Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TYPES OF WEIRES
There are several different types of weirs. A weir may be a simple metal plate with a V-notch cut into it, or it may be a concrete and steel structure across the bed of a river. A weir that causes a large change of water level behind it, as compared to the error inherent in the depth measurement method, will give an accurate indication of the flow rate. Some weirs are used as bridges for people to walk along.
Labyrinth weir
A labyrinth weir uses a trapezoidal-shaped weir wall geometry (plan view) to increase the weir length. They are versatile structures and can be modified to fit many applications.
Broad-crested weir
A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, with a long crest compared to the flow thickness.[4] When the crest is "broad", the streamlines become parallel to the crest invert and the pressure distribution above the crest is hydrostatic. The hydraulic characteristics of broad-crested weirs were studied during the 19th and 20th centuries. Practical experience showed that the weir overflow is affected by the upstream flow conditions and the weir.
Compound weir
The sharp crested weirs can be considered into three groups according to the geometry of weir: a) the rectangular weir, b) the V or triangular notch, and c) special notches, such as trapezoidal, circular, or parabolic weirs. For accurate flow measurement over a wider range of flow rates, a compound weir combines a one weir type with another - typically a V-notch weir with a rectangular weir.[7]
An example of the compound weir is manufactured by Thel-Mar Company.[8] These weirs are a combination of a V-notch weir and a rectangular weir and are available for insertion in pipes from 6" to 15" - with secondary adapters available for larger pipe sizes. The weirs are intended to measure no more than 35% of the pipe's open channel flow capacity.
V-notch weir
The V-notch weir is a triangular channel section, used to measure small discharge values. The upper edge of the section is always above the water level, and so the channel is always triangular simplifying calculation of the cross-sectional area. V-notch weirs are preferred for low discharges as the head above the weir crest is more sensitive to changes in flow compared to rectangular weirs, for example, theRehbock weir. Under laboratory conditions, V-notch weirs typically achieve accuracies of 2% to 5%, while field condition accuracies from 5% to 15% may be expected] V-notch weirs are sized between 22-1/2 and 120, with 22-1/2, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 the common size increments - although free-flow discharge equations can be developed from one universal equation for V-notch weirs from 25-120 in size]
ASSIGNMENT IN FLUID MECHANICS (ABOUT WEIRS: ITS DEFINITION, TYPES, AND FORMULAS)