Sesi 08

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI
Session Session 8 8 Data Data Storage Storage Design Design

nd Based Based on on System System Analysis Analysis & & Design Design 2 2nd Edition Edition Authors Authors :: Alan Alan Dennis Dennis & & Barbara Barbara Haley Haley Wixom Wixom Publisher Publisher :: John John Wiley Wiley & & Sons Sons
PowerPoint Course Material for SCELE Graduate Program Information Technology Faculty of Computer Science UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
Objectives Objectives
Become familiar with several file and database formats Understand several goals of data storage Be able to optimize a relational database for data storage and data access Become familiar with indexes Be able to estimate the size of a database
PowerPoint Course Material for SCELE Graduate Program Information Technology Faculty of Computer Science University of Indonesia
Key Key Definitions Definitions

The data storage function manages how data is stored and handled by programs that run the system Goals of data storage design
Efficient data retrieval (good response time) Access to the information users need
DATA STORAGE FORMATS
Types Types of of Data Data Storage Storage Formats Formats

Files: electronic lists of data optimized to perform a particular transaction Database: a collection of groupings of information the relate to each other in some way.
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that creates and manipulates databases.
Appointment Appointment File File
Appointment Appointment Database Database
File File Attributes Attributes

Files contain information formatted for a particular transaction Typically organized sequentially Pointers used to associate records with other records Linked Lists are files with records linked together using pointers
File File Types Types

Master files
store core, important information
Look-up files
store static values
Transaction files
store information that updates a master file
Audit files
record before and after versions of data
History (archive) files

store past information
Database Database Types Types

Legacy database
Hierarchical (depict parent-child relationships using inverted trees) Network (depict nonhierarchical associations using pointers)
Relational database Object database Multidimensional database
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Hierarchical Hierarchical Database Database Example Example
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Network Network Database Database Example Example
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Relational Relational Database Database Concepts Concepts

Popular; easy for developers to use Primary and foreign keys used to identify and link tables Referential integrity ensures correct and valid table synchronization Structured Query Language (SQL)- standard language for accessing data
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Relational Relational Database Database Example Example
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Object Object Database Database Concepts Concepts

Built around objects consisting of both data and processes Objects are encapsulated (self-contained) Object classes major object categories OODBMS used primarily for applications with multimedia or complex data Hybrid OODBMS both object and relational features
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Object Object Database Database Example Example
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Multidimensional Multidimensional Database Database Concepts Concepts Stores data for easy aggregation and manipulation across many dimensions Used for data warehouses and data marts Summary data is pre-calculated and stored for fast access
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Multidimensional Multidimensional Database Database Example Example
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OPTIMIZING DATA STORAGE
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Dimensions Dimensions of of Data Data Storage Storage Optimization Optimization Conflicting goals: Storage efficiency (minimizing storage space) Speed of access (minimizing time to retrieve desired information)
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Storage Storage Efficiency Efficiency

Minimize null values and redundancy Reduce update anomalies Normalization process optimizes the data storage design for storage efficiency
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Optimizing Optimizing Data Data Storage Storage Efficiency Efficiency
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Normalization Normalization Steps Steps
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Optimizing Optimizing Access Access Speed Speed

Techniques available to increase access speed after optimizing for efficiency Denormalization Clustering
Intrafile Interfile
Indexing
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Denormalization Denormalization
Add redundancy back to data storage design to reduce the number of joins performed in a query Ideal for frequently queried but rarely updated data
Look-up tables 1:1 relationships Add parent attributes to child Star schema design data models
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Clustering Clustering
Reduce the number of times storage must be accessed by physically placing like records close together.
Intrafile clustering similar records in a table are stored together Interfile clustering combine records from more that one table that are typically retrieved together
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Indexing Indexing
A minitable that contains values from one or more fields in a table and the location of the values within the table Similar to the index of a book.
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Payment Payment Type Type Index Index
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Guidelines Guidelines for for Creating Creating Indexes Indexes

Use indexes sparingly for transaction systems Use many indexes to increase response times in decision support systems For each table
Create a unique index based on the primary key Create an index based on the foreign key
Create an index for fields used frequently for grouping, sorting, or criteria
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Volumetrics Volumetrics Estimating Estimating Data Data Storage Storage Size Size Raw data sum of the average widths of all fields in a table. Calculate overhead requirements based on DBMS vendor recommendations Estimate initial number of records Estimate growth rate of records
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Data Data Storage Storage Size Size Estimator Estimator
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Summary Summary
Files are electronic lists of data generally of five types: master, look-up, transaction, audit, and history. A database is a collection of groupings of information and a DBMS is software that creates and manipulates these. There are a number of methods for optimizing data access speed and data storage efficiency, though the designers may have to make tradeoffs between these goals.
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PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI

Session Session 8 8 Data Data Storage Storage Design Design

Key Key Definitions Definitions

DATA STORAGE FORMATS

Types Types of of Data Data Storage Storage Formats Formats

Appointment Appointment File File

Appointment Appointment Database Database

File File Attributes Attributes

File File Types Types

History (archive) files

Database Database Types Types

Relational database Object database Multidimensional database

Hierarchical Hierarchical Database Database Example Example

Network Network Database Database Example Example

Relational Relational Database Database Concepts Concepts

Relational Relational Database Database Example Example

Object Object Database Database Concepts Concepts

Object Object Database Database Example Example

Multidimensional Multidimensional Database Database Example Example

OPTIMIZING DATA STORAGE

Storage Storage Efficiency Efficiency

Optimizing Optimizing Data Data Storage Storage Efficiency Efficiency

Normalization Normalization Steps Steps

Optimizing Optimizing Access Access Speed Speed

Payment Payment Type Type Index Index

Guidelines Guidelines for for Creating Creating Indexes Indexes

Data Data Storage Storage Size Size Estimator Estimator

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