Projection of Straight Lines

Standard notations: Projection

Front view Top view Side view

Point A a' a a''

Line (AB) a' b' ab a'' b''

True Length:
The actual measurement of a line AB is known as it's True length (T.L).

Front view length (F.V.L) or Elevation length:

The length of the projection of a line obtained on vertical plane is known as Front View Length or Elevation Length.

Top view length (T.V.L) or Plan length:

The length of the projection of a line obtained on horizontal plane is known as Top View Length or Plan Length.

Note:
The true length of a line will always be greater than or equal to front view length(elevation length) and top view length(Plan length). That is, True length Front view length True length Top view length

Angles related to projection of lines:

(True inclination with Horizontal Plane): The angle made by True length of a line with Horizontal plane.

(True inclination with Vertical Plane):

The angle made by True length of a line with Vertical plane.

 (Apparent inclination between Front view and XY line):

The angle made by Front view of a line with XY line.

(Apparent inclination between Top view and XY line):

The angle made by Top view of a line with XY line.

Note:
1. is the angle between a'b' and XY line. 2. is the angle between ab and XY line. 3. The projection of is always observed on vertical plane ie., we have to draw angle in Front view. 4. The projection of is always observed on horizontal plane ie., we have to draw angle in Top view.

5. and

Different types of Orientations are possible for the lines in front of reference plane: Case 1: The line is parallel to Horizontal plane and perpendicular to vertical plane Here the line is parallel to Horizontal plane so top view gives true length. Problem1: A line AB of 5cm length has both of its ends 20mm above Horizontal Plane. One of its ends is 20 mm in front of the vertical plane and the other is 70mm in front of the vertical plane. Draw projections.

Case 2: A line is parallel to vertical plane and perpendicular to horizontal plane. Here the line is parallel to Vertical plane so front view gives true length.

Problem 2: A line AB of 5cm length has both of its ends 30mm infront of vertical plane and one among the ends is 25mm above horizontal plane. Draw projections.

Note: From the above two cases one can make out that 1. If a line is parallel to vertical plane then front view length is equal to true length. 2. If a line is parallel to horizontal plane the top view length is equal to true length.

Case 3: A line is parallel to both horizontal and vertical planes. Here the true length is given by both front view length and top view length. F.V.L = T.V.L = T.L Problem3: A line AB of 5cm length is 30mm in front of vertical plane and 45 mm above the horizontal plane. Draw the projections. Case 4: A line is inclined to horizontal plane and parallel to vertical plane. Here the line is parallel to the vertical plane so the front view gives true length. That's why

= . Certainly the top view length is less than true length because it is inclined to the horizontal
plane.ab1 is known as True length of the line in Top view. Problem 4: A line AB of 7cm is parallel to the vertical plane and it's Front view makes an angle 30 degrees with XY line. Draw projections.

Case 5: A line is inclined to vertical plane and parallel to horizontal plane. Here the line is parallel to the horizontal plane so the top view gives true length. That's why

= . Certainly the front view length a'b' is less than true length because it is inclined to the
vertical plane.a'b'1 is known as True length of the line in Front view. Problem 5: A line AB of 7cm is parallel to the horizontal plane and it's top view makes an angle of 45 degrees with XY line. Draw projections. Note: With respect to reference line (XY): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Case 6: A line is inclined to both horizontal plane and vertical plane. Part 1: If front view and top view are given for a line ,how to find out true length of the line? Here if front view and top view are given, rotate the front view length in such a way that front view length becomes parallel to XY line. Project it towards Top view. Similary rotate the top view lengh in such a way that top view length becomes parallel to XY line. Project it towards Front view. b and b1 are always on same horizontal projector and b' and b'1 will always be on same horizontal projector. Problem6: The front view of a line of 50 mm(F.V.L) length makes an angle of 30 degrees with XY line and top view makes an angle of 45 degrees with the XY line.Find out the true length of the line.One end of the line is 20mm above horizontal plane and 30mm infront of vertical plane.

is the angle between a'b' and XY line. is the angle between ab and XY line.
is the angle made by a'b'1 with XY line. angle between ab1 and XY line. and are always drawn in front view. and are always drawn in top view.

Part 2: If the True length of the line is given how to find out top view and front view. Horizontal component of true length of the line in Front view is known as the top view length and horizontal component of true length of the line in top view is known as the front view length. Problem7: A line AB of 80mm length has one of its ends 15mm above the horizontal plane and 10mm infront of vertical plane and it is making an angle of 35 degrees with Horizontal plane and 40 degrees with vertical plane. Find out apparent inclinations. Note: 1. For finding the true lengths of the lines we are rotating the front view and top view. 2. For finding out Front view and Top view we are rotating the horizontal components of true lengths of front view and top view. 3. a'b' = ab1cos 4. ab = a'b1'cos

Problem 8: Line AB is 50mm long and it is 30 degrees and 40 degrees inclined to horizontal plane and verticle plane. End A is 20mm above Horizontal plane and 35mm infront of vertical plane Draw projections. Problem 9: AB= 75mm has 45 degrees inclination with vertical plane while its Front view makes 55 degrees. End A is 10mm above Horizontal Plane and 15mm infront of vertical plane.Find inclination with Horizontal plane.

Assignment questions:
1. A line CD of 100 mm length has one of it's ends 20 mm above the horizontal plane and 15 mm behind the vertical plane. True inclination with Horizontal plane is 40 degrees and top view makes an angle of 35 degrees. Draw all projections. 2. A line PQ of 60mm length makes 45 degrees angle with vertical plane. Its F.V makes 30 degrees. One of its ends is resting in H.P. And 25mm in front of V.P. 3. TV of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm. End C is in Hp and 50 mm in front of VP. End D is 15 mm in front of VP and it is above HP. Draw projections. 4. The ends of line PQ are on the same projector. The end P is 30 mm below the HP and 12 mm behind VP. The end Q is 55 mm above HP and 45 mm in front of VP. Determine the true length and traces of PQ and inclinations. 5. The straight line AB is inclined to 300 to HP., while its top view at 450 to a line XY. The end A is 20 mm in front of VP and it is below HP. The end B is 75mm behind the VP and it is above HP. Draw the projections of the line when its VT is 40 mm below. Find the true length and locate traces. 6. A line AB has one of its ends 50mm above horizontal plane and 20mm in front of vertical plane. Its F.V makes 30 degrees with horizontal plane and top view makes 45 degrees with vertical plane. Front view length is 60mm locate the traces. 7. The Distance between two end projectors of a line AB is 70 mm and the projectors through the traces are 110 mm apart. The end of a line is 10 mm above HP. If the TV and FV of the line makes 300 and 600 with XY line respectively. Draw the projections and locate traces. 8. A line AB is in First quadrant. Its end A and B are 20mm and 60mm in front of VP respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 75 mm. The line is inclined at 300 to the HP and its HT is 10 mm above XY. Draw the projections of AB and determine its true length and the VT.

TRACES OF LINES

Definition:
Traces are the intersection points obtained when the actual line is extended onto the reference plane (HP and VP). 1. If the actual line is extended onto horizontal plane, the intersection point is horizontal trace (HT). 2. If the actual line is extended onto vertical plane, the intersection point is vertical trace (VT).

Important notes: 1. If a line is parallel to horizontal plane and perpendicular to vertical plane, it will have vertical trace only. Horizontal trace will not be present. 2. If a line is parallel to vertical plane and perpendicular to horizontal plane, it will have horizontal trace only. No vertical trace here. 3. If a line is parallel to both horizontal and vertical planes, then it will not have any trace ie., it will not have horizontal trace and vertical trace too. 4. If a line is parallel to vertical plane and is inclined to horizontal plane, it will not have any vertical trace because it is parallel to vertical plane. But it will have a horizontal trace. The projection of horizontal trace is denoted with h and h lies on XY line. The horizontal trace is always observed in top view. 5. If a line is parallel to horizontal plane and inclined to vertical plane, it will not have any horizontal trace because it is parallel to horizontal plane but it will have a vertical trace. The projection of vertical trace is denoted with v and v lies on XY line. The vertical trace is always observed in front view. 6. Here from 4&5, horizontal trace and 'h' lies on same projector and vertical trace and 'v' lies on same projector. 7. Both horizontal trace and vertical trace lies below XY line. 8. If a line is inclined to both horizontal plane and vertical plane, h is obtained by the extension of a'b' (front view) on XY line and v is obtained by the extension of ab (Top view) onto the XY line. a', h, VT are always collinear. a, v, HT are always collinear.