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The World Bank Transport and Urban Development Department TUDTR

Road Costs Knowledge System (ROCKS) Version 2.3


Executive Summary

December 12, 2006

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this document are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The ROCKS system was developed in the Transport Unit TUDTR of the World Bank by a team led by Anil Bhandari and comprising Rodrigo ArchondoCallao and Alberto Nogales under the direction of John Flora, Director of the Transport and Urban Development Department. The Dutch Trust Fund TF038504 funded this initiative. The system benefited from the inputs of an Advisory Group comprising Alain Labeau, Antti Talvitie, Cesar Queiroz, Christopher Hoban, Terje Wolden, and William D.O. Patterson. Assistance from staff of TUDTR, particularly, Benedictus Eijbergen, Jerry Lebo, Mirtha Araujo, Tipawan Bhutaprateep, and Barbara A. Gregory, is also acknowledged. Strategic guidance was received from the Transport Sector Managers: Eva Molnar, Guang Zhe Chen, Jitendra Bajpai, Jose Luis Irigoyen, and Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard; and overall advice and support from the following transport staff in headquarters and in the regions: A. K. Swaminathan, Alok Nath Bansal, Amer Durrani, Chinnakorn Chantra, Elena Kastlerova, Gevorg Sargsyan, Imogene R. Jensen, Jean-Charles Crochet, Kazi Mahbub-Al Matin, Labite Victorio Ocaya, Mohi Uz Zaman Quazi, Natarajan Raman, Nga Thi Quynh Dang, Ramiz Al-Assar, Robert Kietlinski, Sally L. Burningham, Stein Lundebye, Sujit Das, Tawia Addo-Ashong, Thach Ngoc Phan, Yitzhak A. Kamhi, and Zhi Liu. A selected group of road agencies contributed to the development of the system, provided access to the data, and tested the system: the Roads SSCC Agency in Armenia, the Roads and Highways Department RHD in Bangladesh, the Ghana Highway Authority GHA; the Central Road Research Institute CRRI, and National Highways Authority NHAI in India, the Department of Public Works and Highways DPWH in the Philippines, the General Directorate of Public Roads GDDP in Poland, the Department of Highways DOH in Thailand, the Road Agency Formation Unit RAFU in Uganda, and the Planning and Investment Department of the Ministry of Transport in Vietnam. A Japanese Trust Fund funded the update of the System in 2004 and its dissemination in the following countries: Lao, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Serbia and Montenegro. The Japanese consultants Koji Tsunokawa and Maki Tsumagari performed these tasks. A Japanese Trust Fund funded the update of the System in 2005/2006 by the Japanese consultants Sachicko Gause and Kikuo Oishi.

ROad Costs Knowledge System ROCKS Version 2.3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION

Road agencies, contractors, consultants and financial institutions require road costs information, which in general is locally available, but many times this information is scattered, proprietary of some organizations, and collected in unsystematic and unstructured ways. These entities need to assess costs differences among states and regions, but no framework to compare road costs exists. In 1999, in response to this demand, the World Bank made a first attempt to collect this information from 67 Implementation Completion Reports of Bankfinanced projects that were implemented in the period 1995 1999. The study (2000) found that the level of detail provided in these type of documents was limited and that there is a worldwide need for a framework to collect this type of information. Consequently, the Bank decided to develop a simple system to collect road costs and to explore other sources of information.

II.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND PRODUCTS

With the funds provided by the Dutch Trust Fund (TF038504), and primarily based on the experience of Bank staff and the information contained in roads and highways projects in selected road agencies in developing countries, the Transport Unit of the World Bank developed the ROad Costs Knowledge System (ROCKS). The main objective of the system is to develop an international knowledge system on road work costs to be used primarily in developing countries to establish an institutional memory, and obtain average and range unit costs based on historical data that could ultimately improve the reliability of new cost estimates and reduce the risks generated by cost overruns . The main outputs of this initiative are the following five products: PRODUCT 1. The ROCKS Framework is based on five key concepts that characterize the system, and provide the foundation to achieve its objective and intended outputs. The first concept seeks to systematically classify the different road work types and predominant work activities in order to be able to organize them and match them with typical civil works contracts. The road works have been classified in two categories: Preservation and Development. The details on work classes, types and predominant work activities are presented in the tables below. the second, defines a shared concept of unit cost as the fundamental cost element, and depending on the type of work suggests to use $/km, or $/m2;

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page i of xiv

the third concept, establishes a minimum set of data requirements that is generally available in any country and that allows the system to work; the fourth concept seeks to add flexibility to the system by defining a set of highly recommended data, and a series of optional data that allow the users to select the levels of detail or criteria to be used, and adapt the system to their needs and data available, and the fifth concept suggests to collect the data on any currency and reference date, but to convert all data to a single currency and a single reference year to allow for data comparisons.

Concept 1.
Predominant Work Activity for Preservation Works
Work Category Preservation Work Class Routine Work Type Routine Maintenance Predominant Work Activity Routine Maintenance Earth Road Routine Maintenance Gravel Road Routine Maintenance Block 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Bituminous 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Concrete 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Bituminous > 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Concrete > 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Bituminous Expressway Routine Maintenance Concrete Expressway Light Grading Heavy Grading Regravelling Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment Fog Seal Rejuvenation Unsealed Preventive Treatment Slurry Seal or Cape Seal Single Surface Treatment Double Surface Treatment Triple Surface Treatment Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm Asphalt Overlay 40 to 59 mm Asphalt Overlay 60 to 79 mm Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm Mill and Replace Bonded Concrete Overlay Unbounded Concrete Overlay Concrete Slab Replacement Concrete Slab Repair Concrete Diamond Grinding Reconstruction Earth Reconstruction Gravel Reconstruction Block Reconstruction Bituminous Reconstruction Concrete Recommended Unit Cost $/km-year Alternative Unit Cost

Periodic

Grading

$/km

Gravel Resurfacing Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment Bituminous Pavement Preventive Treatment

$/m2 $/m2 $/m2

$/km $/km $/km

Unsealed Preventive Treatment Surface Treatment Resurfacing

$/m2 $/m2

$/km $/km

Asphalt Mix Resurfacing

$/m2

$/km

Rehabilitation

Strengthening

$/m2

$/km

Concrete Pavement Restoration

$/m2

$/km

Reconstruction

$/m2

$/km

Number of Lanes 1L - One Lane 4L - Four Lane 2L - Two Lane 6L - Six Lane

Date: 12/12/06

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page ii of xiv

Concept 1.
Predominant Work Activity for Development Works
Work Category Development Work Class Improvement Work Type Partial Widening Predominant Work Activity Partial Widening to Gravel 2L Partial Widening to Block 2L Partial Widening to Bituminous 2L Partial Widening to Concrete 2L Partial Widening and Reconstruction to Gravel 2L Partial Widening and Reconstruction to Block 2L Partial Widening and Reconstruction to Bituminous 2L Partial Widening and Reconstruction to Concrete 2L Widening Adding Bituminous 1L Widening Adding Bituminous 2L Widening Adding Bituminous 4L Widening Adding Concrete 1L Widening Adding Concrete 2L Widening Adding Concrete 4L Widening and Reconstruction Adding Bituminous 1L Widening and Reconstruction Adding Bituminous 2L Widening and Reconstruction Adding Bituminous 4L Widening and Reconstruction Adding Concrete 1L Widening and Reconstruction Adding Concrete 2L Widening and Reconstruction Adding Concrete 4L Upgrading to Earth 2L Upgrading to Gravel 2L Upgrading to Block 2L Upgrading to Bituminous 2L Upgrading to Concrete 2L New Earth 1L Road New Gravel 1L Road New Block 1L Road New Bituminous 1L Road New Concrete 1L Road New Earth 2L Highway New Gravel 2L Highway New Block 2L Highway New Bituminous 2L Highway New Concrete 2L Highway New Bituminous 4L Highway New Concrete 4L Highway New Bituminous 6L Highway New Concrete 6L Highway New Bituminous 4L Expressway New Concrete 4L Expressway New Bituminous 6L Expressway New Concrete 6L Expressway Recommended Unit Cost $/km Alternative Unit Cost

Partial Widening and Reconstruction

$/km

Widening

$/km

Widening and Reconstruction

$/km

Upgrading

$/km

New Construction

New 1L Road

$/km

New 2L Highway

$/km

New 4L Highway

$/km

New 6L Highway

$/km

New 4L Expressway

$/km

New 6L Expressway

$/km

Number of Lanes 1L - One Lane 4L - Four Lane 2L - Two Lane 6L - Six Lane

Date: 12/12/06

Concept 2.

CONCEPT: UNIT COST PER LENGTH & UNIT COST PER AREA It includes It does not include all civil works costs: other agency costs: Mobilization Pavement -Drainage Design Major Structures - Line markings Contingencies Taxes Land Acquisition Resettlement Supervision ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page iii of xiv

Concepts 3 and 4.

ROCKS - ROad Costs Knowledge System Version 2.3 (12/12/06)


Sections 1 through 5 - Cost and Work Description
Record Country State, Department or Province User Classification 1 User Classification 2 User Classification 3 Project or Source Name Section Report Type Report Location Cost Date Cost Type Cost Source Cost Financing Contract Type Procurement Method Contractor Type Work Description Work Type Work Predominant Activity Base Cost (M$) Physical Contingencies (M$) Price Contingencies (M$) Total Cost per Kilometer ($/km) Total Cost per Carriageway Area ($/m2) Pavement Width (m) Shoulder Width (m) Number of Lanes Resurfacing Layer Thickness (mm) Depth of Milling (mm) Surface Thickness (mm) Base Thickness (mm) Subbase Thickness (mm) Structural Number Traffic (AADT) Terrain Type Mobilization (%) Demolition and Site Clearance (%) Earthworks (%) Drainage,P Works,Culv.&Min. Bridges (%) Major Bridges and Structures (%) Accesses and Junctions (%) Pavement Courses (%) Shoulder Works (%) Line Markings and Signs (%) Environment (%) Dayworks (%) Other (%) Contingencies (%) Taxes (%) Total (%) Labor (%) Materials (%) Foreign Currency (%) Land Acquisition (%) Resettlement (%) Land Acquisition & Resettlement (%) Minimum and Required Data Set

Currency Code US$ Exchange Rate Construction Method Economic Cost Factor Taxes (Y/N) Contingencies (Y/N)

Total Cost (M$) Length (km) Duration (months)

Section 6 - Road Work Cost per Length


Total Cost per Kilometer (2000 US$/km)

Section 7 - Road Work Cost per Area


Total Cost per Carriageway Area (2000 US$/m2)

Section 8 - Road Work Characteristics


Climate Type Pavement Type Surface Class Surface Type Surface Material Base Material Patching or Crack Sealing Unit Cost ($/m2) Patching or Crack Seal. Quantity (m2/km-year) Spot Regravelling or Regravell. Unit Cost ($/m3) Spot Regravelling Quantity (m3/km-year)

Section 9 - Road Work Cost Details (% of Road Work Cost)

Drainage and Protective Works(%) Culverts and Minor Bridges (%) Subbase and Base (%) Subbase (%) Base (%) Surface (%)

100.0% Equipment (%) Foreign Currency Code Design (%) Supervision (%)

Section 10 - Other Additional Road Agency Costs (% of Road Work Cost)

Highly Recommended Data Set

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page iv of xiv

ROCKS - ROad Costs Knowledge System Version 2.3 (12/12/06)


Sections 11 - Contract Cost Information
Contract ID Project ID Contract Description Contract Signing Date Contractor Name Contractor Country Contractor Region Contract Currency Contract Exchange Rate PAD Contract Estimate (M US$) Original Contract Amount (LC) Contract Taxes (LC) Variation Orders Amount (LC) Final Contract Amount (LC) SAP Contract Amount (M US$) Number of Variation Orders Contract Implementation Contract WB Financing (%) Information Source Contract Remarks Bid Opening Date Planned Completion Date Actual Completion Date Planned Work Duration (month) Delays (month) Number of Bids BID No 1 (LC) BID No 2 (LC) BID No 3 (LC) BID No 4 (LC) BID No 5 (LC) BID No 6 (LC) BID No 7 (LC) BID No 8 (LC) BID No 9 (LC) BID No 10 (LC) BID No 11 (LC) BID No 12 (LC) BID No 13 (LC) BID No 14 (LC) BID No 15 (LC)

Section 12 - Unit Costs


Asphalt Concrete (US$/m3) Portland Cement Concrete (US$/m3) Base (US$/m3) Subbase (US$/m3) Earthworks (US$/m3)

PRODUCT 2. The ROCKS Components consists of a Database, and a set of three complementary Modules to view the information collected, and generate statistics. The modules were designed as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets to make sure that they are accessible to any road agency in any region of the world. ROCKS Database. It is the main element of the system and the primary tool to collect and input the data. It also includes detailed instructions provided in the Users Manual. ROCKS View Module. This module can be used to filter, sort, view and print the information stored in the ROCKS Databases.

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page v of xiv

ROCKS Statistics Modules. Are used to filter, generate statistical reports, and analyze the information stored in the ROCKS Databases. ROCKS Disbursements Module. It is a tool to translate a series of actual current disbursements into a single constant cost for a selected base year.

PRODUCT 3. The ROCKS Development Network was identified and established by the World Bank Transport Unit with a selected group of road agencies worldwide ROAD WORKS in order to further develop the system and properly test its features. CLASSIFICATIO N In November DATA 2001 the first version of the system was tested, installed and staff DISBURSEMENTS INPU from the road agencies were trained in five countries (Bangladesh, India, COLLECTION T MODULE Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines) in the South Asia (SAR) and East Asia and FORM DAT the Pacific (EAP) Regions.
A

In March 2002 an improved second version was installed and tested in four ROCKS DATABASES countries (Ghana, Uganda, Poland, Armenia) in the Africa (AFR) and Eastern ICRARACAIBRDINDATHAAPOLABGDAARMAGHAAUGAA Europe and Central Asia (ECA) regions.

All these road agencies that have contributed to this effort have designated a contact person to provide access to the required data and to coordinate activities to further develop the system (see table below). VIEW MODULE STATISTICS MODULE COUNTRY
Armenia Bangladesh Ghana India Philippines Poland Thailand Uganda Vietnam

AGENCY
Armenia Roads SSCC RHD Roads and Highways Department GHA Ghana HighwayDATA Authority OUTPUT REPORTS CRRI Central RoadSTATISTICS Research Institute and NHAI DPWH Department of Public Works & Highways GDDP General Directorate of Public Roads DOH Department of Highways RAFU Road Agency Formation Unit AVERAGE AND Ministry of Transport Planning & Investment Depart. RANGE UNIT COSTS

Contact
Hakob Petrosyan M. Abdul Quadir James A. N. Klu D. Mukhopadhyay Anita Correa Elzbieta Nowicka Apirak Sucharit D. Luyimbazi Nguyen Danh Hai

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page vi of xiv

PRODUCT 3. The ROCKS Development Network was identified and established by the World Bank Transport Unit with a selected group of road agencies worldwide in order to further develop the system and properly test its features. In November 2001 the first version of the system was tested, installed and staff from the road agencies were trained in five countries (Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Viet Nam, Philippines) in the South Asia (SAR) and East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) Regions. In March 2002 an improved second version was installed and tested in four countries (Ghana, Uganda, Poland, Armenia) in the Africa (AFR) and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) regions. This version was named Version 2.01. During 2004, the ROCKS Version 2.01 was installed and tested in six additional countries: Lao, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Serbia and Montenegro. During this period additional ROCKS data was collected from World Bank documents. As a product of this dissemination effort and updated ROCKS Version 2.2 was created and released on December 2004. On December 2006, ROCKS Version 2.3 was released including the data collected worldwide in 2005 and 2006 mostly from World Bank documents.

All the road agencies that have contributed to this effort have designated a contact person to provide access to the required data and to coordinate activities to further develop the system (see table below). COUNTRY
Armenia Bangladesh Ghana India Philippines Poland Thailand Uganda Vietnam Lao Kyrgyz Kazakhstan Ethiopia Nigeria Nigeria Lagos Serbia and Montenegro

AGENCY
Armenia Roads SSCC RHD Roads and Highways Department GHA Ghana Highway Authority CRRI Central Road Research Institute and NHAI DPWH Department of Public Works & Highways GDDP General Directorate of Public Roads DOH Department of Highways RAFU Road Agency Formation Unit Ministry of Transport Planning & Investment Depart. Ministry of Communication Transport Post and Construction Ministry of Transport and Communications Ministry of Transport and Communications Ethiopian Roads Authority Federal Ministry of Works LAMATA Republic of Serbia Road Directorate

Contact
Hakob Petrosyan M. Abdul Quadir James A. N. Klu D. Mukhopadhyay Anita Correa Elzbieta Nowicka Apirak Sucharit David Luyimbazi Nguyen Danh Hai Anousone SISA-AD Bakyut K. Jamalidinov Muratbekov Alibek Nursagievich Yemane Shiferaw J.A. (Akin) Olawoye Olawale Agoro Neboja Radovi

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page vii of xiv

PRODUCT 4. The ROCKS Worldwide Database created with data collected primarily from World Bank financed projects has more than 3,000 records. All data has been compiled into a single file that it is available and provides the basis for future data collection. Description of the Data in the Consolidated Database GLOBAL Sources of Information: Mainly from World Bank Implementation Completion Reports, Project Appraisal Documents, and actual Civil Works Contracts, but also from Project Supervision Reports, Pavement Management Information Systems, and Procurement and Disbursements Reports. The existing database has data from more than 89 developing countries. For the majority of countries only a few lines of data are available, and for some others such as Brazil, Chile, Russia, Poland, Ghana, Uganda, India, Thailand, Philippines and Bangladesh, there is a large set of data. Costs are classified by a cost date presenting the representative date of the expenditures. PRODUCT 5. The Set of Basic Statistics, which is the main output of the system provides average costs for a selected number of predominant work activities in the selected single currency (US dollars) and single reference date (year 2000). The Set of Regional Statistics compares the median costs for a selected number of predominant work activities per World Bank geographic region and present detail statistics per road work. The Road Work Costs Composition Statistics present the average breakdown of the road work costs.

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page viii of xiv

Scenario:

All World Regions Costs per Km Statistics (2000 US$/km)

Work Category Preservation

Work Class Routine

Work Type Routine Maintenance

Average Minimum Maximum 2226 277 8685

St Dev. 1448

Count 94

Predominant Work Activity Routine Maintenance Earth Road Routine Maintenance Gravel Road Routine Maintenance Block 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Bituminous 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Concrete 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Bituminous > 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Concrete > 2L Highway Routine Maintenance Bituminous Expressway Routine Maintenance Concrete Expressway Light Grading Heavy Grading Regravelling Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment

Average Minimum Maximum 1187 1027 2728 2294 #N/A 3512 #N/A #N/A #N/A 110 522 16272 #N/A 329 277 1500 340 #N/A 3512 #N/A #N/A #N/A 51 323 1872 #N/A 2045 2027 3956 5580 #N/A 3512 #N/A #N/A #N/A 205 876 65038 #N/A

St Dev. 1213 626 1736 1258 #N/A #DIV/0! #N/A #N/A #N/A 49 195 13382 #N/A

Count 2 12 2 53 #N/A 1 #N/A #N/A #N/A 12 6 226 #N/A

Periodic

Grading

247

51

876

229

18

Gravel Resurfacing Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment Bituminous Pavement Preventive Treatment Unsealed Preventive Treatment Surface Treatment Resurfacing

17515 #N/A

1872 #N/A

112950 #N/A

15559 #N/A

233 #N/A

7702

1147

30653

5792

56

Fog Seal Rejuvenation Unsealed Preventive Treatment

8913 #N/A 4278

2805 #N/A 2009

15783 #N/A 8506

3632 #N/A 1239

18 #N/A 99

4348

2009

8506

1322

101

20734

3451

81968

13149

209

Slurry Seal or Cape Seal Single Surface Treatment Double Surface Treatment Triple Surface Treatment Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm Asphalt Overlay 40 to 59 mm Asphalt Overlay 60 to 79 mm Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm Mill and Replace Bonded Concrete Overlay Unbounded Concrete Overlay Concrete Slab Replacement Concrete Slab Repair Concrete Diamond Grinding Reconstruction Earth Reconstruction Gravel Reconstruction Block Reconstruction Bituminous Reconstruction Concrete Partial Widening to Gravel 2L Partial Widening to Block 2L Partial Widening to Bituminous 2L Partial Widening to Concrete 2L Partial Widening to Gravel 2L and Reconstruction Partial Widening to Block 2L and Reconstruction Partial Widening to Bituminous 2L and Reconstruction Partial Widening to Concrete 2L and Reconstruction Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Widening Adding Bituminous 1L Bituminous 2L Bituminous 4L Concrete 1L Concrete 2L Concrete 4L Bituminous 1L and Reconstruction Bituminous 2L and Reconstruction Bituminous 4L and Reconstruction Concrete 1L and Reconstruction Concrete 2L and Reconstruction Concrete 4L and Reconstruction

11854 19108 28443 #N/A 42435 71902 91074 136994 178094 152797 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 23978 47391 78007 231071 247697 #N/A #N/A 137946 #N/A 31614 #N/A 266790 #N/A

3451 5295 10246 #N/A 12350 20073 27473 38583 68447 54458 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

34621 45584 81968 #N/A 95148 211000 180761 553857 478158 353720 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A

7922 7943 11457 #N/A 18080 28406 32549 70000 74677 98574 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 16279 27334 #DIV/0! 159746 150878 #N/A #N/A 29231 #N/A 36219 #N/A 125962 #N/A

43 55 65 #N/A 68 284 61 142 106 18 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 6 62 1 717 30 #N/A #N/A 12 #N/A 3 #N/A 113 #N/A 7 116 2 2 #N/A #N/A 34 51 8 #N/A #N/A #N/A 4 26 10 206 5 4 1 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 3 1 54 12 21 3 2 #N/A 62 #N/A 1 #N/A

Asphalt Mix Resurfacing Rehabilitation Strengthening

64193

12350

211000

28652

422

138026

27473

553857

74476

443

Concrete Pavement Restoration

68558

68558

68558

#DIV/0!

Reconstruction

216217

2289 1514043

161801

839

13684 56561 9635 131778 78007 78007 2289 1514043 50890 655872 #N/A #N/A 67299 #N/A 8219 #N/A 28052 #N/A #N/A #N/A 170356 #N/A 73334 #N/A 682508 #N/A

Development

Improvement

Partial Widening

137946

67299

170356

29231

12

Partial Widening and Reconstruction

260708

8219

682508

129926

116

Widening

852021

9673 5785612

756904

132

266986 9673 707547 289326 817925 165487 3497181 581061 4643333 3501055 5785612 1615426 1641940 1626837 1657043 21358 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 338903 179738 1550653 1084031 241875 6532523 1855587 1568359 2088700 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 12276 52704 193738 267865 312999 79215 58150 #N/A #N/A #N/A 3575 15940 153631 57271 92651 71800 58150 #N/A #N/A #N/A 18664 93205 325644 834428 465583 91335 58150 #N/A #N/A #N/A 249793 838483 186580 #N/A #N/A #N/A 6340 23024 50515 155747 160576 9152 #DIV/0! #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 50446 #DIV/0! 424351 348569 995914 789979 991449 #N/A

Widening and Reconstruction

875199

179738 6532523

777429

96

Upgrading

242246

3575

834428

163556

264

Upgrading to Earth 2L Upgrading to Gravel 2L Upgrading to Block 2L Upgrading to Bituminous 2L Upgrading to Concrete 2L New Earth 1L Road New Gravel 1L Road New Block 1L Road New Bituminous 1L Road New Concrete 1L Road New Earth 2L Highway New Gravel 2L Highway New Block 2L Highway New Bituminous 2L Highway New Concrete 2L Highway New Bituminous 4L Highway New Concrete 4L Highway New Bituminous 6L Highway New Concrete 6L Highway New Bituminous 4L Expressway New Concrete 4L Expressway New Bituminous 6L Expressway New Concrete 6L Expressway

New Construction

New 1L Road

75002

58150

91335

12311

New 2L Highway

974816

22403 1985876

442545

85

#N/A #N/A #N/A 53443 22403 111650 1397474 1397474 1397474 1061932 224882 1985876 1023858 572502 1515835 2487807 660242 4561035 2890277 2213333 3758255 1990155 1289094 2691215 #N/A #N/A #N/A 2723280 #N/A

New 4L Highway

2538116

660242 4561035

967072

24

New 6L Highway

1990155 1289094 2691215

991449

New 4L Expressway

2723280

937499 7810495 1397371

62

937499 7810495 1397371 #N/A #N/A #N/A #DIV/0! #N/A

New 6L Expressway

5571488 5571488 5571488

#DIV/0!

5571488 5571488 5571488 #N/A #N/A #N/A

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page ix of xiv

The frequency histograms are the basis for obtaining the average and range of units costs. The graph below presents a histogram which has been prepared using mainly the data for two lane highways (2L).
Frequency Histogram of Cost per km Double Surface Treatment 2L Highway
9 8 Number of Observations 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
10 ,6 84 13 ,3 45 16 ,0 06 18 ,6 67 21 ,3 28 23 ,9 89 26 ,6 50 29 ,3 11 31 ,9 72 34 ,6 33 37 ,2 94 39 ,9 55 42 ,6 16 45 ,2 77
St Dev. 2.23 #N/A Count 225 #N/A 0.27 #N/A 10.84 #N/A 0.35 #N/A 0.30 2.10 #N/A 1.22 0.51 #N/A 0.20 18 #N/A 99 0.67 0.81 1.46 #N/A 1.69 2.75 3.92 5.51 9.38 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 1.95 1.38 15.60 0.21 7.27 4.95 6.51 12.42 #N/A 19.07 31.49 22.60 75.87 65.50 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 8.08 28.35 15.60 207.40 93.70 1.13 1.11 1.77 #N/A 3.38 4.17 4.14 8.47 10.42 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 2.31 5.01 #DIV/0! 22.46 22.91 41 55 65 #N/A 65 279 61 136 105 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 6 61 1 716 30

US$/km (Year 2000)

ROCKS also provides unit costs per m2 calculated based on the width of the main carriageway, and excluding the width of shoulders, bicycle lanes or median. The System generates average and range unit costs per m2 for some work activities.
Scenario: All World Regions Costs per M2 Statistics (2000 US$/m2)
Work Category Preservation Work Class Periodic Work Type Gravel Resurfacing Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment Bituminous Pavement Preventive Treatment Unsealed Preventive Treatment Surface Treatment Resurfacing Average Minimum Maximum 2.68 #N/A 0.27 #N/A 15.47 #N/A St Dev. 2.45 #N/A Count 232 #N/A Predominant Work Activity Regravelling Concrete Pavement Preventive Treatment Average Minimum Maximum 2.52 #N/A

1.05

0.16

4.38

0.82

56

Fog Seal Rejuvenation Unsealed Preventive Treatment

1.11 #N/A 0.71

0.72

0.30

1.22

0.21

101

2.89

0.67

12.42

1.78

205

Slurry Seal or Cape Seal Single Surface Treatment Double Surface Treatment Triple Surface Treatment Asphalt Overlay < 40 mm Asphalt Overlay 40 to 59 mm Asphalt Overlay 60 to 79 mm Asphalt Overlay 80 to 99 mm Asphalt Overlay > 99 mm Mill and Replace Bonded Concrete Overlay Unbounded Concrete Overlay Concrete Slab Replacement Concrete Slab Repair Concrete Diamond Grinding Reconstruction Earth Reconstruction Gravel Reconstruction Block Reconstruction Bituminous Reconstruction Concrete

1.76 2.68 4.00 #N/A 6.34 10.12 12.81 18.65 24.80 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 3.46 7.60 15.60 32.65 35.62

Asphalt Mix Resurfacing Rehabilitation Strengthening

9.18

1.69

31.49

4.22

413

18.69

3.74

75.87

9.72

432

Concrete Pavement Restoration

10.55

10.55

10.55

#DIV/0!

Reconstruction

30.63

0.21

207.40

22.77

835

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page x of xiv

III.

SAMPLE SET OF OUTPUTS

It is expected that these preliminary average and range unit costs can be further enhanced in the future with an increased number of data, and more in depth level of detail for each data in order to: monitor country road cost variations at different stages, from estimate to contract and actual costs; assess road costs variations overtime; compare road costs among states and regions, different financing sources, procurement methodologies (advertisement), etc; establish relationships with different types of terrain, climate, regions, construction technologies, etc.; and generate the data that is needed for other road cost related studies like life cycle analysis applied in HDM-4.

Sample Output 1. Unit Costs per Km in Million US$ (Year 2000) for Selected Work Activities in Thailand and Cost Adjustment Factors by Region and Terrain Type
WORK ACTIVITY REGION NORTHERN REGION 0.011 0.045 0.068 0.070 0.081 0.094 Flat 0.470 0.380 0.465 0.380 0.337 0.650 0.834 2.584 2.913 Rolling 0.485 0.390 0.463 0.390 0.351 0.685 0.865 2.406 2.796 Mount. 0.725 0.503 0.548 0.503 0.567 1.075 1.357 3.685 4.129 Flat 0.548 0.462 0.562 0.462 0.387 0.745 0.956 2.762 3.114 NORTHEASTERN REG. 0.011 0.050 0.077 0.092 0.104 0.118 Rolling 0.563 0.472 0.565 0.472 0.401 0.781 0.986 2.539 2.961 Mount. 0.823 0.596 0.657 0.596 0.634 1.201 1.518 3.862 4.327 Flat 0.489 0.390 0.470 0.390 0.352 0.678 0.870 2.620 2.960 CENTRAL REGION 0.011 0.045 0.068 0.071 0.082 0.094 Rolling 0.504 0.400 0.474 0.400 0.366 0.714 0.901 2.443 2.842 Mnt. Flat 0.464 0.373 0.452 0.373 0.332 0.643 0.824 2.575 2.902 SOUTHERN REGION 0.011 0.045 0.068 0.070 0.080 0.093 Rolling 0.479 0.383 0.455 0.375 0.347 0.678 0.855 2.398 2.785 Mount. 0.720 0.496 0.540 0.496 0.563 1.067 1.347 3.677 4.118

Slurry Seal or Cape Seal (Reseal) Asphalt Overlay 40-59 mm (50 mm) Asphalt Overlay 80-99 mm (80 mm) Reconstruction Bitum. (50 mm AC) Reconstruction Bitum. (80 mm AC) Reconstruction Bitum. (100 mm AC) TERRAIN TYPE Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (2L to 4L) Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (4L to 6L) Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (6L to 8L) Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (8L to 10L) New Bituminous 2L Highway New Bituminous 4L Highway New Bituminous 6L Highway New Bituminous 4L Expressway New Bituminous 6L Expressway

COST ADJUSTMENT FACTORS BY REGION & TERRAIN TYPE f(FLAT = 1.0)


REGION TERRAIN TYPE Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (2L to 4L) Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (4L to 6L) Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (6L to 8L) Widening Adding Bitum. 2L (8L to 10L) New Bituminous 2L Highway New Bituminous 4L Highway New Bituminous 6L Highway New Bituminous 4L Expressway New Bituminous 6L Expressway NORTHERN REGION Flat 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Rolling 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.04 0.93 0.96 Mount. 1.54 1.32 1.18 1.32 1.68 1.65 1.63 1.43 1.42 NORTHEASTERN REG. Flat 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Rolling 1.03 1.02 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.03 0.92 0.95 Mount. 1.50 1.29 1.17 1.29 1.64 1.61 1.59 1.40 1.39 CENTRAL REGION Flat 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Rolling 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.04 0.93 0.96 Mnt. SOUTHERN REGION Flat 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Rolling 1.03 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.04 0.93 0.96 Mount. 1.55 1.33 1.20 1.33 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.43 1.42

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page xi of xiv

Sample Output 2. Average and Range Unit Costs per m2 in US$ (Year 2000) Selected Works for Bituminous Surface Class - Worldwide Data
45
42.08

40
38.35

35

30

Maximum Average Minimum

25

21.06

20

20.89 18.66

19.16

15
12.74 11.28

10

9.81

10.49

5
2.10 1.11 0.35 Fog Seal

4.59 1.62 0.74

5.29 2.61 0.81

6.14 3.82 1.53

5.18 3.00 1.84 Asphalt Asphalt Overlay < Overlay 40 40 mm to 59 mm Asphalt Mix Resurfacing 3.92

5.51

Slurry Seal Single Double or Cape Surface Surface Seal Treatment Treatment Surface Treatment Resurfacing

Asphalt Asphalt Asphalt Overlay 60 Overlay 80 Overlay > to 79 mm to 99 mm 99 mm Strengthening

Pavement Preventive Treatment

Sample Output 3. Cost Breakdown in Typical Bill of Quantities and Other Agency Costs (%) India Estimates Widening 2L to 4L and Reconstruction Road Work Cost Details (% of Road Work Cost)
Mobilization (%): Demolition and Site Clearance (%): Earthworks (%): Drainage,P Works,Culv.&Min. Bridges (%): Major Bridges and Structures (%): Pavement Courses (%): Line Markings and Signs (%): Contingencies (%): Total (%): Land Acquisition (%): Resettlement (%): Supervision (%): ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page xii of xiv 0.5% 0.5% 11.9% 16.8% 5.7% 49.5% 5.8% 9.2% 100.0% 5.1% 3.0% 6.7%

Other Road Agency Costs (% of Road Work Cost)

Sample Output 4. Comparison between Actual Cost at completion and Estimated Costs at Appraisal for World Bank financed Projects All Countries All Countries
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 Works costs per km: Actual Cost / Appraisal Estimate
Probability < 1.0 = 38 % Probability > 1.0 = 62 %

Sample Output 5. Average and Range Unit Costs per Km in Thousands US$ (Year 2000) Selected Development Works - Worldwide Data
Thousands 4,500

4,000

'+e 

3,500

3,000

Maximum Average Minimum



'3

}

2,500
B BI BF
$ P $ C %

!

Adding Bitumin. 1L Adding Bitumin. 2L Adding Bitumin. 4L

2,000

'ne AO ns

1,500

1,000
<
and Reconstruction Adding Bitumin. 2L

n  Y  
Unsealed to Concrete Unsealed to Bituminous

500
b  )
Only

 

X Xr X
Bituminous

Bituminous

Concrete

Partial Widening to Bituminous 2L

Widening Only Widening and Reconstruction Upgrading 2L Highway

New 2L Highway

New 4L Highway

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page xiii of xiv

Concrete

IV.

ROCKS DISSEMINATION PACKAGE

The entire ROCKS system including all the data collected and modules developed are part of the ROCKS Dissemination Package contained in a compact ZIP file, which is ready to be distributed worldwide free of charge. It includes the following files:

Microsoft Excel Documents (xls) ROCKS Database GLOBAL (Version 2.3) ROCKS Database EMPTY (Version 2.3) ROCKS Module - Disbursements (Version 2.3) ROCKS Module - View (Version 2.3) ROCKS Module Basic Statistics (Version 2.3) ROCKS Module Regional Statistics (Version 2.3) ROCKS Documentation Data Collection Form (Version 2.3) ROCKS Documentation Road Works Classification (Version 2.3) ROCKS Statistics - Basic Statistics (Version 2.3) ROCKS Statistics Regional Statistics (Version 2.3) ROCKS Statistics Road Works Composition (Version 2.3)

Microsoft Word Documents (doc) ROCKS Documentation - Executive Summary (Version 2.3) ROCKS Documentation - Users Manual (Version 2.3) ROCKS Documentation Read Me First (Version 2.3) ROCKS Documentation PowerPoint Presentation (Version 2.3)

Microsoft Power Point Document (ppt)

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page xiv of xiv

For more information contact:


The World Bank Transport & Urban Development Department 1818 H St. NW Washington, DC 20433 Fax: 1-202-522-3223 Rodrigo Archondo-Callao Highway Engineer E-mail: rarchondocallao@worldbank.org Anil Bhandari Lead Specialist E-mail: abhandari@worldbank.org Alberto Nogales Consultant E-mail: anogales@worldbank.org

ROCKS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page xv of xiv

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