Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials

1. Introduction A new class of composites functionally graded material (FGM) is a two component composite characterized by a ratio that is continuously varying from 100% of one component through to 100% of another component that can be defined by a function. FGM may possess a number of advantages over traditional composites including reduction in in-plane and transversal stresses along its thickness, improved thermal properties and reduced stress concentration. Due to its favorable properties in engineering applications FGM has drawn a considerable attention from numerous researchers. A comprehensive overview on applications and processing technique of FGM is presented by Mahamood et al.[1] . Similarly B. Kieback [2] et al. discussed different types of FGM manufacturing methods. 2. Analysis of FGM A new beam element is proposed to study the thermo- elastic behavior of functionally graded beam structures by Chakraborty et al. [3]. J. Murin andV. Kutis [4] presented thermo-elastic analysis of a multilayered FGM beam in which continuous variation of effective material properties is taken in both longitudinal and transversal directions. Butcher et al. [5] prepared and investigated the material properties of particulate FGM structure experimentally. A finite element method based micromechanical analysis is proposed in by Lee et al.[6] to understand the fracture behavior of functionally graded foams. Sina et al. [7] presented a new beam theory which is used to analyze free vibration of functionally graded beams. The beam properties are assumed to be varied through the thickness following a simple power law distribution in terms of volume fraction of material constituents. An analytical method is developed for temperaturedependent free vibration analysis of functionally graded beams by Mahi et al. [8]. The formulation used is based on a unified higher order shear deformation theory. Becker et al. [9] proposed an approximate solution for residual stress calculation in functionally graded materials. Giunta1 et al. [10] proposed several axiomatic refined theories for the linear static analysis of beams made of functionally graded materials. The analysis of static deformations of functionally graded plates is performed by using the collocation method, the radial basis functions and a higher-order shear deformation theory by Ferreira et al. [11]. Mechanical behavior of rectangular

and circular plates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) is investigated by Momennia and Akbarzadeh [12]. The analysis is based on the finite element approach using Abaqus and the results are validated using analytical solutions reported in the literature. Komeili et al. [13] made attempt to investigate bending of functionally graded piezoelectric beams based on the EulerBernoulli beam theory under mechanical loads.

3. Effective Properties of FGM Effective properties of FGM may be obtained using basic three laws i.e. Power Law (P-FGM), Exponential Law (E-FGM) and Sigmoid Law (S-FGM). Khorshidv and Eslami [14] compared solutions of all three laws for thermal buckling solution of circular FGM plate. In Power Law (P-FGM), a model is created that describes the function of composition throughout the material. In Figure 2, the volume fraction Vc, describes the volume of ceramic at any point z across, the thickness h according to a parameter n which controls the shape of the function [15]. Vc (z) = ( ) (1)

Vc (h/2) = 1
Vc (z) 0 Graded Layer

h/2

h/2

Vc (-h/2) = 0
Figure 1 Ceramic Volume Fractions across the FGM Layer

It follows that the volume fraction of metal, Vm(z), in the FGM is 1-Vc(z). ( ) ( ) ( ) (2)

Pc is the material property of the pure ceramic and Pm is the material property of the pure metal.

1 0.8 0.6
Vm

n=0.2

n=0.3 n=0.4 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=5

0.4 0.2 0 -0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

z/h
Figure 2 Effect of Power Law Index (n) on the Volume Fraction Vc

Exponential Law (E-FGM) is also used to describe the material properties of FGM. Cited paper [16] studied the influence of an exponential volume fraction law on the vibration frequencies of thin functionally graded cylindrical shells. It directly correlates the properties of FGM with ceramic and metal properties ( )
( )

(3) and ( )

Where

Chung and Chi[17] defined the Sigmoid Law (S-FGM) in which volume fraction is calculated using two power-law functions to ensure smooth distribution of stresses among all the interfaces. The two power law functions are defined by: ( ) ( ) (

) For

For

(4) (5)

By using rule of mixture, the Youngs modulus of the S-FGM can be calculated by: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ [ ( )] ( )] for for (6) (7)

Farhatnia et al.[18] presented an an alytical solution which is based on simple Euler-Bernoulli type beam theory for long, slender beam. The principle of stationary potential function is used to

obtain the static finite element equations for the FGM composite beam. The Farhatnia model consists following basic assumptions 1. The beam is assumed to be in a state of plane strain, it is normal to the xz plane. 2. Euler-Bernoulli type beam theory is applied. 3. There is no variation in thickness along the length of beam. 4. Poissons ratio is to be held constant along FG layer. 5. Material properties are independent of temperature gradient. For a cantilever beam, the displacement field can be written as: w (x, z) = w(x) u (x, z) = u0(x) z
( )

(8)

In above equations, u and w are denoted as horizontal and vertical displacement of beam across the thickness. It may be noted that u0 denotes displacement of points on the middle surface of the beam along the x direction. It is assumed that zz is negligible. Then the stress-strain relations take the form: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (9)

Where the plane strain Young modulus is given by: The expressions
( )

for ( )

axial
( ) ( )

strain

and

stress

can

be

derived

as:

( ,

( ) [ ]

( ) [

( ) ][ [ ] , [ ] ] ,
( )

(10) (11)

Here,[ ] and [

] both are stiffness matrices and

, k are axial strain in the middle surface

and the beam curvature. According to Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the axial force and bending moment, N and M, are defined (N, M) = [ ( ) ( ) ]( ) (12)

Since the axial force resultant is zero, the expressions for the deformation take the form

(13) C0, C1, and C2 are the coefficients of mid-plane strain and curvature. Using Equation (9), the axial stresses in ceramic, metal and FGM section across the thickness of proposed model are obtained. Yaghoobi[19] investigated the effect of varying material parameters on position of neutral surface and it is suggested that position of neutral surface is shifted. The position of neutral surface for functionally graded beam is obtained by considering FGM beam under uniformly distributed load. The position of neutral surface is given by following expression
( )

(14)
( )

Comparison with Fatemeh Farhatina Model (Mechanical Loading) Comparing the axial stress obtained in present work with the results obtained by Farhatina et al. for a three-layered beam model where the transition is made thin FGM layer. The material considered and their properties are given in Table 1. A functionally graded cantilever composite beam subjected to uniformly distributed load is considered as shown in Figure 2. An FGM interlayer is placed in between these layers. Material properties vary according to the power law. Table 2 shows the modulus of elasticity obtained for three-layer FGM beam The stress distribution for two layered and three-layer composite is presented in Figure 3. The observations are summarized below: 1. In the absence of FGM layer between the ceramic and metal layer, the stress distributions are discontinuous at the interface. 2. The introduction of a small FGM layer smoothens the stresses.

3. Axial stresses vary linearly with z within the metallic ceramic layer, and approximately parabolically within the functionally graded layer. The stress distribution reasonably matches with that of Fatemeh Farhatina model [18] (Figure.3).

z CERAMIC (Al2O3) x FGM h = 0.02m

I = 0.5m METAL (Steel)

Figure 2 Three Layered Composite FGM Beam

Table 1 Thermo-Elastic Properties for Metallic (Steel) and Ceramic (Al2O3) Phases

Material

(0c-1)

E (GPa)

Al2O3(ceramic) 6.9 10-6 14 10-6

0.25

390

Steel(metal)

0.25

210

Table 2 Youngs Modulus across the Thickness of Three Layered Composite FGM Beam.

Thickness Modulus of Elasticity (z) m 0.01 0.005 0.00375 0.0025 0.00125 0 -0.00125 -0.0025 -0.00375 -0.005 -0.01 (E) GPa 390 390 360.96 334.08 309.21 286.18 264.87 245.15 226.90 210 210

Table 3 Axial Stress of Three Layered Composite FGM Beam across the Thickness

Thickness (z)m

Ceramic (x) FGM (x) Pa Pa ------0.5651108 0.2454108 2.2309108 0.9346108 ----------------------------

Metal (x) Pa -------------

0.01 0.005 0.00375 0.0025 0.00125 0 -0.00125 -0.0025 -0.00375 -0.005 -0.01

-0.0298108 ----0.2654108 ----0.4657108 ----0.6347108 ----0.7760108 ----------0.8927108 -1.5907108

0.01 Alumina 0.005

depth(m)

0 FGM -0.005 steel -0.01 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 Axial Stress(Pa)

(a)

1.5

2.5 x 10
8

(b)
Figure 3 (a) Axial Stress Distribution with FGM Beam, (b) Reprinted From ref. [18]

0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

Depth(m)

0 -0.002 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.01 -6

-5

-4

-3

-2 -1 0 Axial Stress (Pa)

3 x 10

4
7

Neutral Surface Positioning Yaghoobi[19] investigated the effect of varying material parameters on position of neutral surface and it is suggested that position of neutral surface is shifted. The position of neutral surface for functionally graded beam is obtained by considering FGM beam under uniformly distributed load. The position of neutral surface is given by following expression
( )

(14)
( )

Consider a functionally graded cantilever beam of length l, width b, thickness h, with co-ordinate system oxyz having the origin o as shown in Figure 4. The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load q and the Youngs modulus E varies continuously in the thickness direction by equation (2). ( ) ( )( ) (15)

Figure 4 Shifting of neutral surface in FGM beam

To determine the position of neutral surface construct a new co-ordinate system such that the new axis is placed at the neutral axis, which will be determined below. Then we have where , (16)

is the distance of the neutral surface from the mid-plane of the beam. Similar to the usual treatment in the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory the strain and stress can be expressed as (17) ( ) (18)

Here the small deformation assumption has been employed. The position of the neutral surface can be determined by choosing h0 such that the total axial force at cross-section vanishes. (19)

( )

( )

Where w is the deflection of the functionally graded beam and is the curvature radius of the neutral surface. By changing the interval of integral

 Then ( ( )

( )

( )

The position of neutral surface can be determined by below equation

( )

(20)
( )

Substituting Equation 15 into Equation 20 and integrating, gives neutral surface non-dimensional shift (h0/h) in the proposed model.
( )(
( ( ) )( ) )

(21)

By using this expression for proposed model value of h0 is obtained as 0.0003614 m for n=.4.

0.25 Ec/Em=10 0.2 0.15

h0/h

Ec/Em=8 Ec/Em=6 Ec/Em=4

0.1 0.05 0

Ec/Em=2 0 2 4 6 8 10 n 12 14 16 18 20

0.01 Ceramic layer 0.005

FGM layer

-0.005 Metal layer -0.01 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 Stresses given by exponential law Stresses given by power law 1 1.5 2 2.5 x 10
8

)) (

))

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.4

-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1