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23 1

The Mongolian Titles of the Emperors

of the Yan Dynasty
Chinfu Hung
Abstract
Each of the nine emperors of the Yan dynasty had a Mongolian title, but
it is not clear whether such titles were granted to ruling emperors as an honorific title or to already deceased emperors as a temple name. While there is

Qaanwas used as an honorific title when

no doubt that the title Cinggis
Emperor Tem in was alive, and was also used to name his temple room when
it was set up, the circumstances surrounding the other eight titles, such as
Secen Qaanof Emperor Qubilai, are far less clear. The History of the Yan
Dynasty (Yan shih) and scholars who follow this text tend to view such titles
as temple names, but one modern scholar has recently argued that these titles
were actually given to emperors during the time of their reigns. Having inspected a variety of sources in Chinese, Mongolian and Persian languages, this article questions the validity of the two aforementioned interpretations. In their
place, it advances the hypothesis that the Mongolian titles of Yan emperors
were both honorific titles and temple names, because exactly the same title was
first presented to an incumbent emperor and later used to name his temple
posthumously. This article also discusses a related issue, namely, the avoidance
of the use of Mongol Khaghans names during the Yan dynasty.
Keywords: Yan dynasty, Mongolian titles, honorific titles, temple names,
avoidance of an emperors name
*

Chinfu Hung is a research fellow in the Institute of History and Philology at Acadamia Sinica.