Aerodynamics

Sheet 1

Aerodynamic Forces and Moments

1. An innitely thin at plate of chord c is ying at hypersonic velocities at an angle of attack . The pressure in the upper surface is constant and equal to pu , and the pressure in the lower surface is constant and equal to pl , with pl > pu . Assuming that the friction forces are negligible, compute the position of the center of pressure. 2. An innitely thin at plate of chord c = 1m is ying at supersonic velocities at an angle of attack = 10o . The pressure and shear stress distributions in the upper and lower surfaces are: pu = 4 104 (x 1)2 + 5.4 104 Pa, pl = 2 10 (x 1) + 1.73 10
4 2 5

u = 288x0.2 Pa, l = 731 x0.2 Pa,

Pa,

where x is the distance to the leading edge. Calculate the normal and axial forces per unit span, lift and drag, moments about the leading edge and the location of the center of pressure. Also, if cl = 1 and = 1.2 Kg/m3 , calculate the wind velocity. 3. Consider an airfoil ying at = 12o . The normal and axial force coecients are 1.2 and 0.03, respectively. Calculate the lift and drag coecients. 4. The lift, drag and moment coecients of a NACA 2412 are approximately equal to: cl = 1294 + 203 + 42 + 5 + 0.25, cd = 0.22 + 0.006, cm,c/4 = 3.253 2 + 0.1 0.04, where the angle is in radians. Compute the location of the center of pressure as a function of the angle of attack. 5. The following gures show the shape and the cp distribution on a supercritical airfoil at subsonic ight. Assuming that the airfoil is innitely thin (zu = zl = 0) and that the viscous forces are negligible, compute the cn , ca and cm,c/4 . Compute also the position of the center of pressure.

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 z/c 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 x/c 1 cp

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x/c 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering

2013/14

Aerodynamics

Sheet 1

6. The cp distribution on a cylinder ying in hypersonic ow is: cp = 2 cos2 cp = 0 /2 < < /2 elsewhere

where is the angle measured from the leading edge, positive clockwise. Compute cd and cl . 7. Consider the delta wing sketched in the gure, with L = 5m, ying at an angle of attack of 3o and a 2 dynamic pressure 1/2 U = 9000 Pa. The pressure and shear stress distributions over the wing are given by: pu p = 0.5 3.5 pl p = 0.5 + 0.5
4y 4 x

y x

kPa,

4y 4 x

L
kPa, Pa.
= 3o

u = l = 150 1 + e4x/L

L z x

Compute the normal and axial forces, moments about the leading edge and point of application of the lift and drag. Compute also the lift and drag coecients.

8. Consider the two dimensional half-cylinder shown in the gure with radius R. The cylinder is hollow, and it is attached to a at wall at points A and B. The pressure inside the cylinder is p = p , equal to the pressure far away from the cylinder. When the cylinder is exposed to a free stream with a dynamic pressure q , the pressure distribution over the cylinder is cp = 1 4 sin2 . Compute the forces at the attachment points A and B. Neglect the friction on the cylinder surface.

9. Consider the same two dimensional half-cylinder of the previous exercise. Now the cylinder has a slot at a position 0 that communicates the outside and the inside, so that the pressure inside the cylinder is equal to the pressure outside at = 0 . The pressure distribution outside of the cylinder is still given by cp = 1 4 sin2 . Compute the forces at the attachment points A and B. Neglect the friction on the cylinder surface.

U 0 A B

Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering

2013/14

Aerodynamics

Sheet 1

Solutions
1. xcp = c/2

2. N = 11.23 104 N/m; A = 1.28 103 N/m; MLE = 5.78 104 Nm/m; xcp = 0.51m; L = 1.104 105 N/m; D = 2.076 104 N/m; U = 429m/s. 3. cl = 1.17; cd = 0.28. 4. xcp = 1/4
3.25 3 2 +0.1 0.04 (129 4 +20 3 +4 2 +5 +0.25) cos()+(0.2 2 +0.006) sin()

5. ca = 0; cn = 0.47; cm,c/4 = 0.0845; xcp /c = 0.43. 6. cl = 0; cd = 8/3. 7. N = 172.5kN; A = 4.176kN; My,LE = 575kNm; xcp = 3.33m; CL = 1.53; CD = 0.1173. 8. Fz,A = Fz,B = 10 6 q R . 9. Fz,A = Fz,B =
q R 2 3 (12 sin (0 )

8).

1 Contact

oflores@ing.uc3m.es if you detect any error in the solutions.

Dept. of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering

2013/14