'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA.................................................3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

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Executive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Malaysiakini Bahasa Malaysia, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with a very slight skew towards PR. The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over 90%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive coverage, while PR received the most negative coverage and very much the most attacks.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but overall, PR politicians were given somewhat more coverage than BN politicians. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (76%). Anwar Ibrahim was the most negatively covered and attacked politician, followed by Najib Razak. Najib Razak received the most positive coverage by a significant margin, followed by Anwar Ibrahim. Overall, PR politicians received the most of every kind of tonal coverage, with the exception of attacks, which they received at a rate equal to that of BN. 3 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? BN politicians were used as sources most often (52%), with Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahim the individuals most commonly used as sources. Najib Razak was the source carrying out the highest proportion of all 'attack politics', followed by Mahathir Mohamad then Muhyiddin Yassin. Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often than either opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
PRS PRM PBB UPKO PBS SUPP SPDP SAPP MIC Gerakan Other PSM MCA UMNO DAP PR PKR PAS BN 0 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.21 0.64 0.76 1.94 2.09 3.40 8.55 10.37 12.01 13.25 14.40 31.99 5 10 15
Volume

20

25

30

35

BN received the most coverage by a significant margin (31.99%), followed by PAS, PKR, PR, then DAP. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

1.94

Independent

2.33

PR

50.03

BN

45.69

10

20
Volume

30

40

50

60

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage (50.03%) than BN (45.69%). Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

4% 0% 5% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

90%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (90.20%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked UPKO SPDP SAPP PSM PRM PRS PBS PBB MIC Gerakan SUPP Other MCA PKR UMNO PAS DAP PR BN 0 10 20 30
Coverage Volume

Negative

40

50

60

BN was the most negatively covered (33.58%). The three constituent parties of the opposition coalition (PAS, PKR & DAP) came in second, third and fourth most negatively covered, respectively. PR was the most attacked party or coalition (31.25%), followed by PAS (25%) then DAP & BN in third equal place (18.75%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Neutral PRS PRM PBB UPKO SUPP PBS SPDP SAPP MIC PSM Gerakan MCA Other UMNO PAS PKR DAP PR BN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Positive

Coverage Volume

BN received the most positive (46.75%) and neutral (31.2%) coverage by a significant margin, followed by PR and its constituent parties. Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative

2.96 4.45 2.92

Attacked 0.00 Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0 10 20 25.00 30 40 50 60 70 80 45.29 47.45 53.25 43.79 50.25 49.64 75.00

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomes clear that BN received the most positive coverage, while PR received the most negative coverage and very much the most attacks. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 5% 90% 4% 1%

BN : PR 1 : 0.8 1 : 1.1 1 : 1.1 1:3

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Hishamuddin Hussein Hassan Ali Hadi Awang Chua Soi Lek Taib Mahmud Nurul Izzah Musa Aman Nizar Jamaluddin Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Khalid Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Rafizi Ramli Khalid Samad Nik Aziz Mahathir Mohamad Ibrahim Ali Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 0.94 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.88 1.88 2.83 2.98 3.14 4.08 4.24 4.40 4.71 5.18 7.54 19.15 24.65 5 10
Coverage Volume

15

20

25

30

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (24.65%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (19.15%), then Lim Kit Siang and Lim Guan Eng, with Ibrahim Ali coming in with fifth most mentions overall. Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

7% 38% BN PR 54% Independent/ Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions was somewhat skewed towards PR. Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Khalid Ibrahim Hadi Awang Lim Guan Eng Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Vox Pop Male Muhyiddin Yassin Election Commission Spokesperson Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0

2.45 2.78 3.27 3.27 8.42 8.83 11.53 12.35 12.84 26.74 5 10 15 20 25 30

Coverage Volume

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Anwar Ibrahim and EC Spokespeople were most commonly used as sources, at 26.74%, 12.84% and 12.35% respectively. Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

23% BN PR Independent/Other 25%

52%

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (52%) than both independent political figures and PR. Refer to Table 7 for figures.

14 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

11% 3% 11% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked 76%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (76%), followed by the negative and positive categories.

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Alfred Jabu Abdul Rahman Dahlan Tony Pua Nizar Jamaluddin Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Karpal Singh Hassan Ali Dzulkefly Ahmad Chua Soi Lek Tian Chua Taib Mahmud Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Khalid Ibrahim Ibrahim Ali Muhyiddin Yassin Rafizi Ramli Khalid Samad Mahathir Mohamad Nik Aziz Najib Razak Anwar Ibrahim 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Negative

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim received the most negative coverage (31.34%) and was attacked the second most often (27.78%). Najib Razak was attacked most often (33.33%) and received the second most negative coverage (17.91%). All other figures trailed by a significant distance in these categories. Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive James Masing Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Chua Soi Lek Hishamuddin Hussein Hadi Awang Taib Mahmud Nurul Izzah Khalid Ibrahim Musa Aman Nizar Jamaluddin Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Rafizi Ramli Muhyiddin Yassin Nik Aziz Khalid Samad Mahathir Mohamad Ibrahim Ali Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 10 20
Coverage Volume

Neutral

30

40

50

60

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (31.88%) and neutral coverage (24.27%), with Anwar Ibrahim receiving the second most neutral coverage (19.09%). Lim Kit Siang received the second most positive coverage (13.04%), followed by Lim Guan Eng and Khalid Ibrahim in third equal place (10.15%). Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent/ Other Neutral Negative

7.25 7.88 4.48

Attacked 0.00 Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0 10 20 30 40 31.34 50.00 50 60 70 34.78 39.42 50.00 57.97 52.70 64.18

Coverage Volume

Overall, PR received the most of every kind of tonal coverage, with the exception of attacks, which they received at a rate equal to that of BN. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 11% 76% 11% 3%

BN : PR 1 : 1.7 1 : 1.3 1 : 2.1 1:1

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Baru Bian Vox Pop Male Taib Mahmud Nik Aziz Lim Kit Siang Hassan Ali Chua Soi Lek Lim Guan Eng Hadi Awang Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Mahathir Mohamad Najib Razak 0 5 10
Attack Volume

0.00 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 4.35 6.52 6.52 17.39 23.91 28.26 15 20 25 30

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.00

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Najib Razak (28.26%) was most commonly quoted as engaged in 'attack politics', followed by Mahathir Mohamad (23.91%), then Muhyiddin Yassin (17.39%). Anwar Ibrahim and Hadi Awang were the most attack-prone opposition politicians (both 6.53%), followed by Lim Guan Eng. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

4% 22% BN PR Independent/Other 74%

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than either opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

26% Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues 74%

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

8% 1% 7%

Policy Issues
Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

39%

23%

1% 10% 7%

2%

Of all policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention, followed by Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security, and the Economy & Development. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

25% 31%

Non-Policy Issues

2% 3%

6% 9%

Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering

24%

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Electioneering and then Socioeconomic Status or demographic factors. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

23 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 11988 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 532 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 17.2 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 31.989 DAP 10.37 Gerakan 0.75804 MCA 3.396 MIC 0.63675 PAS 14.403 PBB 0.030321 PBS 0.060643 PKR 13.25 PR 12.007 PRS 0 PRM 0.030321 PSM 2.0922 SAPP 0.21225 SPDP 0.12129 SUPP 0.090964 UMNO 8.5506 UPKO 0.060643 Other 1.9406 Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 31.989 0.75804 3.396 0.63675 0.030321 0.060643 BN 0 0.12129 0.090964 8.5506 0.060643 12.007 10.37 PR 14.403 13.25 0.030321 2.0922 Independent 0.21225 1.9406 Other Percentage

45.694251

50.03

2.334771 1.9406

TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 18.75 18.75 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 31.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.25 0 0 Negative 33.577 12.409 0 3.6496 0 10.949 0 0 5.1095 21.168 0 0 0 0 0 0.72993 9.4891 0 2.9197 Neutral 31.197 10.253 0.77572 3.4064 0.70826 14.941 0.033727 0.067454 13.997 11.062 0 0.033727 2.2934 0.23609 0.13491 0.067454 8.8364 0.067454 1.8887 Positive 46.746 9.4675 1.1834 1.7751 0 6.5089 0 0 8.284 19.527 0 0 0.59172 0 0 0 3.5503 0 2.3669 TOTAL 130.27 50.8795 1.95912 8.8311 0.70826 57.3989 0.033727 0.067454 27.3905 83.007 0 0.033727 2.88512 0.23609 0.13491 0.797384 28.1258 0.067454 7.1753

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BN

PR

Independent & Other

TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

TABLE 5 25 43.79603 45.294779 53.2548 75 49.6355 50.253 43.7874 0 2.9197 4.451917 2.95862 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0 0.31397 0.62794 19.152 0 0 0 0 1.0989 0.15699 0 0 1.0989 1.0989 0.94192 4.7096 0.62794 0.15699 0.31397 2.8257 4.0816 5.1805 7.5353 0.15699 4.3956 0 1.8838 2.9827 1.5699 24.647 0 4.2386 1.8838 1.5699 3.1397 0.47096 0 1.5699 0.15699 0.78493 0.15699 0 0 0 0.47096

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 1.25589 0 1.88387 0 0.62794 0 0

Coalition

Percentage

BN

38.30482

UMNO

34.53712

UPKO

DAP

13.34375

PAS

13.34369 PR 54.31666

PKR

27.62922

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

0.62794 1.0989 4.7096 0.47096 0.47096

Independent/Ot her

7.37836

27 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 3.2706 8.4219 11.529 0.65413 26.738 0.2453 1.1447 12.837 0.16353 2.78 0 2.453 3.2706 1.8806 1.3083 0.7359 0.4906 8.8307 0.7359 0.16353 12.347

Coalition

Percentage

BN

52.00363

PR

24.69303

Independent

23.30363

28 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 0 0 0 27.778 31.343 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.5556 1.4925 0 1.4925 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4925 0 0 0 2.9851 0 0 0 0 0 1.4925 0 2.9851 0 4.4776 0 2.9851 0 2.9851 0 0 5.5556 5.9701 0 0 0 1.4925 5.5556 2.9851 0 0 33.333 17.91 0 0 11.111 5.9701 0 1.4925 0 0 0 4.4776 0 0 0 0 0 2.9851 0 0 11.111 1.4925 0 1.4925 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0 0.41494 0.82988 19.087 0 0 0 0 1.0373 0 0 0 1.4523 1.0373 1.2448 4.7718 0.82988 0.20747 0.20747 1.8672 3.9419 4.9793 7.6763 0.20747 4.5643 0 2.2822 3.112 2.0747 24.274 0 3.9419 2.0747 1.8672 2.4896 0.62241 0 1.6598 0.20747 0.41494 0 0 0 0 0.62241

Positive 0 0 0 5.7971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.2464 0 0 0 10.145 5.7971 10.145 13.043 0 1.4493 0 0 1.4493 0 31.884 0 2.8986 1.4493 1.4493 7.2464 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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BN

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 9 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

49.9998 31.3428 39.41919 34.7826 50 64.1786 52.69695 57.9708 0 4.4776 7.8838 7.2464

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 2.1739 23.913 17.391 0 28.261 0 2.1739 6.5217 0 6.5217 0 0 4.3478 2.1739 2.1739 0 2.1739 2.1739 0 0 0 Coalition Percentage

BN

73.9128

PR

21.739

Independent

4.3478

30 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 5.0095 0.19023 1.2999 0.95117 0.31706 3.012 0.95117 0.095117 1.0463 11.763 2.0926 3.2974 9.0996 1.0463 0.79264 9.48 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

12.872447

Non-Policy Issues

37.57154

31 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin 5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism' 6. PAS's Welfare State 7. PKR's Buku Jingga

32 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

7. 8.

Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6. SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living 14. Other

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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5.

Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other

7.

Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

34 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA