Institute for Theoretical Physics Prof. Dr.

Ulrich Schwarz Continuum mechanics

Heidelberg University Dr. Irina Surovtsova Summer term 2013

Exercise sheet 4
Handout 13/05/2013Return 27/05/2013Discussion 03/06/2013

Exercise 4.1 [6 Punkte]: Muscle bers

Consider a system plotted on the gure. An active motor force is Fm = F0 (1 v/v0 ). We identify v = u ( u is the displacement). The resting length is denoted by L0 and the external tension by F . 1. Derive the constitutive equation. 2. Consider the following length-controled experiment: the ber is extended to L = 3L0 . At time t = 0, this is reduced to L = 2L0 . Calculate the time course for F . Under which condition on F0 and C3 this solution corresponds to the behaviour of real muscle?

Solution
F = F0 1 + 2 v0 F C3 + 2

2 = where is the full strain, 2 - strain in the dashpot. Hence F = F0 The constitutive equation: F Denoting = F0 + , C3 v 0 C3 1 F0 + C3 v 0 C3 1+ /C3 F v0

F C3

+ F F0 = +

F0 C3 v 0

=+

F0 C3 v 0

we get the following ODE: + F F0 = F with the solution: F (t) = F0 + (F (0+ ) F0 ) exp(t/) F () = F0 have to be < F (0 ) and (F (0+ ) F0 ) < 0 to get increasing time course.

Hence, in order to get the solution for behavior of real muscle we need the following condition: F (0+ ) < F0 < F (0 )

Initial value of F (0+ )

Using the differential equation: (F (0+ ) F (0 )) = ((0+ ) (0 )) = F (0 ) = 3L0 L0 C3 = 2C3 L0 F (0+ ) = + 2C3 = C3 C3 < F0 < 2C3

The condition on F0 and C3

Exercise 4.2 [6 Punkte]: Coarse-graining a viscoelastic chain

Consider a chain of N Kelvin-Voigt (Maxwell) units of the length a as shown in the gure. Using the a 1 continuum limit ( L =N 0) derive the stress-strain relations: Kelvin-Voigt: F = E + Maxwell: d dt

d F 1 dF = + dt E dt 2

Solution:
Kelvin-Voigt model In the each Kelvin-Voigt unit i the strain experienced by the spring is the same as that experienced by the dash-pot. Hence: d Fi = E + dt where the strain i in the ith element is i = The forces are equal: F = F1 = ... = FN The strain of the complete chain is = L L = = L aN a1 + ... + aN aN = 1 + ... + N N a a

Hence we have for the strain rate: = 1 1 (1 + ... + N) = N N F E1 F EN + ... + E F = 1 N N F E ... (1 + ... + N )

Leading to the constitutive equation: = Maxwell model Here again the forces in series are equal: F = F1 = ... = FN For each element we have i = and i = The strain in the chain is = Similar toKelvin-Voigt model: = And nally: d F 1 dF = + dt E dt 1 N N N F+ F E 1 F + F E a a

1 + ... + N N

Exercise 4.3 [6 Punkte]: Two contractile bars on an elastic foundation Consider two contractile 1d elastic bars connected to an elastic foundation with spring constant kf . 0 denotes the internal contractile stress (force dipoles). The bars are elastically coupled by a linear spring of stiffness kc , leading to (1) |x=L (2) |x=L = kc u(1) |x=L u(2) |x=L , where u(i) is the displacement in ith bar. The layers ends (x = 0, 2L) are stress-free. 1. Find the solution for stresses (i) (i = 1, 2) in each layer. 2. Discuss the stress distribution in the bars for two cases: a) weak coupling between bars: kc kf . b) strong coupling between bars: kf kc .

Solution
Consider the displacement ui , i = 1, 2 in each bars. The governing equation are (see lecture 6.05.2013):
2 lp

d2 ui ui = 0, dx2

i = 1, 2

C The localization length lp = k is the same for each bar. f We looking for the solution of this equations in the form (symmetrical with respect to x = L):

u1 (x) = A1 cosh u2 (x) = A2 cosh The corresponding stresses are:

x lp x2L lp

+ B 1 sinh + B 2 sinh

x lp x2L lp

i (x) = C

dui + 0 dx

The four constants Ai , B i have to be dened from the 4 boundary conditions: 1 (x = 0) = 2 (x = 2L) = 0 (1) |x=L = (2) |x=L = kc u(1) |x=L u(2) |x=L , From the boundary condition at x = 0, 2L follows: B1 = B2 = 0 kf

For constants A1 and A2 , we get after some calculations: A2 = A2 = where a1 = kf sinh lL kc cosh lL ; p p (a1 + b1 )q det q = 2kc B1 sinh lL 0 (1 cosh lL ) p p

b1 = kc cosh lL ; p 4

For weak coupling kc kf , the absolute values of internal stresses are maximal at the center of each bar and negligible at the beam-beam junction. For a strongly coupled bars, kf kc , internal stresses build up at the junction between the beams:

Here is chosen L = 10, lp = 1, 0 = 50; kf = 1, kc = 0.1 on the left graph and kf = 0.2, kc = 1 on the right one Exercise 4.4 [4 Punkte]: Geometrical interpretation of the Green-Lagrange strain tensor 1. Consider a material line segment d1 . Derive the elongation of the segment after deformation E1 in terms of the Green-Lagrange strain tensor if the segment is deformed parallel to the initial state. Discuss the linear approximation. Consider now the shear deformation: the 900 angle between unit vectors e1 and e2 deformed to angle .
Dene the new unit vectors e 1 and e2 and calculate sin = cos(e1 , e2 ) in terms of the GreenLagrange strain tensor. Discuss the linear approximation.

2.

Solution
The Green-Lagrange strain tensor: 1 E = ( F T F 1) 2 1. A geometrical meaning of the normal components of Green-Lagrange strains E11 , E22 and E33 is provided by considering the length and angle changes that result from deformation. We consider a material line element d1 that deforms to the element dx1 . The orientation does not change after deformation The stretch ratio is (see lecture): = The Green-Lagrange strain is dened by: GL = 2 1 1 = e 0 ( F T F 1) e 0 = e 0 E e 0 2 2 5 d1 dx1

For our case:

1 e0 = 0 0 2 1 = E11 , 2 = 2E11 + 1

This leads to:

Hence extension of the element (relative change of length) is: E1 := For linear case: E1 E11 2. The geometrical meaning of the shear strain E12 is found by considering the angles between two directions e1 and e2 The unit vectors after deformation are dened: e1 = F e1 e1 F T F e1 , e2 = F e2 e2 F T F e 2 dx1 d1 = d1 2E11 + 1 1

The cosinus between the deformed vectors is dened by scalar product: cos = e1 e2 =

F e1 e1 F T F e1

F e2 e2 F T F e2

e2 F T F e1 e1 F T F e1 e2 F T F e2

Using 1 e1 = 0 0 we get e1 F T F e1 = 2E11 + 1, e2 F T F e2 = 2E22 + 1 0 e2 = 1 0

And nally (remember e1 and e2 are orthogonal for deformation (e1 e2 = 0) cos = 2 For small deformation: E21 e2 (2E + 1) e1 E21 = 2 2E11 + 1 2E22 + 1 2E11 + 1 2E22 + 1 1 cos 2