Using slope-deflection

Structural Analysis I

Department of Civil Engineering

Using slope-deflection
Course structure
Semester 1: Engineering Structure I (10 doublelectures) to cover elastic analysis of statically indeterminate structures and stability of a column.

Using slope-deflection
Assessment
January examination: 80% Coursework CW1 Analysis of Frame: 10% Submission of Question solutions: 10%

Using slope-deflection
Learning objectives for semester 1
At the end of the module, students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the deflections of beams and frames; the assumptions and applicability of moment distribution; the stiffness matrix method and the use of relevant software; how axial and shear stresses are distributed throughout the cross-section of structural members; stress distributions and deflections produced by torsional loading. buckling of columns

Using slope-deflection Recommended text books

Structures Theory and Analysis M S Williams & J D Todd - Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000 Essential course text Structures - Prab Bhatt - Pearson Education UK, 2001 Highly recommended course text

Using slope-deflection Weekly programme

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Slope deflection equations Moment distribution and slope deflection for continuous beams (1) Moment distribution and slope deflection for continuous beams (2) Moment distribution and slope deflection for frames Moment distribution for frames that sway Euler buckling load for a perfect pin-ended strut and struts with other end boundary conditions Introduction to the stiffness matrix method Shear flow/torsion in closed and open sections Stresses in unsymmetrical sections Revision Contents

Using slope-deflection
Year One and Two Structures
1. Analysis of statically determinate structures Using method of joints or method of sections

- Equilibrium:

M = 0,

F = 0

Using slope-deflection
Year Three Structures
2. Basic stiffness approach

d2y M ( x) = EI 2 dx
Direct integration / McCaulays method to find deflections (& slopes)

Compatibility can then be used to solve statically indeterminate structures

Using slope-deflection
Year Three Structures
Will extend stiffness/compatibility approach for statically indeterminate structures. Will study more complex structures Will study non-elastic problems Will study introduction to computer methods Will study complex bending problems - biaxial bending - open sections - varying section etc

Using slope-deflection
Revision of static analysis
Idealisation of loading:

Using slope-deflection
Revision of static analysis
Simplified beams: Simply supported beam

Using slope-deflection
Revision of static analysis
Cantilever beam

Using slope-deflection
Revision of static analysis
Fixed ended beam

Using slope-deflection
Revision of static analysis
Boundary conditions: 1. Roller

2. Pinned

3. Fixed

Using slope-deflection
Revision of static analysis
Tutorial 0 boundary conditions

Using slope-deflection Revision of static analysis

Point load at centre-line

Bending moment

Using slope-deflection Revision of static analysis

Point load off centre-line

Bending moment

Revision of static analysis

Using slope-deflection

UDL on propped cantilever

Bending moment

Revision of static analysis

Using slope-deflection

2-span beam

contraflexure

Revision of static analysis

Using slope-deflection

Tutorial 1a deformed shape

Tutorial 1b bending moment

Using slope-deflection
Section One Using Slope deflection
To analyse statically indeterminate plane-frame Structures: 1. Write down expressions for the moments at each end of each member in a frame 2. Each expression will contain a fixed-end moment and a slope-deflection moment.

Using slope-deflection
3. Impose equilibrium conditions: i.e. at any joint M = 0. At any pinned end, M = 0. 4. Impose joint rotation compatibility, i.e. a rigid joint which rotates must result in the same rotations for all member ends at that point 5. This gives a series of simultaneous equations for the rotations and deflections of the ends which can be solved.

Using slope-deflection Fixed end moments

These are the moments which are developed at the ends of a loaded beam, when the ends are fully fixed - i.e. no rotations or deflections are permitted A consistent sign convention must be adopted. Anti-clockwise moments are positive Anti-clockwise rotations are positive Upward deflections and forces are positive

Using slope-deflection Fixed end moments

A fixed ended beam is statically indeterminate, but the end moments can be found using the moments-curvature relationship: d2y M ( x) = EI 2 dx Note that this equation is sometimes quoted as:

d y M ( x) = EI 2 dx
The minus sign is a result of the sign convention adopted

Using Fixedslope-deflection end moments

Consider a fully fixed beam width an off-centre point load The end fixities will cause fixed moments MFAB and MFBA and reactions RAB and RBA A MFAB RAB a b P Vx B Mx RBA MFBA

x L Now take a section at a point x along the length. At x, there is a moment Mx. M = 0 thus

(x )= Mxx = +M + RA xAB +xP 0 (xa M M R P a) FAB FAB

but

Using slope-deflection d M x = M FAB + RAB x P( x a ) = EI

2 2

dx 2

Integrating gives:

( dy x x a) EI = M FAB x + RAB P +A dx 2 2
At x = 0, dy/dx = 0 A = 0 (note x=0 is not valid for 3rd term) At x = L, dy/dx = 0 RAB = Pb2/L2 + 2MFAB/L Integrating again gives:
3 2 3 ( x Pb 2M FAB x x a) P +B + + 2 L 6 2 L 6 2

EIy = M FAB

Using slope-deflection
EIy = M FAB
2 2 3

( x Pb 2M FAB x x a) P +B + + 2 L 6 2 L 6
3

At x = 0, y = 0 B = 0 At x = L, y = 0

M FAB

Pab 2 =+ 2 L
B RBA MFBA

Similarly, taking moments on the other Mx side gives:

M FBA

Pba 2 = 2 L

L-x

Using Fixedslope-deflection end moments

A MFAB RAB a L b RBA P B MFBA

M FAB

Pab 2 =+ 2 L

M FBA

Pba 2 = 2 L

Consider point load at centre: a = b = L/2 PL

M FAB = +

M FBA

PL = 8

Using Fixedslope-deflection end moments

A MFAB RAB L A similar analysis can be carried out to show that for a UDL on intensity w kN/m RBA w kN/m B MFBA

M FAB

wL2 =+ 12

M FBA

wL2 = 12

Using slope-deflection Bending Moment Diagram

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

The total effect of two different inputs to a system is equal to the sum of their effects when applied separately This is valid for linear elastic structures in which changes in geometry caused by external loads is small

Using slope-deflection Principal of superposition

25 kNm 15 kNm

RAB = 2 kN A 25 5m

B RBA = -2 kN

15

Bending moment diagram (drawn on the tension side)

Using slope-deflection Principal of superposition

28 kN

RAB = 14 kN A 2.5m 2.5m

B RBA = 14 kN

35 Bending moment diagram (drawn on the tension side)

Using slope-deflection Principal of superposition

25 kNm 28 kN 15 kNm

RAB = 16 kN 25

A d

RBA = 12 kN

15 e f Bending moment diagram (drawn on the tension side) df = 35 ef = 15

Using slope-deflection
Principal of superposition
W = 28 kN 25 kNm 15 kNm

5m

Now lets try another example:

17.5 kNm Bending moment diagram from UDL alone (drawn on the tension side)

Using slope-deflection
Principal of superposition
W = 28 kN 25 kNm 15 kNm

A 25

5m

17.5

15

Bending moment diagram from applied end moments Free BMD added

Using slope-deflection Bending moment diagram

MAB RAB w= kN/m W 28 kN x MBA RBA B

A 5m What is the minimum Consider the generalmoment case.? (Note: this is not the moment at the mid-span!) At a distance x from the left hand side:

Shear Force, V x = R AB wx
Maximum moment in the span is at zero shear force Position of Mmax is at xmax =

R AB w

Using slope-deflection Bending moment diagram

M 25 kNm AB RAB A Now w= kN/m W 28 kN x 15 M kNm BA RBA B and

5m

wx 2 M x = RAB x M AB 2

xmax

RAB = w

Hence

M max

RAB RAB = M AB w 2w

M max

RAB = M AB 2w

Using slope-deflection Bending moment diagram

We can also find the points of contraflexure (zero moment)

wx 2 0 = RAB x M AB 2
is a quadratic equation, which can be rewritten as
2 M AB 2 R AB =0 x x + w w
2

Solving for x gives:

RAB RAB 2 M AB x= w w w

Using slope-deflection Bending moment diagram

Usually there are two values for x, zero moment :

but there could be just one:

or none :