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Prepared By: Hardik H Patel Enrollment No : 110080719005 M.Tech Transportation System Engg. BVM Enginnering College, V V Nagar Guided By: Asst. Prof. Amit A Vankar Transportation System Engg. Dept. BVM Engineering College, V V Nagar Co - Guided By: Professor Dr. L.B. Zala Transportation System Engg.Dept. BVM Engineering College, V V Nagar
Introduction
Approach to Globalization
Effective communication is a key to national progress. India is located in a region where South-Asia converges with Central Asia and the Middle East. Blessed with extensive natural resources and rich agricultural land, it improves its economy particularly by exporting valuable items.
In order to improve trade and economic activities and to materialize regional linkages with China, Pakistan, Shrilanka, Bangladesh and other neighboring Central Asian countries, the country is gearing up towards a large infrastructure network.
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Introduction
Flexible Pavements are widely used despite some doubts regarding their economics under different conditions. Two most important parameters that governs the pavement design are soil sub-grade and traffic loading. The Indian guidelines for the design of flexible pavements use soil sub-grade strength in terms of California Bearing Ratio and traffic loading in terms of million standard axles (msa).
Design comprises the interplay of several variables such as, wheel loads, climate, terrain and sub-grade conditions.
Methodology
Problem Identification
Literature Review
Data Collection
Proctor Density Test
Problem Justification
Deficiencies and Issues
Operation Road capacity augmentation Congestion and delays through built-up areas No access control Vehicle competing with slow moving vehicle for the pavement space Deficient road surface conditions (roughness) Uncontrolled roadside developments and encroachments
Problem Justification
Safety Exposed roadside hazards No pavement markings Inadequate traffic signs Conflict with pedestrian, cattle, slow vehicles Road Poor pavement condition and structural inadequacy
Aim of Study
Aiming to facilitate to design for widening the pavement entail to rectify the problem of traffic accumulation and provision of superior transportation service. Study stretch has requisite to Widening of State Highway-8 mentioned route of Tarapur (Km 00+000) - Borsad (Km 29+340) - Vasad (Km 48+900) from 2 Lane to 6 lane. Improve Road Network is the one of important reason of transportation system at the city level. Such big project influences on neighboring environment.
Objectives
Strengthen the existing pavement so that it can carry the anticipated traffic for design period To design the pavement layer for widening to whole stretch
3 Preamble
Literature Review
The Government Roads comprise of National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Road (MDR), Other District Roads (ODR) with Cross Drainage Works like Causeways, Culverts ; Road and Railway over bridges, underpasses.
NH: Main highways running through the length and breadth of the Country connecting major ports, State Capitals, large industrial and tourist center.
SH:
Arterial routes of a State linking District Headquarters and important cities within the State and connecting them with NH or Highways of the neighboring States.
MDR: Important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets and connecting those with each other or with main highways
ODR: Roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centers, taluka headquarters, Block Development headquarters or other main roads
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National Highways
State Highways Major and other District Roads Rural and other Roads Total Road Length
11
12
Total Rural Roads Paved, not maintained Rural Roads Unpaved Rural Roads Paved, maintained Rural Roads New Rural Roads
2.7 million
3.1 million
0.1 million
3,22,900
82,734
*Source: Annual Report 2010-11, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India
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Subgrade soil
Thickness of pavement required Stress- strain behaviour under load Moisture variation
Climatic factors Pavement component materials Environment factors Traffic Characteristics Required Cross sectional elements of the alignment
Traffic Data
Initial data in terms of number of commercial vehicles per day (CVPD).
In terms of Cumulative Vehicles/day Based on 7 days 24 hours Classified Traffic
National Highways and State Highways : 15 Years Expressways and Urban Roads : 20 Years Other Category Roads : 10 to 15 Years
Total number of
Commercial Vehicles per
Minimum percentage
of Commercial Traffic to be
day
surveyed
<3000
20 per cent
3000 to 6000
15 per cent
>6000
10 per cent
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Kerb
DBM
WMM
Traffic diversion
BC
Excavation
Granular subbase
ECW
Tack Coat
Soil Embankment
Sub grade
Traffic diversion
Cleaning
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Gujarat having 1600 km of long coastline, which accounts for 80% cargo for India. Study stretch connects to states major ports i.e. Kandla, Mundra, Pipavav also Jamnagar Industry from major busy corridor NH-8 , NH-27, NH8A, NH-47. Study stretch dead end meets to NH-8; which is Indias busiest route of Delhi Mumbai Freight Corridor apart of Golden Quadrilateral.
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Economic Characteristics
The study area is primarily agrarian in character and a vast area is covered with matured as well as growing trees
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Economic Characteristics
A number of small-scale production units of various types
are in operation in Anand district of Gujarat. These include Bricks, iron and steel fabrication, earthen pots, lime
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Demographic Features
The study stretch from part of Anand District, which have following demographic features: The size of population of Anand District is approximately 20,90,276 ; (male 10,88,253 ; Female 10,02,023)
Population
52.06%
47.94%
male
Female
Population
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Density of Population Anand 711/Km2 Population of Vasad approximately - 12,487 Total Literacy (in terms of percentage) = 85.79% ; Male Literacy 93.23% , Female Literacy 77.76% ; (in terms of number) = Male literacy 893,559, Female Literacy 690,621 Literacy
93.23%
77.76%
male
Literacy
female
160
140 120
Road Length in Km
100
80
60 40 20
0 VR ODR MDR SH NH NE
Adjacent to the study stretch there are 25 villages namely Adas, Khadol, Sundan, Joshikuva, Anklav, Dahemi, Kasumbad, Nisraya, Bhadran, Rudel, Vahera, Dhundakuva, Nahapa, Silvai, Pandoli, Dharmaj, Vatadra, Nagra, Finav, Vadadla, Nar Town, Runaj, Parol, Sath, Balinta. Almost all villages have bus facilities and few villages have direct access to Railway Services. Almost all the villages have paved and mud roads though it can be said that more improvement is necessary in this sector.
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Carriageway width
1 Major Bridge 1 ROB 5 Nos Tarapur, Arnej, Vejelka, Indranaj, Isarwada, Nar, Danteli, Dharmaj
Generally Agriculture / Barren Lands for most of length except Urban areas
Landuse
27
28
29
30
31
80
70
60
Percentage by Weight
50
40
30
20
10
0 Gravel % 4.75 mm & above Sand % 0.075 to 4.75 mm Silt + Clay % Less than 0.075 mm
9+300
12+300
20+000
21+500
23+600
25+400
28+000
39+500
46+400
0 51 49
0 54 46
0 73 27
0 52 48
0 54 46
0 39 61
0 51 49
0 32 68
0 54 46
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Based on Unified soil classification and IS classification system ; soil classification and identification is done through auxiliary laboratory identification procedure and IS plasticity chart. Soil Classification is carried out in order to identification of soil for its predictable behaviors and its properties .
CHAINAGE (KM)
9+300
Soil Classification
SC
% of Soil Classification
SC SM SMSC
SMSC CI
CI 22%
SC 34%
SC CI SMSC
SM-SC 33% SM 11%
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35
Percentage of LL & PI
30
25
20
15
10
9+300 33 12
12+300 30 8
20+000 25
NP 0
21+500 28 7
23+600 28 7
25+400 37 15
28+000 34 13
39+500 38 16
46+400 28 7
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Maximum Dry Density & Optimum Moisture Content by Modified Proctor Test IS : 2720 Part VII
MDD OFC
11.8
11.7
12.3 11.5
12.2
10.9
9.2
9.9
9.9
1.986
1.989
1.994
1.972
1.974
1.986
1.956
9+300
21+500
28+000
39+350
12+000
20+000
23+600
25+400
1.95
Chainage
46+400
1.964
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CBR Test
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After CBR test was performed , there are different CBR values obtained for study stretch on different chainages
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14.5
15.1
15.2
14.5
14.4
14
12
10.5
8.7
10
CBR %
7.9
8.1
6 4 2 0
9+300 12+000 21+500 23+600 28+000 39+350
20+000
25+400
Chainage
46+400
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composition
Pavement Layer BC DBM WMM Bituminous layer Boulder soling Total Thickness in mm 70 100 300 40 300 810
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At different location on study stretch classified volume count survey was carried out . Classified Average Daily Traffic is computed.
3500 3000
No. of Veh.
717 53
780 191
840
328 1
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Private Bus
2 Wheeler
Car
Commercial
Public Transport
Passenger
Agricultural
Animal Drawn
State Bus
MAV
LCV
Rikshaw
3 Axle
Tractor Trolly
2 Axle
School Bus
Mini Bus
4-6 Axle
Tractor
NMV 39
No. of Veh.
2640 2095
1267
1181 621
1150
1000 500 0
1
306 51
28
84
31
2 Axle
3 Axle
4-6 Axle
Tractor
Commercial
Public Transport
Passenger
Agricultural
Animal Drawn
NMV 40
School Bus
MAV
2 Wheeler
Tractor Trolly
Mini Bus
Private Bus
State Bus
Rikshaw
LCV
Car
Average daily Traffic and Passenger Car Units at Tarapur and Borsad
30000 25919
25000
24891
20000
15000
13834
14330
10000
5000
At Tarapur
At Borsad
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Traffic Forecasting
Traffic Growth Rate The present day traffic has to be projected for the end of design life at growth rates (r) estimated by studying and analyzing the following data:
(i)
(ii) Demand elasticity of traffic with respect to macro-economic parameters (like GDP or SDP) and expected demand due to specific developments and land use changes likely to take place during design life.
If the data for the annual growth rate of commercial vehicles is not available or if it is less than 5 per cent, a growth rate of 5 per cent should be used (IRC:SP:84-2009)
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At Tarapur Year
Traffic growth in no. of veh.
At Borsad
Traffic growth in no. of veh.
where Pn = Traffic in the nth year Po = Traffic flow in the base year n = Number of years r = Traffic growth rate
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48500
45500
44701 42572
49282 46936
42500
PCUs
39500
36500
35024 33356 31768 30255 28814 27442 26136 24891
33500 30500
27500
24500 2012
2014
2016
2018
2024
2026
2028
2030
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PCUs
40000
37000
36471 34734 33080 31505 30004 28576 27215 25919
38294
34000
31000
28000
25000 2012
2014
2016
2018
2024
2026
2028
2030
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Assessment is based on IRC:64-1990 Guideline for Capacity of Road in Rural Areas. The details of V/C ratio is presented in below Table.
Count Post No. of Lane Width in meter Volume PCU/Day DSV Capacity V/C Ratio
2 2
3.75 3.75
24891 25919
15000 15000
30000 30000
0.83 0.86
The V/C ratio is 0.83 to 0.86, which is near to 1, hence capacity is to be increased by widening the existing corridor. The widening is suggested by adding 4 lanes to existing 2 lanes for long term solution.
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[( + ) ] =
Location Tarapur Borsad
10 84
15 156
10 86
15 158
Plate no.6, 7, 8, pg.27, 28; IRC:37-2012,in order to obtain pavement thickness Cumulative Standard axles repetition is adopted 158 msa among its higher value for whole study stretch.
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Composition of subsequent layers of pavement is calculated from above data and given in below table
WMM
DBM
9+300 12+300
20+000
10.5 8.7
14.5
50 50
50
125 135
100
250 250
250
200 200
200
GSB
CBR %
BC
625 635
600
21+500 23+600
25+400
15.1 15.2
7.9
50 50
50
100 100
135
250 250
250
200 200
200
600 600
635
28+000 39+500
46+400
14.5 8.1
14.4
50 50
50
100 135
100
250 250
250
200 200
200
600 635
600
48
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CONCLUSION
Different type of soil have different characteristics, it is essential to have recognizance and evaluation of particular soil on which pavement structure is being constructed. Transient traffic loading and its effects may high if higher number of vehicles may pass. Based on
IRC:37-2012 pavement life for state highway is minimum 15 years but beside it
conventional planning for design for widen the existing road may 27 years, so its necessary to design the pavement for initial 15 years and further
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RECOMMENDATION
State Highway-8 route link Bagodra - Vataman - Tarapur - Dharmaj -Borsad Vasad having total length 101.76 km originating in district Ahmedabad and terminating in district Anand. This stretch will connect South Gujarat and Saurashtra region. It is expected to ease the
traffic situation on the NH 8. The road will also provide connectivity to NH-8 to NH-27, NH-
47. Based on huge advantages it is expected to widen the existing pavement to minimize traffic congestion and carry the anticipated traffic load.
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References
1. 2. Feasibility cum Preliminary Design Report for NH-11, NHDP Phase-III, Rajasthan Highway Engineering by Khanna. S. K., Justo. C. E. G., Nem Chand and Bros, Roorkee, U.K., India Jha, Bindur Kant., and Aman Kumar (2009), Performance of Bituminous Mixes A Case Study Indian Highways. Manual for Construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works , Publication of Indian Roads Congress, 2001. Specifications for Raod and Bridge Works Ministry of Shipping, Road Transportation & Highways, Indian Road Congress, 2001
3.
4.
5.
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References
7. Bindra S.P., A Course in Highway Engineering, 5th edition, Dhanpat Rai Publication, 2012 IRC:36-2010 Recommended Practice for Construction of Earth Embankments and Sub-Grade for Road Works (First Revision) IRC:37-2012 Tentative Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements
8.
9.
10. IRC:SP:-84-2009 Manual for Specification & Standards for Four Laning of Highways through Public Private Partnership 11. Khanna S.K., Justo C.E.G , Highway Engineering, 9 th edition, Nem Chand & Bros Roorkee, U.K, India, 2011 12. Yoder E.J., Witczak M.W., Principles of Pavement Design, 2nd edition, John Willey & Sons, 1975 53
References
13. http://www.nhai.org/roadnetwork.htm 14. National Highway Development Project http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nationalhighways_develepment_project 15. Golden Quadrilateral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_golden_quadrilateral 16. www.census2011.co.in/census/district/196-anand.html
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