, we ean wete between A ard H IeC(R, TR) 150 kita = 2 (Rus OR Now Ry 100 ko, Tous Ry; = 107 kA Similarly, for node 8, kee = Bmxisxi0x 1x10" 196k Ra=NIkQ™] She should connect a capacitor of value C10 nde B where C, can be fou from, 10 ki 2, = ”* Faxon lO eI0b eH Sor Note thee sh chases to use none A she woukl need foeonnect a capacitor 10 time large Ls Saf Boll ys ited RR, Por Jy $100 — 100 2a\(104+ 100)» 10 + C\2= 1s gato Dex 110% 1% 10 Thus we selest C= 1x 107 F=0.1 WF. The seruat corner frequency resulting fram C, will be 1S Hi 2ax lO * 110% 10 Forthe outpu circuit, 18> ERR) For foo $100 Hz, nx Dx 10 10 10 = gt This wil place 1.76 The LP tastor 1/(1 + Jf plot like that in F 10" Ha, The high-pass fa results in a Bode plot like that he 3 dB frequency f 1 The Rode plot for the overall tained by sutnming the dB Vaal plots and then rising the cally by 40 6B (corresponding mamerato), The teal isa fall AL 4 di comer frequency at 10°) resuls ina Bde h the 3 dB feequency oe CLE 10) fn Fig, 12M) with transfer function ean alucs ofthe two ind resulting plot ver fo the factor 100 in the . or a, ester agprovimatonRARE YetbO® 107 30% 10" 70) = THOT) Sie 178 Ou ta 4 = eae. va vc RP For T,(e). the fallowing equivalent circuit ean be Bisnis = 16 KHe ~ 53 He ~ 16 ke Arh, 1 Le im £51. )--@ i which can be capes a! 06 z, 106 n2e(a ay The 3.4B fequensy is determined by the peal RC circuit athe ouput eal St fo" Fe" 3 ERR) Ths Lyd Jo~ Tacha, "Rd To obtain a value for yee hana species vale Frnwe select Rs ta 14 tz2ec Re eeul on 228Ci foun R.s— 2 2 2mfuaCe “To sitisfycomstaint 3), we frst dstermine the de gain a GAR, BR ain be rates tha a specified value Ay Ee Gal Rol RYE Ay RR, fest fcror on the LHS is (Irom constraint (1))proater or equal x/100}. Thus Wey Substituting R, = 10 102 end = 208% in (1) resol in 1) = 4010 Subsitting fags = 3 MHz, C in Ey, (2) eval in 1OpP and a, = 102 Rs a = 113K A H amr 10°10 Substitting Ap = 804 10 ko, and TAREQ. 04. (3) ests i 1%, 80 (1 B)nornay«! 1885 AV Ifthe more practical value of R, = 10 Kis used then G2 = 20 maw (1-2 )noaioyx 1.79 Using the voluge-divider rule we obtain Y % vi 242, where Z=R WL aod 2=R, G ° 11 is obviously more convenient to werk in terms of admitances, Therefore we express V/V, in the ate nate fon v = (UR) 450 “TY, and substitute ? and % = (17% sC3t0 obtain “This wansfer function will be independent of frequency (9) if the second factor redhices to unity, This in tum wil bappen i GR Gra hR wich ean te simplified as olow - 0 1% When his condition applies. the stendator is said vb oaypensate, ad is taster futon i given by ¥ Gi which, using Eq (1) above can be expressed ia the sherate form ae ae! Vm mae z Thus when the atienuator is compensated (C\Ri, = CR.) its transmission can be determined either hy its Iworesistors 2, ad ansinission is nota function of frequency, Ry or by is two capacitors. Cy 1.80 The HP STC circuit whose response datermines of the amplifier ia the low: f= 100 He Using the equation for 27( ja) from Table 1.2 we the freq equency range has 2 phase angle af 1 fo = 2016 He Lp ste amplife sponse determines the Jnfrequeney end has a atf= 1 kita Using the relation ZT jw) given in Table 1.2 we obtain for tne -114? > fo = 49504 theAL f= 100 Hz the drop in gain is due to rnecwork, and thus te val i 183 NMyy=Von~Vin=08 Yoo ~ 06 Voo= ot ae NAM, = Vg ~ Veg = (0.8 —0.1)Vpg = 0.3Vpp 00. width of transition region = Vip Vze=02V 0 Fora minimum WM Of | ¥ = 0:2¥0 Similarly atf= | Az the dop in ain iseaused by they LP STC network. The drop in gain is 1st 201 — s -O7 th mr ) Wore case NMy = Vin ia Vp =24-2= 08 ¥ me Were case Nip 2 Vins Vg 2804 @ OAV The gxin drops by 3 4B atthe corner equencies of ap ltsuae the two STC networks, thar is, at f= 20,16 Hz and (©? Po, = 345% 345% 11 = lO mW Paso (@ Dynamic pover tsipnon = /2Vis LS NMy=Voy V2 33-1716 : ; Yoh e453 10° 28 = 13 mW edovricad = trating) =ACT 11) = 08 1 1s ; 2a am 1 tow ne aii igs (b) Tn the transition region a) Vor= 5%! = 024010545 ¥ Yort—3507/-15) eax aly Vou p23 N= Ve Von 208850 (b) Voy=5—N (02x 10\R=5—0.4¥ OMW=0455 2 N26 (6) Stop(©) 0) Pry soy = (S=0199/22 KO = 10.9 mW GI) PD, ug = S*CO2*E) = EW 7 186 (0) Vow geen 7 i. 0=25 i 2 Nin = Vy ~ Vyp=5—25=2.5 V " 1-3 108 x 10 107! «as w For trem Vol = Se 4 Nes) = 25 tone = 005000") ns \ ss ‘ a0 Por try, Volt) = Sen asy ; A=OD1ne Volt) = See" nosy i i bu = 069 ns =wv Vowe iatis “heak G26 O35CR, for RetR QED. (u) Static power is dissipated only when dhe output is low. in which eae for Rea # R, zg and assuming that Vines € Veo: Thus if the inverter spends only half ihe tie fa this Jon-output state, (e) Large & results in low P bu For Vag =$'V ard €= 10 oF S10ns = 0. a Resa + Pstomw = } R210 Tavs, 10s RS 2875.0 Selecting R=2k0, 039% 10x10? x 2x10 =T os 25 625 mW Yn cas 2 = 100 ea a va oT 26 10x19 2909 ; i 19 < o909 nit a, = 8263 % = 4101 10 asx too. wel? = 450 ii = 05 W = a/R, oy = 055100 ~ 707V Unoumbered 1.50 Required overall voluge gain = 7.07/0.03 =235.7 = 235 ViV inorder to avoid the loss of more than 2/3 of the signal strength in coupling the source tothe first stage of the amplifier, we have use the type (1). high-input resistance amplifier asthe input stage. Both type 2 and type 3 do not satisfy this requirement, The type (1) sin of 10 and wus amplifier hasan open-circuit wokage satis the overall gain requirement cannect by is-o My —o—p—08 ain rox ° 0 Fume fesace 200, fie ies lowe than the 10082 fd ver vole The overall anplifer when ak follow Libel widgnaatth Tras"! ier 10" Toe 1003 Ove voltage gin oaviv « D100 10 nl Thus, this cascade amplifier does not meet specs. The Wee +t 100420 testes, |KO is 0 fh for fe n0F235 VIV and indeed results in Joss of gain by a fator of 11 bs Ma ww 8 ww} —~w—4— a oy rin y pio bias & Ow ben © © onda, "Chapter 2-Prebtems appresimelely joo Yip. The wissing entry fer aaperimenk #3 canbe predicted oS, Follows: soar Pa =) pe0- ool = 099 Bye Bao The minimum bm ber of pins requiredlly doalop-amp iS 8. Fock op-amp haa Zigat erminaly (pins) and one ouk pul termbal Lapins) Another 2 pins are required For Power All the esVIES seemto be reasonalele Similarly tht osininwinn nomber of pins required by quad-opame (14 — “ And 4g DIM Las I pad pe gee Refer to Fig. P22. ; ey KR oon On abe T [may toot : B Agar Ae Ht soo! Yoo! (00 10% 10x 100, 000 Ret ibe % a3 The velkage at the positive wput haste wa 2 WSin (ANGE — LOH) be -3.0007 Oh = o.01Sin (Rt ie00)6 = iyo A Gay, tly = Snunotl ie“ 0.025 Sin Zeoont (-G) “30m Ged, eGfy + 5in (Rome p0.0055in aovort 5,6 Show that the gain is MRR 2 20 faajfd | end experiments 4,2olog A, = Sodd Aa = "a A Ad MRR 220g Gos. » 2olep 1 [as =100 4 =r Ay aie! tole od 210 Son OW) Rin (ay vittoal gromd ro currentin oka Cosad loop gain 4 W7y for Y <5Vam Bes Wold inthe rou OE 30.14 6 Loy wee kG Lat For aS In C55 y Ll There are four pes sibilities toe ¢ of =o! Ver re lok. os -a\s es S05i Rea Of Rb OC Nipe-Be my R= b. Ge-ay mr Raion, Rar0ke ‘ & Gen5ih «FE ay R 220K Aatoen ae Reh Rati ease oS =r R= SR, A Rye 12.dtn R, = RoKD amr Ry inet” SR +R =1OKR ay lookn a doles 2698, Owtaacy, SRIF IER Conn For largest possible input resister ex,sdeg- Ry = OWL Rw Soonn Rina Soemn,“This additional current coms from tha output othe op.omP. [Goie) Ra «Ra Ur %ioo! ~ Ra (ie 28) RR Hio0) 80 for Small & cp DAY is the talvence on HA Closed oof pee) (oy, .£45 c > le LG £80 or wore pretigaly: —10nlOD ¢ 4-100 15 Prectenty BE OE WoT g OLn90.F ie Seooren a ay Sa AS (U, (15 5.05. A, 1555 1455 al> ap HV £% CSI fr vo: => 4 PSV RG, £ SIS Ios V htse48S 4 Iss “ : = EY amet wep Rx looks Bab GnR " 30) shunt Resistor Ras Ay [fAKM a 1, 4ak WH my Ra = 9.544 Raed Rath Zits Oe 2 Ba ay 1007 «Re, wR, < ORR Vey Mu ee oe tellin Re FiRe 2 Rx Rak +R ar Re = BAK ves RO TY 2.31 Voltage of inverting input Corminal uge of the np inp Cont.wit from xloY to tow Thus the errr on tie deneminator. Te cathere He the virtbal ground '2h depak From the del a te its rominal value of Raja we use eltage ©F Bere bya marimum of tiem Bn the 2 HR = (ook 3 Ba ee ee CS eo, ", wl Ra | loco 1008, lok, a Coat oe ez eek, i LeRoy, Ce A Tn ordtt for GaG > Ge Ra RR wy Rew Re (ve tp Re RR : Beha = AR thet Gene = 8- ER, , RA eR. + ER HGR 4 R= (AYE Ow tha (ra Now 4 he TaiR + Ry Bie R + fa © Tea a4 Ge Rafe Goin Grrore = (t+ Ray 1100. ice enkney | oth, ” 12, wher con Berane to yild | 000 (1 he jotta) toe Re ty sled ar As (eRe )(b-t) Vem) oti 48) feasted OBE & or Aaa EA) Gade wth Ras For Gia eave Ye and €n (ef =0) & ania Ge Bot Re) As (tri00) (L_ =i) 2 OT YY t+ Le Rath oF This 34 He wininsine oepuined value he A, where we have magiected abe effeck oF 20mAa tte Cr Ri) «(Be aL) (17 Ba) fogs feo ie Fe Bp moo Ke50 Kewer As Brill ‘Lo! Ae rKot yy, Ths for Aezaio' Ye ya Medvtkion oF Sey resolts in only 0.57, duction oF the ossed Ae gow wine nmninal value is $2 (92) From the results of exmapie 2.2 the guceF te aranih a fy 28 gine ey 22 $ Boo Bus Be eBay For! Rote R, sin mete an(itled) eens me 8) Beno y, ar ler ee y= soovf eo itos tee mi eennettl = iat Fein R, = 100. tooo , Rg xiorK mr Ayk,= joo ) Rin 2 R= + Bi RE) = 1000 a | 3 LE Ry =R ye Rye 00K my B= 82K ta lo By, = R= looks. aor =—— 8 uy Be GR 2 Ue Ue Bilbao Rais Riillty-+8y “Rat BARR _ Ry Rot Rahn t hu 2 tp Baa Bt We 2 Beat fu Va Ras eat yes) = RV/Re Cont.x100n,Teto 3 lai is n | Ue Mom Ano AN 1 RI ; by) BARU | LAT, Lotte (Ue Reloaded Reb oy Ro te Vamnin 14 as ieee a ais © WAR Elen J, shays Bined aE tote po te ay BG aR a to my QOS 20} % 2 Hg 2 412" a Gide daglo™) 4 ieee 410) a 30K, % R, 20 Gre |B p04 geet t 3e 3e hareaer( feo" Ym 1% a5 aT - we choose tae weighted Sommer Confguraliag 2 z o ard L ye [H Os ey re Res = Rey SK ie NR ae iB con mat for Pg? gros é yh 10KS Thorder te have 5, connect « ay = 4 28, 34) cofeieat=o 5, 4 = (Y +20, 2 b Z ae ent of te tat esisb's Ae | 3 tot, nos fthe oatpuk signal shew be = 3a vps -Ssinwt 5 (Roe assomes Viz SSmwt 544353) wea Ta @ weighted summer Conf iquredaes Be sat Be. 2.5 Rg Ry 5, VK ay Reeds aR, | ¥ f ram 5 g fet f * bat Ad 2.41 | — 20, ~ FU, 4+ Consider fiy 21 feceeting to 04 Oat ee ee Af For a weighted Sy-oniee Re oy Rey fe CE SEE 3 Re oh R ie » Rye Rea Py ton ee vent Co have: Ub = lou i Fy. lou, yi 2101005 5 1000.8 Sra Arte oot olga gor” G «0:9 Sin Anajoooty Re > Mea, usa, . O-Pnay geste, xy - Re (Bite 50,4 Ba, + Fw) POL ae ad Bh GE ge ta rae) : > yo Re (1a, 42a +370, Uj 23 Sin (anes0t) + 0.015in (An rwset) Gh -3Su eanecoe)—2.01Sin (20 xieoot)©) 2 oa ate R2 oy FR aid No all Spe G+ Oy Re=F yy I Roa Me- Rog when all inputs are oe Byotet ‘shor t-xireu ne yr, = - (REG Hem, ER = Mou rtap = (RE ae ae aes It + Rey( Ree + Re, OR ae) by ee ye 6 Baw A” Agen mr Rex Roe at (ey fee | ar Bftaray Roa» Mee (ir By BB vi 3d. oan? R= Be a shire iy bat, bing fig = Re Rp. WAV Rake 2100KA ion VE” Note Ht iF the results From Uae Louk 2 a7 Ret = look constraints dither, wa woull use au addi benth wale Teicher conaseted Prom tit paste input te As indicatia, 4 only depends on Rand Veard gerd Rpg) Fede the meter resistames docs nck afteck 4 Sy dene 4K ms ray pN Reler te the cra ie P2UT 49 ong. Sepepaition 3 Hash Sab Gata one The oxtput thee “tt culls we rebpansete Gu 434, ROY, + 3) Ws ae Refer to P24% has Sha Rig ae Bee te Then oe aah ge gyee ee then = Ry MB NB ll Whey The Grose siepties to (re ) Re Bap 1.06 86 Serf 3% ka Fe $3, 225K» Mp = 2.95% [i MDo cs Apr If Re:295 Reg Rpy = 225 my FR cea me, =IBK A f= 9el0k =40 kA. Rope Batok a B0KA, 33K. Ree tok aA ot 5 eh a op] tk B® From. the Luo above Roy, «36650 1B An \oo then Grcampensetaas = At Nae ~ ft stot, 222 ally vee Gompensated & 100 Sela 2100 yt 14 Se x gis <0 ey x & mr AGF chee Fosse Aes © opal 8 Ae El te 10 has fer a geo GUE 1 yo Io be ie Ay ot oh if rod 2Cal%,) 119, 18 AW) € ie le OW i or wo Veg) © te ie 8 s oo © oe ° (yo yo" sa xsi0 GW) ) wih io te AY) 1 wr eo ihr [ese Sor non-inuerting amplifrery £4.21 Soo bs Sel yi00 tr ; : ca CMRR = 10 bys ASI, 50 lets coyauale n, for inverting amplifier Eq 25 (Ar) @ ie 2G EPP ra Aya 2 if we apply Superposition T+ Oe apply Superpe: ! Gh) Al “1 10 \ 0 ' nee 0 0 - Joo A 0 Ry ‘ “2 1900 AIS = jy — Pf 99), 09. 905,08) at 2 061 33 the & % 2A a Ay my CMRR: 20l09 44 ———— Ee 3 Dra) M * bat es Las] CMRR« 60.8 Refer bo Fig. PSA y When gatentiometber ——— See ee (Pa 1s SAF Ce the enttonn 20, = 154 30420 pau Se ent Th te assomt Ry Re Ryn Ry then, chen a bo the, bop i= 4 a0 28 mp 8,22 see mr 8214 Ly; gro —_ DeHHerlo = pot han tobovn senth Earns ME Be. 997 een. [aT Reber be Fig 26 . Netica that Simla bog 215 wehore: Ra a Be 2180 Ate according to Bg. 1° aa 20S, a> Ras SKB 2A Uy =pAne 210 Y, Rageous, sisal to 2.20, Byr2R = 20rn : _ rr Rae were de Berek by ye: oF Re Os, ip a% a 2 treminals ee) The worst cane is When Ken hao (he paginas voile = itt her Ra yy Mas A. <> RB has To be ab ite minim value and alse Ra, has to be vaininalen _ gO R } 2K) AHR) fe aot +—l— «= fr Rhea Ry Je replace with Bas (Ra - he iP we reph e a & 264 Tn oder to out Omideal differential amp Wooce (Bag leon i mj Rad bee Teorn Ry Worm ® 4 fe * & A co ox ee & rr “gr Jem Soa: er ere ee res 2k ek — N8O¢x SD x pe 1 5 Remrajlosee oat on CHRR= 2oley [AA | noose have tocala N bated on vebus wie chase for R-Ry thak gev8 UF Ansty stgavies g Usa by apply ing, super posites ee ee Us &) cop. cera bas. (Hh loose ap Dies Uo Ye ol Fd CantCHR 2 x \ 5 Hen Bude 2a ba Reber be Fly. 24g ond eg. 2.18 Pew = So (1 Be BE) Rak ORR ta orlerte taludale Ay we ube siperpenitton teiociple Bw: 4 Ba oe Oy 05, Wen = REG 4 BR Ue 5, 28a ae) ren Pept Oe ia eee ceae 5.7 Yom fa Ups Bit Ua, Ba lyr Sag SAME gu 2 Re a Ng Sag A 2, 2 ; : , Pie Baty, Riertty ® pte fe te ke) Ra Seb) he Reape sina) : Bi CHRR = okey) 4 5-85 +h | e- ter canrtt case jor natn int OM EMRE We have a te snawindte dha dtmominabor riche 8 5=Ryq CI-E) Raye Ri ee) RHR Cees Rue Ren tee) ase Bia = Bin = k Rn CHRRe 20 tog | k eng Booal K Ci al for hei PheA yy =r > CHRR = 20 og 2h 2.67 2 ar bal\reat INE OSSUmed Ba ctoo apif Ryateh ot Ly é ar omnee eoaler A, »Ba was Roe a0 ee bb) Smee AL 20, chen 16 oe apply Chute apply the ‘SoptrPestion ae erat paceis the oulput vhitage SNR UL caluiale Vay Gis me subg aeigs kin pce pale v, Be% - Q 22 Mor + Yor = lec, teelbioe pi tae =) (cox (hiek + 106 Rep Ré Rig= 2 AMA ay Re 4 Ree Re 4 a> Bonk co fica atten av b= Bagel Loot 110K, ize peor | 0K -+ (ook = Yer = Ua ore Bey - looks, and 8, wo = look +105, oh eo ‘ ry e > en Ra Gay th + el av lig ra smell “rem ypo'sod Now we coleulale gin, rage Bay $25 = AK Mseyy 9 tosellio® — dS (Bo rE y ¥ igs, 25 304 Gay & 30 eat [Sos SA pte ed ey 224] = Se EME ee BA Refer to ig P2EV; we Hoe Superposition: Uy 2%, +05, talewtal ye oe Be ue Refer to bp. 1.18 R=) Comet C axd0 Faget cnr.iy 2 ton Tego sbthe Fier stage ists Salmi TE the opamps oF tie firshstage slurs at Sy Ore KO HA ny I feat OE galt out ¢ gon As explored in the Lent tht Aisadtembage OF ctrudk ia Cig. aasa is thek ois Bins @ Je PS wy a Goh equal ee wy) in she First Stage. and therefore a ‘Ver Senell Yam range is acceprable to avéid satumTion tem | Jnr The crak onshe let ‘aly haa nnche opts by Em Figs 2.286 hem EL fe aplieds 9 for bath AEA, tat sana Oind Hardin he Garren Flot ire sgh ZR, This mutans Uattage ax the output of Apand Ma isthe Some OS Veen 19% C4 my HS, ha This eel atlas or bigger Anny By ane ile Gy aa + Refer be ig. 220.00 oukpat of the Birch erg es (ie Raye ty ge Oe Seen) Ba % Soe Gnwt V o.0%, B-D.0USia0Tt) 5 6.0Snwst ml a |Ad! oo a stage) Ene Aa 20 (First stage) © DeoaySnuot 4 SoKeLe 34 4.045 ne Vy 3.0.04 Sindt Bbc = 3-H.045in ead = bys = LS 20aSnwer 3 Yew uy =-F.08 inves? Conthaving relatively Large Agia the Fist stage ze] Af the Second stage is fa Second stag Rorieee , Ryx DEKH We ae a series Cab igralion oF Ryeind cars aoloy|AL | = 11d sa) R Gory: BR, ztoek ter (red) Hinman gam = 05 (1 Be) 2059017 Ti tbo jae taanen cle wy EAH Aehaueer Vecree@—y * ompibled and iF is only propagated to te my Rp olooe2es @ siyPees outpets of tle First stage Mavinndas guivm 190.2 05 (1+ Bi-)ay 2, athe @ OO =r k, soresea cosen Ry = Soar Kae SOR Refer to ep, 2.22 iy Be) © let Cr fy Re Lie Be) «Bee Cor ab) oY Ane? cre aolenthd | = % TF ait rssrors are tif Ay 2! te order to toleulel Aan, eipply%en be woth inguks ond nett that vy ait appear at woth Output terninnl of the fistshge Nea we Can evaLUAlE O by analy Bing the stond sage as nn dant in preliten 265% Te P16 we Sheed that EC each vot rasuby has Ex] tolerance, Ay,, of the dferankial €) Up and ve com bet” or UU PP “4.3%, 498 0” SEP; a8 Brms = cMRR = netey 2 2 60db Sk. TE aR eR Ay, = 9:0% CURR «Oo leg 2el = Ged Conclosion: Large EHR Com , be achitved by ©a] Refer to Fig. P2-Fae Since the inpubt ofthat op 0M) dorat cleus ony tierenk \, Appters across a Ys fo Sk, & 2 =, fh soso y £195 nic ‘=n FoR a1 895x10': S0ln Gna ne IONE cone WL UDt Superpesition Ue FM, ee Yonlys vye es ya Balen % area aeeel Now iFouly U5) is applied “Yat dulon = lorxiRe2) ie Tht Eetal curiae Lie to both Sour ds ia. bos tose baa @ BR = Oe ty sg ee We circuit in Figure P27 %(@) hes ideally input eesishance,and it requires that bath termi Zrbeamilake while the other circuit has Finite A, iodbe h, Robb = 2olegiony As 1oAA inged raster Unik ore wide oF By qrvucten Ni gir A 3 aud? y lox3xto? = Suiot ! y, Ar s molly, | Ae ote my Sate og sp <8 e ee: olne Oye ae, of = 31060-32894 MAE maak ar Ne len Sent eSonte SARA of a1 He af €) AatB20 Mir ay Ay a 15000 ContBae 1 JF my & atone +8 " =/ooeHe Ne SE tt JAF my 0 tr Be etooYir — fuyy*! [Baoe ste aisomte wag, U4 Rey 2 18 HH ©) le Bee Dy foqbe tonne VoMHax 2= 25 ME fo Raat 900 sane 2OEHA oh --1090Y,, tyay= 2088 Fyn Bde Cin tons) = ae.e anna = Frayer Hue Ra = =o wey ahaa Sens Bente Me toy, ah . 9) Bp wt fy a2 S435 5 Oye Siar a2 ne fouy @ 426 ene Eq. 2.94 [nae Ot Fa, ; = L+ Be ato, faye? Fo iota |Ye| = oat, fp =Briee . FroeHE bor toy, -2oEM 20 Uo ¥ or fay DOME / Gye Baa 20 YY, [eee] = [23 Eat Sie are 16) 0.99

Ruan For Vomeny +10” by Reise SF owpak & aK Den Saisie ested loneapstosia Wo amet ge Os WS to” Th order te reat avyih hanes o1sps = (5A ps A015; 5 ie 72 Tore He winimatna pulse idle is 156) oy |_. \L}—, aa 2s pat, coc waniips vape a0, 08x10 tla trie vis 20. Si Slops of gle wanes 220 4 SR 15; Sie nt x2sond kD Lm (e Qrnssonuts 58 ve 2 100 “a haghath Greg utr af Hie Ths “wore the bg s La thek Pee One output in posite . ae .SKNEDutpat distortion wil be due ty sled Ral Uemitedion cmd will ousne ak Uae Fragitnty, For whith lve! SR oF aes Sueag tS = Nag = Bn cody ash = BB wp The outpat weil) distort ab tha value of We thot esol in din) Use 16, Sin Barons corn Te 25k Wop 920 Dour? O% 2 FOV UV, eScomi cosy Sled cole wegins ok the frequimey Fer hich nose Se heh gives wo = Vis a cal paale or Fe 383 or we Maowlr she kent Spach Prgoons 22 = Bae ts 200k? Thus the vat Ol Prequaniy, range iS Iuected of aoc 8) bor baste , the sted Ral Umitalinn odors at the vebwe of Ye given by wre =S@ at ste" lave Mie * Pan T xeric Sock am inp voltage hesevers woe uld idely fewit in am output of ShEV which exceeds Vig The Vie, = Mase e IV pear Ts << ots, cB) oy Mh. e4) Sint x 200 41%, « 200° 2Sinwt 0.4 e pa Ourput De offset Uys = ImViio0a = 3V Therefore the maximum amplibicle oF us ipa Ssisal Ts anaconda FER EH RScelag Roe chet ii eee hton a UENRANS, Nace ih el [L803 ] 7 [ aioe | _ = wen spec pik ee Boe + Bea Ys 35-7 Fo Tay Ry Far aSet) = Sect BAR, Ty, e920) 16000'ts, oO. On OO, HO22 ay 1h, aD Ail be) Vag 2 22 ol €) Inthe case ,Snca a Yes K Rog p Aso Ey, 246 holds 4 Py =2,lIRa, Lob, 0. therefore From &q. 247: I< Type BonKa Ips Leoos A thy no tg, - 1 F005 La jem Bq nH Taahy 4 AU, For fy, eL05M, Tp, 2095 pA Fron tie discasion inthe Aene we nova tat to minim’ be de output voltage resulting From the input vias curren, we holld waaite the tata DE resistance inthe iapube ot th opnomp emUeL Corea ste negative input Stes etinlana of RMR, = 8 [602106 hile The peSTHVE inpak cermbaal Sees Ska. Seren redaranee Therefore we ehasld ald Seres resistor bo the positiveinpnk terra to make the ableclive Resistance IASI” he resulting Vo tan be found as Fellow: Th 3 Ne be found lows \ TggelP atoely Be 12 a0 Te gl OR Ngo Tygaibd'e ROllzws.e trom! \, rom te signal Soorce resistance is Sen, thn the Pesisrantes addi SKA res! The outer component dus to ves is Uy vag cte tty %, Halim — The satpnteonponacl Hy dus €0 Tg or apa bias eument® is ty- goles, Tyyeh Jas Fe032Sua — Tas2 2S MA a notin) » ae aw A (8) eee 0 ma re The worst can eclargest) DC ofFsut Pakage aL He cubpak je 40H S0= 4st”r for Capouthively coupled inputs Via¥. Yas Ver Yos Yona Im ee, ool gation for capatibively coupled HesNos eBoy 23), tant micelle 70 i>. Show Capa Covad Pie tase [ae Ne ig aig in ssi ll Ae Te, oe expect tions cose 2 S00my We expect Mase quadehes te have apport Poleaurves. re j at 87] Won tt BR ay R= Ste AY) Yc teon rete 1s ihe oY > by Largest output offset if Vo ei", ‘e100 +01 4 2opeats ©) For bias eurr@ul Compactalren we towns BFS Ry te series wile the positive dapat” terninad of theopanp with: Ry Ry es 218 c1008 Ryciah nl isk Th oftser warrant alone eeculte mon arte eat voltage AF Tage R eioniate ine ate dy oom + Lan fonb strom Rye RURaakh Refer to24g) mr Tys WF we app WH Foe Gurew OS Ty the other end of Ry tit iF lh Lome uk the CRSA current eftech one outputs, Fo Neu (Fue use XISV Sopplies capably e ary instead by wath the cul Wovi in create by aac Contdp The Phase dosenct Change and fe oubpet Sat fends He pul by 90 t ws 23 wivk Vy, =2Sin 1ove e applied ok Me apt, Ub) 2s, Sint ooot 48) Rims =/00KR. CR als axce 1 pF Ut) = 9 Sia Ctvoat 9d) cas ive. aopich ppd cies abel? = Churrges with = constant Luerenk | Tee eolmh cand se unhage ober ual i "dt e40 ser) uf belo gern aed the vpltage reaches ard it reeches (0M ak eussiva ia page ito and the faite de gos is There fore Foy Hod dow uk have! or equiva Cater) The emer Frequency ye) as ise Re= 1 wr anaieteo b) with Res etd (Refer 60 pg. a) Wye) 2 Tey 2 OM a BNL des oahe Bet)a-vs0-2 5) oatput falls wnanly oki) a hd Ce Menkes Kt! Ze VA05). osy Ba) 9 \ | ye Pica hems fagedl nt) Bor goaey for 95466 108) Bede ost, Yas 0.6 2.6.6 Mrcther vay of Hinting shout thi cicauik fs 3 Patlows for ogt yas Ui & current 1 * Haigh Roud Cinta direlion ‘mdicatid oi Hs diagram. AL Lat 4 We wre kan Qebar yureLe hide indicales Hat dba Stpak voltage ce % | linanly deasecl, aang PSU ab bx0Sms, Then For 05.44 C1 the ase Me opposite dinclienend 1 wiser lintarly Mating aT ak balms : Bie gato: | ik ona Follows’ 4 reves) "yore Gano coer TERE is also doubled, Hea shy winut finn Bekomes the Saul as the is Mest ond Reams test cane Where, eh bse towers the output tltage by Oe (PY ae poms ge | vate oh Than ere a tokal oF oe puldes are required $e tauas odhange a& Win ey I a S 7 | Refer be fey. P2.Wa Ye e-Bue K. Ref o Ya T45eR, sie is an STE LP eireult with «de goin °F of td 6 le aqua oo TH. infak retichance equal toh So Poe Rie > Raika amd For degainat J0ibe the oily Gow Frqusmiy (3 Lod) te Mo UMA Ysa ‘ BOK foneANTS compencushe tor the elect of de current Tp, we can consider the bul aN ea e Similar to He discus Re Needing 40 09 IPR ps onnifiern pe: we haves (b) As disensved in Section 2.2 the de output voltage of the integrator when the input is Vos (14+ BE) oles Re Vy Bro y UM) 4 to WAI PEA a 803 "00H ed ist greunded Vou O.BI3¥ [ae Yoige - By — BRC 2-54 0.01410 410n 10%, 8 jy)» ja Wh} ct when ard! Oly oe Fan.suma Vo for au input Io kines this Prequanncy tha outpak i oe Wo Rimes as large os He input 10 peatateapeak. The cp indicalea that the oubpel Lage the capa by a8 That Ut = Sin kee A) vous aida Vee-cR de tareteaes fer ogtgos Gein ores oud U3 0 otturwice eek, Thus the pint value of the oukpel Squareuiant Maa heca 1 Graqunany et Han eepet He OlmAwioH HY The Graquhaay ob toa ovtp Ib the Senne OF the, tn pik (Kite) “The overage valut of tha oukpakis 0: & enh fia valut of the oakpub be ol Rtas be be remand to abs 95, ce 2K Wun a Lake, (V peak Gnpat cine wave i appl = Siw arcrcoot) ak the output by ane ot He allows ae sieusai dal sigue a cco fee dakar mined “6 bie Sioned ae 162s an 200 » Coo (324,100 063 =a Gos Canasooot) Thus tie peak anpitede 6 Gant ond + sats occural Ceo, at he magalinve peaks ccural Cxo, at cati J Bo Uw) we jORO ny US? -jrdRC Ot? Wa 0) jh ay Biju ‘ths eutpub is Unverted ond has QF phasasiit, tu te Gj) factor Vplty «= GARG) at Sin Ara fo00e 488) UU) «6.28 Sin C2 ttaaot « 22) Wet) «~ 6.28 Coo (an stosoe) Same as before OT pears of tie outpat awe Form ant equal Ls Rew(maninam slope oF inpok sav) Smee Ure mnorimon slope ocens ak tH Ye Crossings its Valu is Zrteooo Thut the peak culpol < Axweon Re « 6.280 The ntgyLve pink OceveS ak wtes, any. 2.4 Reloone Roe 163 when Bea-sRe Leg) he UB.) f2-% ay ; ahaays UByet mregseatfentnrs tines te nity he Jenin s when the brepusnty ib (0 Limes the nity fe Frepacey Siler for DIY, . (for watokredis ,gnin toy.) Foc high frauencies Cis shork-ciruited, & oo guia. aR eR & ches OF Reser Fer unity gainhio Weha'S-+1 Bust0. Kos + [Sal 210, te Ive AEE ay ogg = 1O0KRA/C orf ec te or abel tthe won oF om STC HP Filter with. & high Frequency gain Ke Ba ond ay B-Ab Frequiney oh ot ‘ The igh Prequaacy input” cmpelante apprnches Ry cas fa becenes raghibiiaty tonal), So Reich oy gs oF Hal wk tam saleck Yo Veta a ligh leigh Fra Cit 100) + BE 00 ® + By eI, Foro Sede triyvency et Tea te abe + 2ewteos ay Ce 15.40 fe EN Fran He Bade diagronn below Be see Phy Bede diag > that ous te unity ak Fro) fy slots ~— mek wre ede afr a Ke (jee Ble, “Res a Cle By Ho “by foro, <60 ho Ya gee Be C) for Byres ond wy >is rom the eesulty of of} aed ©) wit Lo dred the Gade pit Nath ane . — sale T+ a, Le ste C608 gal in eu wt feegainy (A my Ry ait Selena ar Wari boo «1 > Re § toni motige tNrloriPe a wy ga APF = saleye ee ay = The dyed can ba rieverse-biaced and thys ae current would Flow, or Forward ~ biased where. current would Flow OA VorlSY (0) Reverse biased (6) Forward biased I = SR Vp: OV z Diode is condveting and thus has % OV drop across it Gonseguretly ® Dede is cut off Ve gy D2 OA (©) Dede is conducting Ve kD Cuaprer 3 - Pronrems @) Diode is cvt off. (e) &) . conducting Vo. + +3V S De estos= So < i Gp ey [Yee SSE Eos Vpt= IOV Vp-7 ON Fetkity Both Ds and Da condvet when ve 70 Cy PES ei oy Ver =10V Vp- = 71! f= Veh, D conducts when Jer and Da conducts eukpot when U2 ° when (ey Uhl SY “When Jzpo, Di is or cutis anl ve followsr shen Ue <0, Di te conducting and the cirevit voltage divider becomes a where the nagatwe peak 's te + lov -5V Wear ikon ®) Vpr 12 Vee “SM f= this, “When Uz >0, the ovtpot Foilows the pot as Di is conducting, =When Je <0, Deis cot aly a the crevit becomeg a voltage divider. (pop Way “10 Vp =v Mp “AX, Fe Thi, twhen vr>0, Die extol) and Dae conducting, The ootpot becomes WW. > When Uz G0, Di ie conducting and De is cote. The ouput becomes Chmeter 3 Proaums ~When Ge < 43V Di conducts and Da is igeOA. For Ur >u-6V Da conducts and Di We cuboyy thos dis connecting the Input Ge. All af the corcent Then Flows through the battery» cubes 10Sin B= 4S = sm? So) conduchon angle = 1-26 Frachon of cycle that La = l00mh is geen bys ws TereCrnerer 3 Proetems igag? Ete at * Zand y are the same bor AaB #[00-E] high - R % BOkH- (&) Zee K- Y= nly @ BY ES i gad | 2 = tn rong. sopsgyc. ov wis $400) == . Bed ou Te tmk yb Di 2 2:5V LL A —o v= ov = JOkKR- o-C8) = Toe eS = = mah condvetne, ~5V = Ra Bove? B4kD (b) SV ae = Sys | owe 1s = mA The Aargest reverse voltage “ Sppearing across the dede is = Yama egal te 4h sonatas = 8 he peak mpot voltage cotnss comauching Roz = 1eq.7y = Va —_ i j *-Say = RB D> “$v D starts to conduct when B>o = si¢ + Gir)e20 * n SPREE te ps sR : (onnyrre * 6 7 2SU EYe ' ay| ry it ___+. Vo, pant = SY a Seay = 4 > +[ L Ay pees “hoo 3/2 ip,ovg * 2s 1omA 8" Fog * The morimum ravarse diodt voltage is 3B. & sv aly oF ‘ [mT 4v sav = ¢ aa . ae Ua, prok = SY. Us,avg,* foveees TEESE. 2 vr ico 2o,avg= to rek/e = mocimom cavace voltage * We Ea = +t > hes s® * a conduction occurs Ue = ASin B= 1L ~ conduction across D ecvrs For a conduchon angle (ir- 20) that ts 20% of a egele Te26 2 4 ow 3 8-037 k= @fsmo= 14-83V So Peak-to-peak sme wave voltage 2 2A > 29-G1V Gwen the average dicde current fob 2 1 { Asmd- 2 d= womh R zR= 375Q. Peak diode current = A > O-75A Peak ravarse yo Hoge = APIL= 26-83 for resobors specified to only one significant digit and peak Yo-ptak voltage the nearest yo then cheese A*15 0 the prak-to~ peak xine wave voihaye Rr 33. Condechon starts at Ur =ASinBri 1SSmO *I1L = 0-93 rad Con duchon abeps at tT 5 eo Trachon af cycle that current 1-28 SOS Uh ee. eocanie % 20. Average diode werent = 2 = 136mA Coot 2a" 20.93 Peak diode euprant ie) Ss ih Pea 3:16 Vo RED GREEN 3y on ore =D, conducts, ° Orr ore = Ne currant Flaws “3Y ore oN ~ D2 conducts BAT Ve = Ye share eo 138810"? Mk T* 273+ x%C. ge beaxoe =HO 2p ° 23.5 40 27 150 36-5 for Vr > 25mV T = 16-8°C tebe Bie, Tfaxo-025 ws 2 34ugy ab we FV = oto t= Tse= xy eh weit) T= stot) OMS = aes ae ee ony | 46 mA o8V | 273.21 mA Oty | 3-35 mA OoV Fl GS uA ‘sé 1, 9 (ers dy 2 103) > Tee" ; wavy 228 16, 2B OOS 2 3-21 Te ealevlate Te use -v/n Vfano02 os et eh er enon To caleviale the voltage at 1% of the measured currant use oot: 30 ine 3 z Savi iz = 9.01 2 @ Ve = We erin OO! = Vtno 026) In Coron) 0480 |ImA 0650 |1OnA, 07 own 3-22 a Vilave Lit T= Tet and. Tp= Tee*h* + Bifo Caleslak A by i= SE wow 22 = eo ie =x ee o wel Catevlate Fs by y meine" Caleviate the dede voltige at 2 BYP Uy = a Veh OZ‘zz | Vs it Cv} tont | 07 | og [ee Inf | 07 | o-~ oe 108 | OB] op °4 ImA} 0-7] 0-58 0-8 Wn OF] 0-4] 1-042 | 2452157] 0.4 a “O The vollage across each diode ts Yo/3 Wee, Eis Ty et oo 6 7 3:6 lmb 2B aA With one diode the current Through iE is = ie t-tse With tio diodes in parallel, the current splits bahween each diode so that the dicdas each has half the current Ye fave SE: Ee z Te = ett x “The change in volhage js AV = Va Wi * Vp Int) Se. e o-) e ®+8 v w(oo-r,ews az,wt fas 10(0-01-Te) = ooze ln ( 35) = V2 50x10 ZT, = 1olto-rm)e Z.(1+ we") + woe” Ty + S:FEmA Gyan for each d084 Says ae vmey one = Tee ee tox = Tse ba @ 04 faco-028) @e jo snto-028 N= t3F Ve Mew = rte In(H/i) = Bont 173 (251073) In (et) = 30 he b4mA R= B0/;, = "Ay = SEI 37 Aa A consravr TEMPERATURE , THE DiQdE youTAcé OAOP wan cumenr acconeime TO CNANBES 13 1079 (493 « Tene °C) 16% jor? 35 [100 [=50 Zo | 383] 17-8 Asia gngenven cus R ir FA BOS the vollage may vary by FS Om fer the 25°C “peyprahove. variation BZBhHEhOKO For danhial carvents Silver fate ye ma ee From the about skaklh wa sa tat th eperahing point must bie behvten vi Oe and 0-70 and ix O&t0 Oma. Fo Bid the point more aceuraleliy on ealarped graph 1s HE VOLTAGE OIFFEAENCE BERUIEEY THE THD plotted 5 Few Q100eS 1s FO.9TY >» cutee. ye Lso-Bmb= 10 e Neugudl, RiadeiMe Tae cat bond ami vane => 0+ 6¢0-F mV By REACTOR OF 3 [0.5 mA To hS nA) WE Bierek 18, lowes jOlTage Hise GE For 2 0-Umb = o.a3 V+ 3 D> os Cot A ald ce Fen 1k CHAREE RPFECHS DIFFERENCE VorTRe HOOES simtite 198 ConsTar Yer tha load Lines U= 660mVa> b= 0-34 mh e UE CFOmV => L= 0 B3ah je wer where nz] os oa ee wh o> 0-6Y 0-02Gnk “6 A cktleh o} the graphical eonstushonte (nd) dLteemine” the “oparnhing point is Shows below - i= 0-337mA W= 663-4 AV conT,rr Comparing The graphical resolts to the cer poranha gue: a Yieor8 At t= O83tub = 10" D> C= 6G3- mV wohicl 3s ay ees 63-4) = 9-2mV Oeater Fin the abae Pond qrapieally! 3.33 Sterahue Analysis tee Hy Te Ls es. anh 1 av v= 0:26 |m(23,) = 0-6¢03V LE l= 6@0% = 0:3393 mk t #3 o> osin (2 2343). oo Ti did not change by mock stop bane oe ©) Ihratine Analysis owen Ups 07V ot ips ae 3 thes U2 = Cp too05ln 7/2, fo for T=1-S mAh #3 720-920 roost) ise oy ae = OHEV = 2a, #y v20-Hetrowgln (HE) 4b Bn EFF eo» fr Fr ss = = = oaDecwahon of “devati ue equation () we o-WV ip = 320% - Imh 2B wor both theas cans the diode is cabel ak lek Cor {Q_ Yop = 2M R= 2% N #1 rey 203 #3 OF ostl+ ° tog oer. O-eSD SEV E=0-B ey oat #2. veotrorleg@f) i, = 20.08), Soorly = 0659 mh 3 veoenrollog(S388) ioe =0-Gk2V) © Yoo & tt) Uzotd #2. W044 ot 109 TO igs HPL = 1 23544 -0-6Y #3, r= 0-6 FON oy A ©-6I2y ee rs o6r24oiloy eas = O-GiV ies 293 = ob tt ro. bog Teas = ould ©) Yor R=0.3k. al veoFy = Inoar par 0:06 log 2) o-oo V soe lent O-G4SN ro 06 lon TE D-o4sy Bois Lira (9)__Voo = HY Ue oF ae (0 toakg 1s = D-6LON ¥e a ‘i - 0 GAD ve orstorortley FH ips os, sea = 1343 mby ay 3, ue 8% +ontleg TEE 2p S4eNu iad vane we osaorowleg isis = BSG) bp = sith ate ht) Von = 0-SV R= 30kKQ_ AV Lt UE oy 2. 2 ve oF ro-t ley IM lp = 05-0362 3p =0-36zV = YABB he as = 6-882 +g $85, = 0-364VN = 4: 367A ay 2 08694 Olly SE Lys os -baeu 20 20+ Be4y = 4-533uh Bi \ 20 864+ 0+ log (4533. bg 209-0: VEO: 8 9 (438 toa = 0-366V = 4a CtA te o$-0.368 Usp scerol lg ge lps 80 > 0-368U Sea: ee 4s 05 0.966 ost leg fwe > aes ips #60 336 lov Ve 2 20-75V R p/n 3Y toe Tee PAS is ; ie ‘ La eo = con,; x Mensa, we Up = bore bor OO : Rear rire” = F389 ah jo-3 1o-3 se Re See 1 = 0. HR Ib er 33 Proce wise near modal = = tls 7 st ideal ot %b ~Vo0 74 Z Gwen Voz03V lps tmb nea, The currant theovg the dhede is gen * -Vo0 wed, ro Gnd eae ra wat bers Meotana’s Using the expornhal ~nodsh to find fla “died voltage a (Omi Fp Ure 8G udng the ginen fk: ip = OF ~ Veo & zim @ {p> O-819-Vop_ = 1OmA © iy @ => 0818-Veo = 10 © 0-7 -VUsn Veo = = Using the piecewise linear m odd OORT => Upz0-6R? + rl Using the exponential model, bee. ent 2) Ups OF + ‘oy oslo) ‘ews FAPONENTING. Error in Rene Gan) Use CY) (mil oS 0-643 OES 24 5 0-751 0780 oS 14 086g O-eSe 34 “3 hooking ab ha copy of Fie- 3:12 below, we “ae af tps mk > Ups 0-7u ip= WOmh > Ups ORV oo slope= 1. = i = = goat(2) The load Ine intersects the exponential mob ob: Ua oF3N by = amb (BD Ths fead Line kersedds the sheaght-Vine modal at A ary} points wrare beaters Up= o-4V in= zm. | Sieg ine Stope = 3-40 se me ae cs le | Calevlaking the paramibers [> 4 Voo Gor tee bathiry plus redstor model : _ inp to= Tee n=\ ~~ Jor in 0-1 Ip =H Odor = 0F+ o-0a5 Ino Gor to= oly ea load ine. | Gn Vico) Up3 = 0-94 0-026 Im (10) = O-F758V nl 7 a 0 im e tof Me phonnett [7] sign tine 8 Not thet sin the spiutrahons cared for all of the diidus ave gens , LL pepicion et fot ON; Ha gad qitanesrara ; Sree He samt as the velhge charga for 4 Pes ralaiue currents are “ondegandert 3 nbersecbon to Ip 2t 3| x Signe Dp ais. 1 S atpo PA ete Se 7 : OOF OF Bak OE 1a hh eo Um= VYoot Int © Yea Urg= Voot im © o-oo Ves -Ubu= (les- ioz)5 cons,0-788 - 0-642 = (0Tp~01To) & owe > +7 Tg T= Q:0u3 © ip For (ay Ep= Imi = f= O-0 1 (b) To=th (© To> un oo 0-642 = Yoo + o1Ty xo-oe Tp = Veo + ©: 001% Voo= GH I lo = rot tp yoo. @ = bol (V-0-#) NO = Lau For V22N @ R= 1k At Yo = 0-4 Vo=0-6) Cpe = dm 2 LH 2 |-08 Loy M3 Thus Hh prrantege Arffarener is Vp = ha 126y, pars of dinds S is close to the wee W pall te sept tho corcont ob ¥ as 3-42 Constant Vollage drop Mode: Using Ud = 0-7V = Loe Y 0-9 R Using Up =O! > tors voo-6 R oo Ve 2[os +04 tog St =125v Ne2B =D Use 3 cats of diods Ve 2 (0% © o-tlog SB) = Layps. 44 3-45 Pracawiad lintar modal fa a half- Reler to axample 3-2. ~~ Consranr wane vechbuir Voctage +100 ideal, T2200. @© Dror sbpet- 5 etre WKR Fb OL0-2 » Om a Voo=0'6SV +e Ovve-t-ogian 1 = we O-03vp—_] Ve= Ur-Vbep , forte 7\bo Bk | © ~2F410 Tork 5 = 18omh This, Us = 0.492(ve-o 1S) fer ~0v od xs * VO. Uso for Ux OSV Blots e L—.yr is £ obit Skakeh of Kausher characterise = . deo Y cay o cote =, * atey}- A® slope= DA a base ~ov = 1a L0)-0F = jag) V6 a To ie 1D Yar VT= ~10+ b2q(1o)so-% = 2-60 3-46 |(a) cok of, oot of V> 3-Z(ie)=3V_ s Fook W ~3v 3v < Qs 2313. 0-Giah etal = eon 1 Hg = PRY av }z- oe = O-65imA, Vo 140-4 = IV. (wot/20) k bs I £3 ie seror st og, (ten2e)r 20 =—=Ss Ve 20D = B98V iss Gr de & opme= UF, oe 2% cop 2002 =~ OP Revs aba = 3.2910, So —s Ruvarar voltage = ROVE = 16q-4V. | The besign is We some Sue Wa ane a eg 35 | Battery pus resistance ymedal Wood Woo = Bi a9 | ees | since. the diode has 10x the art Fp 1s Wo ac. big A Ve= Vpo=12. oor 2 Condvchion starts when Ui> \2-Wpo LE> 12-66 fe 24 SHB = 265° @ = 0-555 rod Conduc hon anit = T-20 = O81 vad Frachon of = 2038}. for ees “an * 2323Macirn on the dd cavers voltage otcors acres whi TAT js ok hs foot grate ond ie gual to 244 ire For @ cunnant Inch totioh, > SY ho os bon. = = 0-4 fo I} toy bY= =2-634 WN te 2-383 mV ns} 52. Using the 2a ponenhal odel, A Wine lo= Ts 2 FoR ph + 10mV ciance ‘ fn ine tose ivy haqz wast faap = nen % cnanges B= x100 ips Zs (\ 4a2~1)K100 = 4.492% m4 (122t1)x100 = 22-44% Fok ~1om enanac im = | ivi 67 Ae} SP ones) { OFg nd To cnange =) 0-H) 00 (0.8194) 100 = - 18% nee Each diode has the current. i= oH p> tt = oo1k Each dede has a coral sugnal. tesistane 2025. 2.69, Tor one dodo conduchungy On fae Vr, 2 O02E | 1 = St This ie fhe same eo «We com thik of the paral conmedion a> agvivalink to a single duodt havinsy HO tints the Jonchow aren This large ode of cach diodeis Fad with (OF the earnent (or Ge ale neo. MOIR) and this exbubits the = same srall~ signa oor r fotT a ERUNKIENT CucoiT For the currant change limited to FiO% eof rg walny thee Te Aid tte small cignal eemapene® saponinkal woth ia “gat 0) ofan the ke currut source T, i tu chart the capacitoys Cy awd Ce. Also rplam the diode ute Ws small signal vents tamu:LVS -2-63mU_ bo B-3o mw) This is Rae anna the eotpot will vary Ger a (Oe chanqtan diodt ecarrent Diide His by the specie Qeis gintn in the pron to Fuad, Ba Fink on te sapst saved AUs= QUE Vo/0y = “263 nN) 23 mI @ BOE i w re. low | EM Us, (wang ©) cae 010025 |6-26 to 4-76 Dt 0-625 | 2-3 to 23 0-04 025 263 to 238 9-004 2-6 2680 tp 230 net op) tm hv Dd tn ete wD ate Amity small signal modal when D) §Dz ace oy fe Se (Dela Tee WAPuh T= ne za > oS = aS-pasQ. =a = 72 Jes Siz, 2. = 0-001 Ve Fay late au © Gy> 22085. Fg = 2S a oso Ao F010 22-5 > 25:26. Sehr. = GOIN, @ T= t0o4A Th = 200uh Gg = 225, faa = 225. 4 fooxi0% oxo 2 250/S- 2 2F PED Ve. = OVA Ay a —— &) E=eo0un fa = 2025, Geo xe = pr 6EEa THE BIAS CURRENT Ww EACH bes ZIVpA tHe D10De aesisrowue Boe 4 2.5k0.. 7 tim we err SisnaL Te A maxiocum OF (O/, BIAS, THE CURRENT syanlat must Be pA. Ties, THE sianne vourace Acease NSTARVEO" Q10DE wit BE TV WHich 1S RePROX MATELY THE We TO WHICH THE WpUT SianiaL. he SHOULD BE tim ITED,| Tima) | wale, CW o o io" 0.147 | 0.0! 0. 6¢7 0.1 0.95% 1.0 0.995 id 0.9915 (b) Ie THE stenac cunrent i$ To BE timaeo Te EIOT, tHe cyanst ms O10e vouTags Any, cau @& FOUND FROM =@ Avg [ovr 2 04 To ht THUS, FOR n= | Aan < 2.63 WV tot 8.38 MV of ApptoMmateny 24.5 mV leconm) For me DOE cURRENT To Remain vita £10% oF meta de gras CURRENTS, THE SIENAL VOLTAGE ACRaSS EACH QIOOE MUST Ge LimrreO To 3.5.\) Newt Mepean = Hom WE cans OBTAIN THE FOLLOWING SITUATION 42SmVe | #LSaV- re Lf] 1a Vp = PAsaV= | +a, SmV- We see ruar Vee SaV avo j- Sod 2 0.5 pA Wha , Twas, EACK ONDE 13 CARRYING A CuRREAT Siewat of 0.25 mA, Fon Tis To Oe at most 10% oF tHE de quaRenT, THE de GuRRENIT IN EACH DIODE must OE ar ceast RS yA, Dr roows war TWE MINIMLA YALLE OF ae Spf (e FoR T=! mA, = 0.5 mA, ano 60n taximeser Sena. oF (0%, Tp 2 0.05 mA Tes ig= Big = OlmMA ana tHe CORRESPONOINS MAXIMUM Vy 15 OlmA x Oka 2 lV The cORREsPoNG me PEAK WUT CAN BE FOUND BY DIVIdIe Vy BY THE TRANSMISSION FACTOR QF O.995, THUS = [OO5V Must Vina = ghdk f * a3.58 Opaning the current source we gat the Followring small-signal BVe 2 -2x2 10028 xe tomas > -182 my For 15 fh eeveeSketch of cotpot :- we 4 ¥ v [0 UAB,26d @ Ve> Veo +l Tir 5 tos 46 * 7 x B0RI07 ee 8 Pousee rating, Ve = Vaot fe * 2Tar = 4G + exIBOKID> = loa P= Ib-Y xoxo (® VerVeo + G Tar G1 2 Veo + 30x loxto™ Vao = & Ve= ¢-&+ 30 K20x10> Pe 94x toxio™ © 6& = 66+ 2K Der Ter = 10008 Ve = 6+ 2x20 KIO >= ZY P= Fx2ooxoS = pou NE (4) [t> 12 Heexsa1o & = leon Ya =I#-2 + 160x wx =(g-¢V | P= wx lono> = | © FAH =Veo +1-Sx 20xt0 ! Veo = 2:2N Ve= #24 15x Yoox io = 7-2 Pos RR xu@KIO> = 2120) 3.65 G) The 80 rere provide BxGS = 20-4) with 3x1o-30 feiistance - Nagtusking Ry we howe Load Ryslaken = -30°™/mh (b) For BV anno ut ae ¥ drodes to provide 20°4\) with 4x30 = (AOR uusishance - Load sagulahem = 120 Vay 3-66 Small eignal medal for hae vay laos 93.2 a eng eo SR Te a2 | Vp = Veo + Pe Ley FI= Vago + 5< 384 )0F Veo = 8.16V Ve * Veu + 5Ip 20-16 x 5THUS Vo =4+7.4V to +7, éV wire Vte lV avy D,20 Vo =Vzo4 He ~ 0.03 0.85 27 Vp = 7.55V uv Tz = aA a 7.82 gq +AABO x 1072 © Vo which 1s 7 Toe Re W785 2 350.0. na kQ ho ° % it Fa Avt = tiv AVA =e tly 10.03 5.950+(1,37) 0.03) et OMVDesion © limited current: from 4V supply Seconp Lar 0:25mh Vv; = Van = Ve0 = caleulake Yao font Ve> Veet Te Lar G¥= Veo +5 KOT Vao= FV Re ter = g2er O28 ee 3.64 Line Recwanon 2 MWe = ZB Us 7504-9200 ariv Groen Pocnneres 75-4 me BV re=62, R 2Omb —— 8M ey 3-70 a 1s knee x A bas Tex=o'26mA | T, 2 F502 Fest Design ~ 7¥ supply aan easily sopply currant. oak | det Dye 20m ~ will etont Luejee BEBE BO(O-OD = 9.3) Tee T8/k2 = 1-Bmh Tee 10 +913 = IF 13 mb HB Re 15-913 = 306-50 i 913 | 00.2 | = %€2430/I6-Ve _ .* (S35 = t) = 1033 - “Mo - Move Va * 4-l4y Vez #73 #30 (! wae [rss x 1s EouS]= THteRv Fe EOIBY variahon in ootpot valige Halting Ha toad eucrait = RL dovbling Yes 8834 20(15 Ve _ e..) > 1033. gagy fer (2M tmeranse. in We h26- G4 oatpot vollge Mr tha edge of the byealebeuon cation Ve2Veo 2-3 Den -0-auh ie ea \3-8V WS" TES=863 ops ZB ODE See ne oT 25782 O3mhy # Aouust ov pot voltage. = Fav kine Rag aladion. = fe. _20 Rr 300+30 > Vv om tos : ; nV ood Ragolahims = ~( 8) > -29-1.88 (@ Yar lo Vaot BI Yao + 7 (0-028) => Veo" 2-925 © The minimums cusrank of. Emit cena whim Ls 20mf and Vs 8 al i mivnimw of 2 (1-OAS) = ITY. See the creck tow: Re 15- (Yao rT) 2OrS Chine Rglahon 2 2 033 WW gv 205 +h 228 chenge vn Vi F25V Vo changes by £5433> £165 mVcre te te oN Wan, ee Loh o a i veo = ate In (he) = oF leg GBs) OF O11 log, &) Rink. + 0-8 +014 Ing (2B) Uo) %(v) owe on 8 or \ oF 2 093 uF 5 oF 69 to og fox 3-26 J Ween, OY 2 a po & Fa.Vems Mp, ROVems. Gok. Vo 712-0 = le 2ev Comduretion hagine ot U3? BNE Sine B 2S" (SR) 20-0412 rad Condochon ods at Te co Condvehion angle = 1-20 > 3 “ha dicda emacs for a a1wos 4EDK oF the wycle. we Vo, avg, + RESap- oF ap= VE ~2¥p = OVE -14 > Isstv Peake yolloge across & We FE -Yoo = 16 2 Conduction aback at 8 2Sn" SF @ = Sint fe = oOo rad 20.0412 ma Frachin of cycle that 4 Dz condect ard ands at! 1-8. Contvchion anf a WES: ake REO FTO = 8-06 rad in anh bell ar — cycle Thue “the prado of w ayes for wbich ora y] the to Note Da 93 Dy conduct ik tha olf fe 2tana)= Valh cya ar thet ave indie veondust = 228), ,00 F4E I> condwetion interval: 712th eu a. es Note Hot ap 9F-4 My fH ee ANTSin@ = Wo AG how itl he Conddaclion « lad winch of the tome obceeles eonelicete for Z ft DE tosh ~ ve Ae tare ia. for Li ° yee» LUUE tere) — 14 (28) r Tr Yo=0"V conv.For tho 107 lo= eV, -0F D> Vs = le-eiv fers, rake > oh aclby goJe _ let ok cmbes bared os) WD Fv Teaug » toov Ve = E (to0-4) = ise-2U Turns Fate = 12002 _ 1.97.4 voanth = Lett aE om Dm 8+635:1 cane ld 3.FO Refer fo Fig 8 2%, For Wo 1O¥ Ve = Bont sieeay Jars Rabe = 20% 2 9.499 4) ha ee ® Rr Viyoeg = 1000, Ve 2B Wd = 1589 3V Turns Bakio= GO = 1.06540 | 61S 3-81 ROTO le + 24 4a 10% =D tens Raho = Gs] Us = 2H + 9%, z Piv= 2VAL= Une a Re yp SOR = cue “sitet ag deicke owing RG Pid aahay of SV. 3.32 The earenit is a Ful wom rathfor with Canby fagpaol The esol pun ka hethirs at ver contySad by and UeTE choosing a dasde , a. llous A eafely angina) ispive VL = eS + = i. q + ten =O. es ae @\e = Ne oe £4. (22) Hoga ie Vpvang = gluse oe dp >1S assumed a Me oa i ES Scay OnMlerYoo) = (Y-woe & = Sto-F ay zie 4 an Vs SW = 24-6Gy eixgoro® * 166+ tur Hage enone anemdany tornbor (it) Gy URs 0 21(yp-Voe) = Qp-Voe) eR + 2Ms= 49.3ay C= 1667 uF Low hang at Dy @ - © See0y 7 Ve ~Yoo - EVe one ne Pe enV c {eo F(eh-o3)o1 st (h-0) Big7\i~ ah) 8) Waug> (atz-0-8) (1-2) 5 gid cont.® 5) Yer conduction ong = woe = a Mie -vos) 4 (230) we Rane He TRO e-0-F) i or) = = oz 2 O'4U vad we Fraction of cyst fer conduction * eva ir x 100 P= onthe i) watx [asco 6 Vp-0-% Frachon of ug ele = PHL 100 = 2.28% OW vu * (331) inang’ ab « fae) ) = hes. (ear [ 2Geaimd R v 4Cp-vo0) ) Bi) teavge Wd foe po) a MS (ie) = 2RSahs NE deck nere Tee hut kine wae Weed, geug> Meche Ze R ecewnatL. |e Seere thick is mee Od lope ® Te (ve ar wires) ) 2 tea (ree [Fa ) ii) ipgude= 16 2 ( wl ) i a . ps B84 i) Vir= o-1(¥p= Yoo) = (Yo =Voo) a2FCR Yh, Sachoy of 2, ascaunte— ee for dhicharg occur Veh hale of de paxiod Cs \ Géryei © 2660) w3x0 it) © = —1____ x 33 up 268) 180-01 — (@)Ve= Vp ~Yoo - 2Vi ~ Whe)(1~ 82) (629) (- a) = Ss i BG het i) Ya= (te-2a) (4- ii) Yor (e-2a) ( logy ® (O Frackonaf gyda 2 2WAE 196 . 1 v -afred x100 K1DO =ii) Frachon of Cyetas lash ais = eS © us (334) i) toyag = Xe (on f=) = 85. (1 ‘al ttn 5 ii) tovavge a @ ver 0208-35) O41, « TL (1raw i) be xf vaur [as] Ve = 0:1 (Ve-Wror2) Nb Wo ae discharge acars enly ewr hr ede % C+ Wp -ro) 2 (p= zee) HONER H) 21 _ 5 gah em) FR Wy Frachon of ayua> HABE x10 @y isavgy? W389 (4, nee)- Wd ake i) tong = 15:49 (3 /yese) + 28bah ©, © Uo M99 (ser fF) eznsah @)& > ttt (some) « 386 sal os i t ve Ve Vo, ame = Ve -Voo = Vp = t¢-2V Vems3 1% = 14 Nae © (&) Vez Wyoee) & (2-20) ai boxe xI6D(a ian © bo, avg = Te (1+ 2p) ) ¥ wing Tas Tioug = 1B. tak hae by, PrV= Wp -Voo) + Up (tar D) = 206-7) 07 = B22 / Zo Using a SO%> margin Dive ns(a24) = 49U (a) Uning &% (3-4) doar = Eu (1+ [Weve >is (+ wi Be. = OF3SA © Using &,, (3-28) lowes i (Oost) Bs (1 am ) RMS Dotage aenoss secondary = > exe? * ie > 23-0V Sat (6 Us, “y &. (R22) Ne: Sige Ve > Req * Gxeer eergs 7 & C= ged. 4 weje tev d= e+ Mo = F-4U Ootlege = hE, [RNS Stemdeny Delbey Ht «23H i P(e ~ Ne woke: we got the 26.0 sane vat. Fy Cos Ie ‘the Fall was rchfusr FF ZxGORE TBO as duchargs is oot ; The same ant twa. ce Hdd we Te aultia. pads “the samt — 16. ¢ ) 1b “eof, fords ——— etage abate PIs lo-(h) of Daso-Neo = lot oF = lb BV Flowing a 50% wag D Uasy 3°34 Roa = Ce (en [Wee © tes @25) downs = Zi (tee have ) = tr + THY "fea ) ! > 36K Rg % eur] Jue Ur aut we wav ~ioy — Bing ot Dering He dade 's off, tatiana, Yar capaho, Machen gis Rema be ruaishy Receding to: a on tlk Ver 43 ONS asi Yer) oe Ue * 43 4-3(i- Ter) = Veg 43. NG this 1 &(33 ae 4838) 7 0-93V Ue,avq = Vo~Vbo = he. Ur 9-3-4093 0-43, 4p. = TM Ae Avs 0073257 = 0.02375 mas cont:© °C Chase goed 4 harps bos Aang conde chon Devavg ke = CU > Or worn? x 0-93, be o-0rszs w/o = jooxi0"® K 40K10* * gh Loymax = Le,max © be pax 24 Vermox /\se = 4+ FF hwo > 407K Note that im thts saat Epavg = Lonas te He Setter nga (eis ad ie ts appronmately long dich nf aoa =p fin to Fig 382 and cb capauter Cou commstad aeroro s0drof the toad sualalers R. The hwo anpplice, Sp eed og ae dedticel Brehin a flea rrehpur daniitans bo Heat hoard ov the eetie — Jypd~ for soel, supply, tte de owhaat is SU and the ripples ‘SIV pitwde- bo poole «Shun or 155 11, & follows That the pak valar of mae chreiut wevat be 16-64 OF = Jo-2V, Vellage actons accondary = 2(o-2) say VU RMS across secondary = BBth = 22 Vine Turwis Ratio = 225 Gag: Ral a 5-242 1 tise 8. (8:35) bo fid (seam [Worve ) = 370A, Ur = ee =| Eq, 28) 2FeR TL DISCHARGE OCCURS oven. T= oh g 4 >c- #8 pRB Nhe R= 5 3* T58- Considur Ds Den) volun looking a PIV = PIV over DS cont.Fe Porws Gre i Se lee 23BrFV Allowing Fey 50% sabi margin PN * 15 x8IF = Dike eq © pd daoge Te (w vd Rle » oa (1s wJRFR-) 45h laa We= Oe (1+ Fe) =2Ue when the didde is cond- veting @) Oe=nY me2y » Ueszy verw Um = 63 Uss 43Y Us WL Lee O57 Dy couch, De stot OR <0 Dy cabaly Dy condunels ~ Jo_ et slope =1 Ve 0) Urs JV vez ov Gy = ORY - kupa Da of} so no currant Flows thro fe ‘$ Uteow ~ ane rd, () Uz = av aos. Ve= ou De + UW =O Virb qndas ngatve Cardone” Scho Huey RK. @vrs-2 > ve=2V pen oynde ches te tondect abup s0-5V f Ev aw + tancomel the died vondocts 344 @ eC 2ESY the deeds fh and te diet suduae tor Go Vo With the dade conducting we homes ay fis 20-0 ce-eoN eo 4 Otzy ZA), aggueses § | oN | —o Ue Sh DR Per k Ss Pr Wee ~v DgO2 Don Dion oFF DLOFF dor UR ASV ~Di on ok ivy % Imat DAV of Ue = 2B+ EAL 3-2 For each diode oa ope = pe A — a az, So Oe We22-he-aey = yee i { ree 4 oe For the zener dude. \ { | +e Veo ozo oF ere 2-2 2Veor xis? Veo: F-0V B2y ' x20 I i i i eek a Dew The Imrter Rvesholds ove * (2x0-68 +¢0) > £9.30 For Ur > @3 (aswillas fH Ur <- 4-8) To Bie lerte | 3205). sogqv TKR tmatiate iearstay” ST contDy on I Bie eFe tts ovones 1 Ba PPO DADy, Bef S—Aeclore ——A] Dy, Dy~ OFF Soa 398 her. = et Go ve iy he ” Dy t are For Dy Gwar i, eS aus wh & (6-0-9) > ndri(!Phmte) = oI leg (- \ ae cean tind, = Wes] Wom BAY 4. % eet ve DF [0 10 °F © | A oa ie uncon i ae Be & RM oe w ee AS 2 = z Te Te Oa ony sabia. “St 210 (v-0-7) Cy ge forDe: Ur= Ue= 10 % ¥ e+ Ee Se if %tort We Hea wong pce, tte pode ditches S260 ——— 3 Vier s160 he Ninth renin = Th the Wn hig, regio jeou_ ots —<——= woos 7 OT Jor Ur = 10V Ue= Br0.2¢ (10-28-16) * day tor Uz> “100 Vo= Us = 0% Fo-Llea ('%ox) @ be Varo DD oy >T=0 Ts De ey Ua Merle © Fer EKO DyDa YD Ue=0 T=-T) Uy= -(Y repr) Un= -(Ve +t) conT -points Gy Un 70 | Ups, Voy |U8=Uct Yoat by | Un ool 1a bz ot 150 io ot bet 260 o3 10 230 on baz Baz. oo zey 44 OG 2p Si¢ Bke 4A 2 We De Wise, YP) boy k \ua. &fDs ‘ao fee. } Ab currents toy 2 laf , Om 20-7V Lt Un =o-4V Uzp SAV CONT.Dieonduchng tp =O a =% att Uy tsa fica” Row 5 foset lisas figs ase i 1% food [rawr frowe. , ee wo fow |22 ea a Sf 2F37S ow Jory [egy fiz aay Go 2415 to forse fags [at-7s 70 B0375 BO 32825 Yor the Di, Da arm combinchi | %O 3.6325 He Geller mg wae fe +20 © 20 ® a es jane 2D es pp re pas Ng ) Here the ane hwo afferent fae constants jnvoluchs To cateakate the owpub, tule at ahah ue The drcctarge and terge mantles. Dering Ate 7 eT vas We MPT! Tire. swe t % a i ° qa eTown veh for Tee ee Wha We Ci Ter) = % Coe) wohere meet Daring The parted Te uel= IM ete at Ya and af Te whee aes wee Wale % IN (Fag) + Ma] 2) Now Vi tVel=20 => VWelwlah oo enh (MY 220 => Vi Hl ye|-22 7 Yor =200 fom @ 4@ we Od Bok Vi= 2Ve, we saaing © ond SN gus BIW] =20 => Wolo ¢9v Vi = 13-33V_ The veaulk is + Rav Lf = 6-6" contaes OE Nios dec. pV -669V S4 xi0™ Fes WIZE foe. k= tenn? ey. m Pachon y ranged akeas = 2/5 610s Ts 2933p xtc Te ni Srachon (Kk) (ag Eee 253 _2-GR x10" 637 %10% 231s sg x10 293 FEE KIT aac BIS eyyxio™ 284 x0" 31 6x19 9 10 Biot ) inhinsic siheon DCP He + nHe) = 1 Tene Creo cute + rene” 41380) 22ea 10” Suscm Reem = 2amck iH © . (5 ve) 1200 FB» 0 225 We = 0-62 2-4 Re 8/3 = pk © 2 dogsol No > ttn Neo = Ni*/rve S72) xp em (4) Pdopsd Na = Pro= 10° /om> —_ = = BC troAe + leo Ma) @R= vey wy = o-aaasd (exo) OF 2-25x10% 4. conTdi? . we0tro - ho d> w x 226 x0" exio# -4, 2 2.25 x10" sxe = -bexio"t y (2x 4 xio® Sew 3.10 L Kew Tage = 2 Cine Pir) © Mew Targe? 8a par PAP) E = 8 = ber0"(ioZas0 + 10% use) * iba nok = IS *3BG uA aii 5 ug po ye roxtot tos om Aw sNe Bee DED eee No we Tange Zann te epre)e > 10 A wer Bl pwann py A)e 2 I A, 2 bexi0"N(1350Ne) ioe = 10° Ne = Y6xi0 fr® he 400K VIA enue (408) ‘taamer = Swed (uve) 2 2 = 24x10" Npes a Na Bs - poring Bigs Bee tes, A Zonceurenrion cats camps ents Fh tune nsic so yo Bq IE Jo hoo 4oo 2 10 to wo «tte ae lo 360 150 = +Sesh Dy = Vestn Dr = Vite = 2:08 Uy fs] Vor Vr m( 2 hte Waeg 9. denrsee » |r) eee 7 mi weae' (aR tp) © SP KIO ony eSB zihi ns Bas NA 2D xr 0:20 am 228 an 4s ba = be =e J, SANE A by SA 2 U9e-2620") pwoxie't Wu, eSpKet = Voe ve n(n) « week Z =o 6330 Wag * nap [EEE 2 (a) BM a) =) -exi0) * “4 a ee xn» Na NA xy = 0 Na eT Oe = D2 as og Phe 259 uu ESA Vee Bat be = Nn dly A hay Natny reno? (wiok \ gooxro% 2850" 0% ) Bo eo "2G tune") Hoon se* Weep 2-8 3x10" F610 = eg oe [3-1 N= 16x10" 98 1D asst (oox0* = we€ Yr= BNeA Gar] Use 1 Mane Ny ‘Alp A Wisp = g Made 4 | 26 *6 Na+Ny Nena? i ) vere) con,r EG awn “te Gn) a 3-120 Tp > Agaé (Pe, ye Me \ vAr ye . ' 7+ Ze Dela de In> Aga? [Da " a deasnxd 20%x5x 10" Tn Dat No Bey T= Tye +Ta = 00Tn +I, = nh Ge Co Ge) Tn = Yor £2uh Ve tIV Gs o-beE se guugie Hy = wo(a9) = 290 uh Ur % 5" eee gc Vetoy G+ eeeF 2 ggg ge LSet - = (eae = Sef iE Tp = Agni Dp (e =) rN BNF Ty= AQA* Da (eo here te eo) £338) = wsmk Foe Phin Nw? Np De aise Basia lesen PoE BT > Agate SB tte, AE auaiige IE Ya unk can be Aetce He cribs alu ie. at od le 28mk me Tae Age’ De. hgn*(De_\ Satpal i audal So Salf the, bed Ly Nb Paty 8) tale +f SO mh ig the dueipehon is ollowed te rise be the andl = 10'(ot)16 x10" sep” 10 walue + (rene s siF 7 u Vite : Le Te -l) > 0-20? . Nox orzo (CPE Thue, Tp = Aa,ie Raat) ) = o2x10% ¢ Tae Agape vr) ! (We > iy © Ne (h ne Tos? D=Ip rte Exevas minoviby chong = B+ On = Xp Tp + Tala = Gp q oe (We) = Grxio") (o-ter0)210"C Vr aee | eebee: <= ane efotara pid 7444 (OV) (nse) > PAY ae (= ~)(e™) > gf Gace, ers * BS Vik: aaciis Fae Palen) = Pao ev I, = ASp pind, Pro = ) WE BEC dk es @ = 246 Soa = Fx10 Wn = @3+2emChapter 4 Problems fe CS £4 46s ted A ee He) - | For equal deain. currents the capacitance per unit area is: Gx Sex fig = 345410", 45x16". ¢ eae ee fog eSam =r Gx us Kypettonm mrG, = O86 FY, te % Gan by 2K, MU 65-4) Yos For 108 capacitance,we require an are At Ys on 7 5 fe to a5 Am® For by, Sn my 2 « yes yy Sena aons-O Pa to, WES m® for ton = 00M t fends = 2BR ma aS y OS 9A ag = Bendy = BBR Sow the: tae (parbermane pha pak for @ square plab. capacitor of (ort Me +25 ay Mo Hn 5520025 Ax ox Msaisonnt or 38438 pa spare fr GS um ha Ibe udaepcit ioe’ tlpot pb ait bisa" \ Fy 4.Sa dy ok, W fy. uy e le Ey 450-50 KW [ing verlgg Les] i Diate corrent is drecHy propertimal te the ber width of the ‘chanel. Therefore iF wiidthis (0 ines greater than tp uveld be 10 tines grater ot wel! tots Ke Gastawd of 4 proportionality « lL 210 A), 345206" 2.3 Fae Peer 3 tePol26 5 En eon y AA elo ORES AY : bes } Wegeey Fay 100 = Lm I6G EGY 00 Bsn Weg tay te = bale S Le (y AH) ~o4= 0.28 BoM bor ye at ose g For OF bys Sts § RORpad | Ebro sotyore tl Yee =u 4M sO LI 4a BK -Ac-A te ed =A A) bade rego Be dv, fo KS ley W%s-E 4] pe naiisie roy Oar) et] Sm A by edge of salirelin regan see rt WM os Yep M10 ston. 2F20 Bad ©) brio GOO Ny, Mog My $= 2B I0f -08),02-1 108] c0famn A) Saturnbion region: p59 Ves-% Spe grits S100ts-0.9f.. 9 Dah pan a [ae] 4e I Refer to Fig. 4th,

, LK MEY? aL ettoris, os -te2.5ui! hn My ah 190s i pete da iasen Gyrteba op tana ok op ata Saya es ot 2 taa_. Mos ' 304 aw 0.02 0! oA 00S wey 30 0a gt Heo 5 3B al o2 10 3000.0 ey Nak ar Arh FL sedated ish Y = de loo=2o0r shad, seo00d! cov 25 a) iF MGs is Fixedstean Ub is halved pasa. resolt of davldng L wdee te of devlting Ls Tyee L ape somA6 a iy « O58 std 22.3987 5 Pras 7b BTR Ve! - eteoka. gen detd® font IF tog 29432 ile do chs etedy35)=0.52m8 staan Sa8)=1.6" Vigs4’ ar y hr ge ee My «nea 0 ae pg #54 £-3.5 maaSckuralien tht, is acreeaad by a factoroF 4s mh 801.57 C1400285) 20.F4—h, fron Eq. 434 Yau or Ta ay oF Hat 5 Ui a) z * ari etno sane a A Vge SV arVyge tO as my Saltirelion ats aU esT AOE BAY fr Wogedl Up st Fer Nog 2 ip = Aga Bord. SC \povedntey = 0. 5Am A fucefore foe Yeas 1k HS34 sac” 64 4.34 Ve L2GMaes M2 LSE log etoam Gy = EE = 3asaia 173 Hy,For 2p/ep . 0. eT 0.0025 Bale anew Yt, 20.0036, ae Towson YY type mede Heh y Oo ' 0 25 mw N Sh ow |} 1 0 BS WwN Se oy 1 b 2 F BS 5 Poh ke as 2 5 2s AHP se pe © 3 5 35 4 wwe P Sh te 3 5 2 oe Bop St He 5 d 4 2 6 6 RN Sh Ww oS 4-4 6 3 DON Take eo oF Sta) Eransistor Lv os iS This mush Ge an NMOS peeling Sedan 2 Tyo AGL aKS hen Yogev 00 a lo, SM) AME SM er oY 46 ye onan we Bovet Get fale b) tremsabe RY eS saa Wo a5¥ Trbert Vos gee TREY) fer PHOS te be ty salarnien IL A a) Reo => TRao EA yore Be 25 (ey, 52 [eg MGG-3) Le My] ere FYE My 5 ap VE By, toe Yeo 2304¥ 4 02%X Gq AW 3 wet 4) ReN00%A way TR2 onesie ny triode region We02 te 2F [thy 4g) ~ beteg te] oF 00.5Ye-vy-HOns Yb Zu Hl ae YgntO¥ m2 Yen o elY For the devia in sahy rolion ©) Yon e%e Fb0- Mets Nee <2! (far Fo loopy TRAV ny Reyer imple E Yo, Ja Satire Veg 2 MMe = Vag & Vag = Vie) tere fore He devs Canta in setnbion anditt oy, v 7 Re 280.2% 254 =r RaIsa®4) 24,8, 2puabng, Sebivalen + S24, Bey og Eaten vy, bs Faprtonge us angie Wy 1) Beth tranbiners hare Vp aud therefore Wy minepinabing oa my Sobrcliens tye dpa Seal ames SLY 2.5(4 Nee (Ly roRcy, a4) [at] fecker to Fig, Pass? Sine Vy Wg, the tn a Yee Voy then Q, fo Te solneaT ron, W Hime Ura Gis alse in STardbony then betanst tp, 2 fon > Mess Wold be equel tel Yor, Ness = La 2sv TehaSex se (asafsseasan 2sv Yess = Yes, inh Gy nd Q, ane tat Sane drat. cumenk Han VysyoVe sue 25) Ws is baned on the susvacthven tae 0,64, Ae ST raked, YeS3 Yes => Ty Begg Bes Ned aseasy Now 3 = 562.5 UN y and Qy have Weteojim then yeh See ue (ase Seir mm or 1 ‘ga 2 “2s 100 oT, 3@, "le on 862 Spin 5.62508 an ely, =U +4 Mog @ Mass * Aisming yack ale Eramaittors art Insular Since Kom whore the Aetat”othe @y and Ape Cam warites tpetpn = 282 atone leopiA a 10% 2e# Ws Shap ail e Woget) ne Moy 2032" o Vy a> Vy n -32" Ye demented Yai WM) (Wes 20 asrome 2.2, aresahad vy oe te Ons a (OM, Jartoyeraqua , ipaeteae “os. "Ve toy ty, 20/2mA 20+ Wag a13s¥ Voss 20-24 135 ons > Yes > Gs) Ti Canbirns Hak beth trae sinterd ace indeed Vospe (REN aS = 35 savatedond aor asso mphin ans wmeck. "ae for ¥;00, » tha transistor is nok on 4¥. (0 Poin A ig htm Yer uty onal the transistor tums on -A5 V: increnbes the 4 increases and U; decreases. f decracses tothe point that fo below & by VE Yells AL this polaty Byte HOSEET enters “the triode region’ y So at pont 8:74 ¥ fer el tes ® Te 100 esi) i R SaMeg 5) a4 z a4 Mgt =p IBMS-23y pone CoatMeg N6EY ay Up et Point B: Voge 0-60" Voge loi bas be re0S cosas & Mage S— aHxoness 2 ta sY Yeates erly shFHle ns gaia a Now te caluilare the merement Ay ak this bint Peink From equation 4.uty we have Ay 20g) as ©) Ya 205, amphi ob a sine wave that Cone beapplica ts Thus the largest the sepa white the trensistor remaidia saturalion is: M6t=1-Seo. The ampitude of the ourpulr vollage sigral shat resoles 15 approvimalily equal to ha \g 2430, The gain implied by Hi ampictudes is: * Tir gain js 53), LePFerent from the iérenentel quia colulaled in poAtce). This dPFerence is UL te the Fact that He segment of the voltage braneFer curve considered bere is vot perfectly linear. = Yoo Y= Yea My Tnorder cobind Vghere %5t, YeoeVig Yy § Yer Ug FZ, 2 to- abn Ve nr 2 4U rose 1" Peel oo NB ahgctten ote be Iso Hie Seme formulas We tam Coladale tie fest of the valuta for vgs?) Noe & wa) 4st Vou Nov w Mes Av TY, 2 i Se a oer ey “isa Ft 2 wy ue 6S as Bs 5 4 neeoay 4S st 3 3 6 wtoas 2 7 Ws 8h 8 Wie ea Vgge bee Wo 2 bitte OY Tye LK Wye) mp Of wt n Soni hot tn Ney Mak nbey wr Mn 25 asa *)ae GOMES ie Kavi Maan Assuming near optration around the bias point “Tomes Vo Voy at the edge of salarakion thee los \ or _Avbert Pa (Nos-Voe) = =o =e T= iy) = — Py (MoM) 32-42 2612, So vy is F-nae3.e8T je MWeaces) 9, - Von=Naw fhe BollesYel) > Gy = Nora Ves any from ‘the tdyeot skinrabion Vos” w bud 7 sm Ay yd : ‘ 6 OAT 6.02% Lass as =H 083 tes Refer te Fig. te30€ 2 FIR 438 cue Tye Dm ASLK WY wy dndx Sous ae Ye 3 ERM My o> ang 2 \y WS. =i, sme. pa ene z ley edge of triode Midway of cutoFF Up, triode aperslinn Loy prand yy) is OMEN Ye Vos - 15.63 Voge BSAV ay Vy 2 242V or Ro 2d L Ren 6. 34 Vor Vy ¥og=—2:32415.68.03.31%5R «S831 De foe fag PEK OY Oe, Reon Mote that Yee, oy Yes2= Yo-Yo a Sj ate, 2 a mr) (ves (2), Oo“ 4 - a Sctecdaa— sah a Nts AA oo i eane Ee ae nie Yene tena . : , ‘ ory (aaah ie ys Bee loe We a nin tbe GA NEHA Be Spmeg=LadeoS-4ot ie 935 UA , < $0 bint Tomato I58HM we \Soek 1380(34-0 151.3)" —. Se eres Rs ase f Selec Toman a OITA oy Yye2b2V Rafer te Fig. t.doe The Seennd ontuer resvitsa magalve Vee GateFie ast acceprabie evel thaveta re ros aneag ay Ma For pchamne| MOSEET tote 1 fren the edge af sctarlion + Uog2Mag Mend: Bite Ye SY und Eyetrahs Rye QB 7 Gs RatOh AM _ ayy» He OSA la 2 ft Tyo OSes tig h Vnah ao Yyge OY iS See 3 pg = dx -he sv ryetyede le wy Vey yygetY Rynltabannn FX a Ra nD ne RRO HAA Reo Bye te tp 4 Ep er Tye iN eee Spe raguite tn vjgeo wee fe necepralse rare Fore Eyatmh eyed > pla 2s wan teow t oe Soe Vogl Sif Langer 5 Gt Hie Swehy a AEE yy tery, eB 1 one Syed edt! aS ce aria swe Second anmer if net meceptalat Nexidel alsin sk as Datineae WAS 3.260 SHH ER Rye RD gpwo.rnh Rxo. FRA Tye de Le ded Ay Fr deve with Wena Tye de VANS Tye 09) 69 : R V2.4. . ; = od or, Me 4.60 ® €; Ak eg Phy MER BERS Te mmniiniad que swe de an m3 we lawent pissitie Ye consi ye 2225 [ie 02 irene: app age > a L ‘ 250 (1424 tp R)=-ID =p SO Ke Suing Yomin= Yo 2B a NRT RD 3R oo BB oe a by dete ater » BE este set geteckh Iyeked[p-terte®)-a}e! > oe Ee fat eee eae a aaa ar a4Joon tee (Ye Yee eVse— Fats => 2 ©) Fer Veg 2 SV Rye —Masavss « “RES. sonn GP eg "ayers w3e | Sr Rvounve tharefore For Skanoy , Otp rit fore Fy moj» Bie. ri] Bath canes are in saliralion region, peenune “yen Ye Yeo Sains pe Oe 5 BY eb vO.T Oy I) ae Vy, want "ot Ves = #Y YL evga ney o38V, iy Voss tay rea VD=NG Veg Reber to Big.432 ov Be optrate in salaralion Yes? YosMe =? Yas? Ole Mae Loos yy yap Borat Nea ae MaMa nase yates ue 205V uF Vg #3 26¥ Hae wv Fr Tgeo- anh Patty ORL coMatyg 1)” z es. yu Yese2Y yay ay, aa! * 1 tye Be Sen, Seid By BE KA a> 2D = 1 notin ay 2 pe 3 Hon o.a yahey Vea yf ate, 36 L466] Retest ay, vay Jos! Dott ari 232 Vg = 2-32) ; Yoon Mes Mn Yog = $203 05 =Vosein e282 OMA wT. 232, Eq. 4.5 Timpnes fe Ry vata s bid as gi Sie ig Tork MOY om Sower in, wad es Gonst yeh eke. Sings es vay Paes Seeand Harnente Orstortions Loe MA Vas sto Ser Va 4 Ms — s00 Secandtiarnanie Ontortnne Vas ae ei ¢ + ee peo be Bil ce § 1 Fer postive catremme + 9, 204d, 921) By) ON my Fer give Seremet s g etl stnity, An estima oF gs std. PAM 442 go nay tone gs esto) ee ee ee eee iVoge 1 4-2) 2 Daily on hea 286 So we cam write OF Nosy Mog + 08-08 Nloy Brom the other side OF Vos £3.05 a2 vps 6250 We design tha cicuik for lwwtst perribie Vis Who guotanctecs the davies opeaabronte Soiivekina: Vpg= Yost Vos = %pp= gly ay Yag=o-2= 3-Fenty a> bys BaaMes, Se Z Wise 9 Fre oq. AAs Sux 25D Oleh ——p Bates ose Yos-et | Se wrYesa taal 9 Ep = 2.034 Voss bag e2 1-28 Yyye ito to 2 sonuee® 1u3 nVey 4s ’ 2Folb 2 iui eo hye 2D 2 bpp Bip equan Nt Sy Petes oO Minioauen Yas For edge of satu rakion Ss Mes V Or Doni VEs ma” Ms tb Mayr Te we rep ay with O UNDO -VOIY =e 15 - Seat aty Yo Ey ” eas fae mst oY 2000 Vp o 2220.92 29313) 23088) 423.2 y TF fyaten pin codmh Kea Mnte 2 Seeriros aa agi, 4 pl (om)e¥l) fon oy rei T i 711 73 r wo Jue for fos a ju jos |? efx for] 2 ]e fea s |u for fur a fe dy fe a fe le a}i face We ee YY, we ww as %o Mas “e Sv Baw 5 Pw 7 eH PP? 5 OS RP ost ry 8 oy ot L Potts 27 ob ae et 473 476 Byte: gfe we fa OOS: LARA alae ten nol ONO Md Nesoael se dreds oosH may ar Y= Ane 2 04 8y Ap 4 Ws Be. ein ve” Ret Remal an eet UL “BnWys Bo Yam Sle cgY Met esihc Re ake ee Sgt" Matatymie gat eRe phn ebatne-aat Sr6-25 544% o ay TelmA Sy & = da IR) 2-091 (W008 1%) For taym& or twice Ha comment: for. (Wodeve? = West oO, y, AVE eet) Be EE oe Noon VE Chal Gosz ve} Rin __ . 233_.o. 93 yp 1, Beige Bin olg333 ¥ Ye = 2x YA )a BesThe ewaion Fer tht Kamgent tine passing fo trom point AT) Com be ui Ren AS: For Thi\ Common Source Quap oR. Gar Baeble 50 AR Retell ,)ReigroSHa ond Rie2ok From equabion ya. we hewts IK, UR) «2923 (ste Sn eG) =~ 382 CSS FR) Ga- oo Big “ANY, 9) Av. _ 2 Wpp-Vo) . 9 W828). sy, Vw 7 by oF Vyyis halved (vpyseS) Bhan fp is divided by tty be Hye QS -0125 mA Sina Vy is kept onchanged ak 2.5¥ then: 2p nose Rye a BS «Gon. % = dn Vw — os Ky, Mise She ie) cet “Yu Ute Wha) #5 (60860) * 234, Raremoig = eefed suger ——" 4) Rig = Roe HM B.A 429305 Ror Ae! RTE cy As ste Coun Ste by reduuing Ih, te halos es valua ee equivoluatly cureuct by Wy Aye ie almost doubled, white bby 4 Wespy ey brace Rye is multiph As acewit G, hich is proportional tobatl yp cmd A is oat slightly reduced. Rout (Gy was 2H pefore and ik is 9.844 no5) | Foran NMOS conman-qale auplitier «ite dan Shy Ho FEA R= BE Ry, asa we have o.2¥ Ra teen on 3 i From Eq, i.e We Kom hak the ont Voltage gor ot Hola auplibier is 6, = SattollB.} . SusKaW . a sry ee eae & om Ae tw sig 1456 aa we incrence the bras Larrea by factonk Hy wi lemaintaining the other pacamtter Liman oparation), we hart! Sng. [tek of od im, ty tanstent (assue n= VFR LTy => G2 BPS 10 Ay Baek met kre lee se Boll to CSNY 4. 26 G, = ENS 24 76, rem[ae J [aes Reker te Eq Mo: Gye Be Sa csoil) Rize Le 250n = Guprdg + RowAy RenBiig Ve Gene 2 om Gyet6 yy, redvead by Hawben 164.5 ino phe some 5 Qs theng ag, Nie nh Hf mel eR Cage ace lacuna Sn Teas 7H Tp aR Beye + fp 28v05¥ m = Tporder to have 4, wtf ol”: Ma <4 [4s 18, aly Rpwrin elaty @RgtOer Fy. 4.40: 6) 4 Be 9a (Polls) 8 a Rerkag 1¢9m Rs oat | Gat Ye For Ry aIBA And Gu 20Y hr uo 5 Gen tate Ran, de ate teed 2 Me oe nosnv® yy cos! Le 9m Rey Be '+Imn od + ¥ ~ 2 aris oS ates iy tae Aye Voce moVg= ta ame Tr erder te have oat Y, Rye Sais. 38KA ka Gee 2 20 2 IAB oy 1p Rey = 2-57 3S a? . is Ta Yog = F=Ripe est “5 Longest posible Rip is aceved For Vosenia: ¥0s% Yess => Yes men “Ney *7%og=1 =Vay ar ipgtlOSaiSY my Rye Babs, 350k. a terwmn Noo no98Vp, and Ay = 24E <09Y for Rasve z : ‘ By Aioea Az Re Syants 5 op ©) 9n 21D. dual 204 ohhy ee er te ahh 4a son By Ad: Ay = 2, 09-0 Tere mrOe 27% 25500. a OVER acs grounded thenthe circuits becomes, O Common-Solrta conh'g yraition The va oe according de eq Wea. aes | Fall HR, We hare gue Tm, and cen 26k. From FY WS we wens Ay tee somy Se aE 4) TF y is Grounded, than thecirtuit becomes Fon Fa eS: Qube ined vanes & Soered Fatlonser eo neguraion | Rue doen EqhileS Ayo te 5 wee a 0.tay, i, Ruewen. wsehaes Raced igo Ores p= Bellte 2 Rua Rano Sueea. | Ria OR aE Ae AES ona Y, oe 3A gitonded je Grebe torent @ conmon -qeR conbiguralion Biante Rp 99h ML, = 288K Baar: e Ye Ror tpn S540. 7 HH eT @) Figs PABia is & geuree F Sy boLinggee ey Sed Rope de week o> * bern k Bq AA: Ay ag. Up 25 NM FAY, €) TE we connect baths shages begether then for Are Fret stages A= hy, Si where RL is Whant RyoF tne second stages thire fare: Ayels Ok 9 0.5y, Brie esa bage Re Overall gain A, = Au; Aug 812052355 y,= a] PT ne ee Sa ee tne ue Irigee Gn Ka Ay Ge = 450 1S WIS 193.9 HAY fy =toothnbwI43.5 «224 ayY no28¥ “os VS" > Noy wy Saturaizon dat AER a BB0HM yet Ae, or eee Mp Sate oe rout BVtGaGe Blosser Ib = % grew OFA Mh ye My Gy = Renee Ted eM STF | eypn tg ge og, nap atone 4th debisle 0.8 2169 fade In PAG Palcyssimay ? zu Meo Gy eB WLG, , IF Cop rocy then We cam ignere by TE We replace For fm ond 255 in the E Formutlaywe haves f= [thes te 212 [Faia | Fs EWG, a6 a0 TeteFore ie cans see that the higher the | Fetrene Tj then the nagberis the Abo Ne fr venty tg reverse proporhsaal tothe P80 0 the devicn sie. pgher frepucrtics Gre achcevabic for smaller devices For Gy>>Su and the over lap capacititce of Gs mughechly anal: G2 2 wht, 2 2a. ise gu, = 282 = MME Yay th we subsniude $a. andégg in @. Fran the Above Farmastat! fom Nit Nyy Moy Therehore,, fora given device 5 Son Serta Yow Fr Noy Far Latpm yy, us proportional { tr 2015 faz Ue Tons, 0:25 49M ain aan] = Amsa2¥ Ip + Ges00F, Cyu20- IF rn Sea eng rn Ba OY ays a tA Also A, i ar therefore Cine OS 4 O1n( 14 29) = 31 PE Now tdFiad tha range OF Reng that results "y in 3-db frequencies over jomieywe use on 188: Sy ah InGin 83 1 we haglech Rg athect then Kig lag Bey tal 1 ght Bn 31st6 Reig var tag cst ' is eat Lass: — + Reig atook Rep x VOOR GsalpE 5 Gand 2eh Gort.Be “yp Nae Beae dn trollRolIRD beqesand + ig Nao Big e worR Be yy © TO SCOP FEY )= Bt Miy Ge aD ann BS % 7] Kags Raige “Woven Fine Gye + Gullo ge Ad Ra re ity WR = VE sort Cig 1 40.2414 3H4N) = S46 RF Now We cam Calualoke Fy B30" ek "Gave eae ex Tn order te double Fy, we have to exter decrease ¢,, (by reciveing Rye) Or reluce i hy reducing Ris 3 fas 2 Gar oy are aR me ATK le Rise, Raitt - asKr Thinelawe im onler te doviole fy to Btor%e Re VANMHE, we haus te redoee Ruse fe to LABIA or equivalestly reducing Rr te 1.5 The ned midbord gain would be: Aen 2 SR ay Ameo x 128 am RG Ht Gain is almest eudueed bya Faster ot 3: aay, TE we vede@ Rin fas Bilan op 2 a Pa Reigt Rig 5715 KA.= ook Re = Re SSKP=Rin Therefore inorder ko double. fy Ru iS reduced by o FastoroF3 , From \cott to 330%. The new mcdband ger sould be Dew = Rox Ret Pela oyAy abated ssesiee Be Re, Roa RS 3334109 ben=3-06 Yr Goin. 1s almost weduced oy a factorof 2- —— 496 Rene PHA, Gna eAlip a My 2 20F 5 yy 2 SPF VR, a sing Eq. 14 wal nabing tak Ryn, we have, ar gas Baal zat ry raslb ay, b) 9.432 = Fy sto whee InGi, Ae, inthygr May OF, TANGY) 9 ian bP Os La aloot io vs Be R 0.51) 2 5.4 mn. = 400% ue es ene Sige hemes = 38 W" Tavizotr as tw wooulo™ By Te ster ORL For 6420.5 18 62 89F + gy steals, R 25th = fy BC = 4x52 BOY, 1 tn > eth eetitt alg Se. wn ax ayea ewe Sys leaers Fale 2818 SoM[OS Fy 414 pw For fyetotia q + Fig) Bar jon. aro 2 BME & are To enture that f, is nat excaecling oi, has to be greater tham BAénFor ‘y yg G2 9AF FC, g Bak mr hots He To lower fy Re, haa te be increased. Foitbunst possible fo the langest avadlable Re hao tobe Utads which sh tins case iS taal «10M To colealal. the new fp for Ry «iat. 4 Re Ree t we fr = Raw hus ny f e995 tet 24.5) Bi esng a ee 19 reduced by a factor of 55 i aA ge teat Using 24. 4.84 we have Aye tSe Po oe Vida Rs betnd Agata fie ibn " AMR) G, . hie minstae Fane es SEE & ot? Sr S! Brg, cue on Cy o.6THE en dine Clok 1509 2 ® SH A FOTME eo k, = 9.62nn 03 doubled with beth. te and Rp halind: = eo eee el * 2n0 Free For higher power designs , there Ty and consequently re and fy are reddced For Smallest ¢ and hy where GIKCR B becomes domaine in determining tha Cerna brag uanvey £ 1 “amon” TG cp eS He Sot Refer to Fig. PRION: 3. loehfp A,=- Reg ce, where Ral in m Im CROIR, " Ret Roig Boast BE at, My ah) 2 3 We Fara NTA oe 4.138) to are CRN tie ——— aig In veeind (Rasyeie LL Bs Bag) SRI ha rs Keagioe ee 206 RD fog ae = oor: - FE In WU hollA,) where. Reha! Rass Aris ~ £25 1 costa ahyia_4.06 fasgar | Coe HAe Mk Mar ie Trane OMe Biggie oleae sre ath 5 +5402, 6 RR) Sm a1 H9-2C¢ | Coot aF IO) = L92pF 875KHe Gna Bax Pani oln® Ses 15 in Crensed4.103 | ese BE 4, crpllRy i) Re = 2zbe 26H) Gan) ete” Ben = -16Yfy Ving aqushiens W184 , M96 aundlaiNPe Ba MIMS Yep e L Ca Yypt2H) 21 8e have i fi mak a er han Yoy May 3 ate av Pane, (Ree Paig) Baa eves ne Ae ot od veatoniat es AINE —— 3 fo eda my SOND BAO” ape A9.6HE = ss ees Tine SO Fos] fy50 + =r 0" PO” Fag eR ang, ae . . From tha foretla given iv Caearetee UUM ise SEsoUe haves uy, =PCvap=\eplhe ven, where = [op Op 1xob, Het We have. Ygeltip We 0-AV, vag 489, Hie ARs Keene Thaw Fee ity = (4H) we dove Reber te Fig. Pied 3 oe had =F (a demde lower than id") "306, Rin ye SEBO EOF 2), ag fas oto —— IG, Ra Fol) (Hamabdved case) 7G, 268.3 0F S73nF Mags ADA SOF ing Uo 405 ee Ves RNIN (S-0) 40.9 Nete that KaYn zp Me (nakehed) i a) when Ve is tows (eq. The cesults are simmanly ao ‘ow Tm woo%n) iol sepa Mga Sash shes 8 high (Yq) Cop Ad ‘ose Be, Cpl” onthe fpsp 221K.co equal sizes MES mad PHOS but K 224, matched 4 ? ere 4 Yue | Fir Noy? yin triode and Qpin solaraton é eu, 1, Loewe e-20FJ EH HF OM = 18» oy vey Differsctindiing with silesrolabve tous Fac, | 22, De 2 vw yey oF Vag te By 1B oe EK Fee vag as Subshitede the valves together with WV, , Set sie Re Hy 15-4125 -sceasy | 7 Sts X49) Ne Baas os ersy = 133 4123 © if MB ah2s © From Os iv, ony myo topes o 4g 02% 208 223, sing Demd 35H nate tee yp coy | wr ents Fons = Ket, [Minato peas] | Moy. = RA Faas = 20x40 [(10-0:5)x0.5 01125) FeV + Quis in Sairalon oud Of stevade BHU), ow (2G fobeaa jap) 4p Wop] (0 = 2-4-0325) Wyo) (2.3 vy Ls - & tor Mayas yom] sn «ia wales reg TE vpo=3¥5 x, BOM AIS stqee Bhimyis aid ey? se y) 3 mae 1 = 12081554 Mn 60,07549 pices ot 99 210um