Reinforced Concrete Box

A reinforced concrete box, referred to as a box culvert in the UK and Hong Kong, is a square or rectangular "pipe" made of concrete with rebar or wire mesh fabric strewn throughout for the addition of extra strength. Multiple such boxes are arranged sideways to make a pipe or tunnel like structure. It is often used for sanitary sewer trunks, storm drain spillways, pedestrian subways, utility tunnels, catch basins, and other similar underground passage ways. Due to the enormous strength of reinforced concrete, it is often used in sewers or tunnels that have little cover above them which means they will be subjected to the stress of the road atop them.

other names. CLSM is defined as a material that results in a compressive strength of 1200 psi (8 MPa) or less. Most current CLSM applications require unconfined compressive strengths of 200 psi (1.4 MPa) or less.

High-Strength Concrete
The primary difference between high-strength concrete and normal-strength concrete relates to the compressive strength that refers to the maximum resistance of a concrete sample to applied pressure. Although there is no precise point of separation between high-strength concrete and normal-strength concrete, the American Concrete Institute defines high-strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength greater than 6000 psi (41 MPa).

Architectural Concrete
Architectural concrete refers to a building m aterial that provides aesthetic finish, which may serve a structural function, too. In a broad sense, architectural concrete can be thought of as distinct from decorative concrete, which more typically refers to aesthetic flatwork or building elements, not structural building members.

Insulating Concrete Forms

In conventional poured-in-place construction, a crew erects forms of plywood, steel, or aluminum that make a mold in the shape of the desired walls. After placing rebar to reinforce the wall, the crew pours concrete inside the cavity. Once the concrete hardens, the crew strips the forms to leave the reinforced concrete walls. Unlike these removable forms, ICFs are designed to stay in place as a permanent part of the wall assembly. The formwork functions as the insulation and the concrete functions as the structure.

Autoclaved Cellular Concrete

ACC, sometimes known as autoclaved aerated concrete, is made with all fine materials-nothing coarser than finely ground sand. What makes ACC different from lightweight aggregate concrete is that ACC contains millions of microscopic cells that are generated during the manufacturing process. In addition, ACC is unlike many other concrete products because it may be drilled, sawed, chiseled, nailed, or screwed using conventional carpentry tools.

Concrete Pavement
Since the first strip of concrete pavement was completed in 1893, concrete has been used extensively for paving highways and airports as well as business and residential streets. There are four types of concrete pavement: (1)Plain pavements with dowels that use dowels to provide load transfer and prevent faulting, (2)Conventionally reinforced pavements that contain steel reinforcement and use dowels in contraction joints, and (3)Continuously reinforced pavements that have no contraction joints and are reinforced with continuous longitudinal steel. (4)Plain pavements without dowels, in which aggregate interlock transfers loads across joints and prevents faulting, CONCRETE PIPE Concrete pipe comes in many shapes and sizes. Concrete pipe sizes can range from 4 inches (10 cm) up to 17 feet (5 m) in diameter. Although concrete pipe can be manufactured in a variety of shapes, there are five standard shapes: circular, horizontal elliptical, vertical elliptical, arch, and rectangular. The pipe shape selected for a project depends on the topography of the site, importance of hydraulic and structural efficiency, erosion and deposition in the stream channel, and cost. Most often, the preferred pipe shape is the one that will alter the natural drainage flow the least.

Concrete Masonry Units

Since 1882, when the first concrete block was molded, concrete masonry has become a standard building material. Concrete blocks create structures that are economical, energy efficient, fire-resistant, and involve minimal maintenance. In addition, concrete masonry allows architectural freedom and versatility. Concrete masonry is widely used to construct small and large structures. The most common application of concrete masonry is walls for buildings. However, other uses for concrete masonry units include retaining walls, chimneys, fireplaces, and firesafe enclosures of stairwells, elevator shafts, and storage vaults.

Controlled Low-Strength Material

CLSM is a self-compacted, cementitious material used primarily as a backfill in lieu of compacted backfill. Several terms are currently used to describe this material, including flowable fill, controlled density fill, flowable mortar, plastic soil-cement, soil-cement slurry, K-Krete, and

Precast Concrete Precast concrete is widely used in low- and mid-rise apartment buildings, hotels, motels, and nursing homes. The concrete provides superior fire resistance and sound control for the individual units and reduces fire insurance rates.