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Partial pressure
In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume.[1] The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. In chemistry, the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is defined as above. The partial pressure of a gas dissolved in a liquid is the partial pressure of that gas which would be generated in a gas phase in equilibrium with the liquid at the same temperature. The partial pressure of a gas is a measure of thermodynamic activity of the gas's molecules. Gases will always flow from a region of higher partial pressure to one of lower pressure; the larger this difference, the faster the flow. Gases dissolve, diffuse, and react according to their partial pressures, and not according to their concentrations in gas mixtures or liquids. This general property of gasses is also true of chemical reactions of gasses in biology. For example, the necessary amount of oxygen for human respiration, and the amount that is toxic, is set by the partial pressure of oxygen alone. This is true across a very wide range of different concentrations of oxygen present in various inhaled breathing gases, or dissolved in blood.
where: = total pressure of the gas mixture = partial pressure of nitrogen (N2) = partial pressure of hydrogen (H2) = partial pressure of ammonia (NH3)
and the partial pressure of an individual gas component in an ideal gas can be obtained using this expression:
Partial pressure
where: = mole fraction of any individual gas component in a gas mixture = partial pressure of any individual gas component in a gas mixture = moles of any individual gas component in a gas mixture = total moles of the gas mixture = total pressure of the gas mixture
The mole fraction of a gas component in a gas mixture is equal to the volumetric fraction of that component in a gas mixture.[3]
Vx is the partial volume of any individual gas component (X) Vtot is the total volume in gas mixture Px is the partial pressure of gas X Ptot is the total pressure in gas mixture nx is the amount of substance of a gas (X) ntot is the total amount of substance in gas mixture
Partial pressure
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases (i.e., liquid or solid). Most often the term is used to describe a liquid's tendency to evaporate. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point of the liquid. The vapor pressure chart to the right has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids.[5] As can be seen in the chart, the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points. For example, at any given temperature, propane has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (-43.7 C), which is where the vapor pressure curve of propane (the purple line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure.
Partial pressure
where: = the equilibrium constant of the reaction = coefficient of reactant = coefficient of reactant = coefficient of product = coefficient of product = the partial pressure of = the partial pressure of = the partial pressure of = the partial pressure of raised to the power of raised to the power of raised to the power of raised to the power of
For reversible reactions, changes in the total pressure, temperature or reactant concentrations will shift the equilibrium so as to favor either the right or left side of the reaction in accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle. However, the reaction kinetics may either oppose or enhance the equilibrium shift. In some cases, the reaction kinetics may be the over-riding factor to consider.
The form of the equilibrium constant shows that the concentration of a solute gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the solution. This statement is known as Henry's Law and the equilibrium constant is quite often referred to as the Henry's Law constant.[6] [7] [8] Henry's Law is sometimes written as:[9] (2) where above, is also referred to as the Henry's Law constant.[9] As can be seen by comparing equations (1) and (2) is the reciprocal of . Since both may be referred to as the Henry's Law constant, readers of the technical
literature must be quite careful to note which version of the Henry's Law equation is being used. Henry's Law is an approximation that only applies for dilute, ideal solutions and for solutions where the liquid solvent does not react chemically with the gas being dissolved.
Partial pressure
in the terms used in this article , in the terms used in this article
= volume fraction of gas component i = mole fraction, = partial pressure of nitrogen = = partial pressure of oxygen =
in the terms used in this article in the terms used in this article
The minimum safe lower limit for the partial pressures of oxygen in a gas mixture is 0.16 bar (16 kPa) absolute. Hypoxia and sudden unconsciousness becomes a problem with an oxygen partial pressure of less than 0.16 bar absolute. Oxygen toxicity, involving convulsions, becomes a problem when oxygen partial pressure is too high. The NOAA Diving Manual recommends a maximum single exposure of 45 minutes at 1.6 bar absolute, of 120 minutes at 1.5 bar absolute, of 150 minutes at 1.4 bar absolute, of 180 minutes at 1.3 bar absolute and of 210 minutes at 1.2 bar absolute. Oxygen toxicity becomes a risk when these oxygen partial pressures and exposures are exceeded. The partial pressure of oxygen determines the maximum operating depth of a gas mixture. Nitrogen narcosis is a problem when breathing gases at high pressure. Typically, the maximum total partial pressure of narcotic gases used when planning for technical diving is 4.5bar absolute, based on an equivalent narcotic depth of 35 metres (115ft).
References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Charles Henrickson (2005). Chemistry. Cliffs Notes. ISBN0-764-57419-1. Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures (http:/ / dbhs. wvusd. k12. ca. us/ webdocs/ GasLaw/ Gas-Dalton. html) Pittsburgh University chemical engineering class notes (http:/ / granular. che. pitt. edu/ ~mccarthy/ che0035/ MB/ single/ ideal. html) Page 200 in: Medical biophysics. Flemming Cornelius. 6th Edition, 2008. Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors) (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN0-07-049841-5. Intute University Introductory Chemistry (http:/ / www. intute. ac. uk/ sciences/ reference/ plambeck/ chem2/ p01182. htm) University of Delaware physical chemistry lecture (http:/ / www. udel. edu/ pchem/ C443/ Lectures/ Lecture33. pdf) Rice University chemistry class notes (http:/ / www. owlnet. rice. edu/ ~chem312/ Class Summaries/ Class12. html) University of Arizona chemistry class notes (http:/ / www. chem. arizona. edu/ ~salzmanr/ 103a004/ nts004/ l41/ l41. html)
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