Global Outline Chapter 36: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Intro Shanfei grew up as a child w/ all the riches she wanted, then became an active revolutionary dedicated to the cause of women & communism after the Chinese & Russian revolutions After fathers death, she went to a modern school- held a strike against the administration Eventually abandoned her studies to join the Communist Youth, then married a communist The Great War & the Great Depression caused disillusion & radical upheaval all over Resistance to foreign rule and a desire for national unity were stronger than ever Neocolonialism- postindependence colonialism, which caused bad economic effects in L.A.

I: Asian Paths to Autonomy Paris peace settlement barely altered prewar colonial holdings of Europeans Still, Asian peoples (especially Indians & Chinese) were becoming more nationalistic Asians adopted European ideologies like nationalism & socialism to fit indigenous traditions India wanted independence from England, but complicated b/c of Hindus v. Muslims In China, the Nationalist & Communist Parties fought. In Japan, wanted more nationalism

A: Indias Quest for Home Rule Rail network in India allowed Indians to be within easy reach of one another- nationalism! British taught many Indians about European society, so they already had that knowledge Indian National Congress used the help of prominent Hindus & Muslims to oppose Britain British encouraged creation of the Muslim League, because they worried about Hindus and this league made it more difficult for Muslims and Hindus to cooperate and fight the British During the Great War Indians had supported the British, but not after hearing of nationalism British responded to the new nationalism by a series of repressive measures, led to violence Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi grew up Hindu, married at 13, then studied law in London Went to South Africa in 1893 to accept a position with an Indian firm- united Indians there Embraced philosophy of ahisma (tolerance and nonviolence) and developed the technique of passive resistance called satyagraha (truth and firmness) Believed in simple living- dressed like a peasant, became a vegetarian Studied the Bhagavad Gita (Sanskrit for The Lords Song)- regarded as spiritual dictionary Returned to India in 1915, made the Indian National Congress a huge group of all citizens Quickly achieved stature of a political & spiritual leader- called their Mahatma (great soul) Eradicated the injustices of the caste system- called Untouchables harijans (children of God) Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-1922 & the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 Encouraged the Indian people to boycott British goods- said that was a start to self govt Disliked industrialization and advocated manual labor & the rural cottage industry British authorities often were very violated against Indians who protested- many killed Government of India Act- gave India the institutions of a self-governing state Act unworkable b/c of conflicts b/t Hindus & Muslims, and Indias princes didnt want it

After Great Depression, most Muslim farmers went into debt and their landlords were mostly Hindus, which caused a lot of tension- Muslims thought Hindus were exploiting them Muhammad Ali Jinnah said a unified India represented many threats- wanted Muslim state Proposed the land of the pure, or Pakistan- made national unification an illusory goal

B: Chinas Search for Order Revolution in 1922 forced the Xuanton emperor (Puyi) to abdicate- Qing empire fell Dr. Sun Yatsen, opponent of the old regime, proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912 The Republic soon plunged into a state of political anarchy and economic disintegration Warlords, disaffected generals from the old Chinese army, established themselves as rulers They were responsible for the neglect of irrigation projects, revival of opium trade, and the decline of crucial economic investments- caused the deterioration of Chinese society Many unequal treaties also previously prevented economic development Many hoped that the Paris Peace Conference would end the unequal treaties- it didnt Led to the May Fourth Movement- people protested against foreign (Japanese) interference Chinese influenced by other anti-imperial movements (Soviet Union) Formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921 Mao Zedong, a member, viewed a Marxist-inspired social revolution as Chinas cure Sun Yatsent, a nationalist, didnt want a dictatorship of the proletariat or communism Three Principles of the People- Suns book of ideologies- called for national reunification Wanted a democratic republican govt based on universal suffrage, economic development Wanted to bring everyone under control of his Nationalist Peoples Party, or Guomindang Soviets helped the Guomindang and the CCP reorganize and become effective organizations After death of Yatsen, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) took over- didnt want social revolution Launched the Northern Expedition, which aimed to unify nation under Guomindang rule In 1927, he turned against his former communist allies (the CCP) Occupied Beijing, set up govt in Nanjing, and declared the Guomindang the official govt China evaded the Great Depression since they werent closely connected to world economy Nationalists only controlled part of China, leaving the remainder controlled by the warlords Communist revolution was still a big threat, and the Guomindang faced Japanese aggression Jiang Jieshi gave priority to eliminating the CCP and its Red Army- communists fled Red Army began the Long March- journey of 10,000km- arrived in the Shaanxi province Established headquarters at Yanan- Mao Zedong came up w/ a Chinese form of MarxistLeninism, Maoism- said peasants were the foundation for revolution, wanted village power

C: Imperial and Imperialist Japan Japan joined the League of Nations as one of the big five powers Japanese govt entered into a series of international agreements that sought to improve relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the Pacific Agreed to limit naval development, pledged to evacuate Shandong province of China, and guaranteed Chinas territorial integrity Signed the Kellogg-Brian Pact in 1928, which said war was an instrument of national policy Japans businesses profited from selling goods to the Allies during the war Japan also gained a bigger foothold in Asia as the war led Europe to neglect Asian markets

After the war, rapid inflation, labor unrest, and recessions hurt Japans economy Many citizens wanted political and social reforms, but the govt prevented this Many people became angry with the corrupt govt- wanted to end party rule Xenophobic nationalists wanted a unique Japanese culture and to rid western influences A campaign of assassinations took place, and the prime minister, Inukai Tsuyoshi, was killed Japans economic interests in Manchuria, China, were threatened- China became a good target also b/c of the political instability- Japans military went to control the region September 18th, 1931, Japanese used explosives to blow up a few feet of rail on their own Manchuria Railway, but accused the Chinese of doing it- Mukden incident Became the pretext for war b/t Japanese and Chinese troops Japanese eventually controlled the Manchuria region- Chinese wanted them out League of Nations eventually forced the Japanese forces to withdraw New ideologies and old conflicts made national unification difficult in India and China The global economic crisis led to lessening of European imperial influence, but not Japans

II: Africa under Colonial Domination The peacemakers in Paris ignored African pleas for social & political reform after the war Colonialism consolidated its hold on the African continent Europeans focused on the economic exploitation of their colonies- led to nationalism

A: Africa and the Great War Every African colony (except Spanish ruled) took part in war- even Ethiopia & Liberia Germany had colonies of Togo, Cameroon, German SW Africa, & German East Africa Allies invaded those German colonies, 1m+ African soldiers fought in the war Some Africans became carriers of supplies where other methods would not suffice Most African soldiers were forced to join the war efforts- fighting became compulsory More than 150,000 Africans lost their lives, and many more suffered injury When Europeans began to leave the colonies, Africans staged uprisings against Europeans Sufi brotherhood helped the Turkish fight a holy war and invaded western Egypt The Mumbo cult in Kenya targeted Europeans their Christian religion Major inspiration for most revolts stemmed from Africans being required to fight For the most part, colonial authorities put down all the revolts

B: The Colonial Economy Colonial powers wanted to make sure that the Africans paid for the institutions that kept them in subjugation; also created economies where Africans traded raw materials for goods Europeans imposed economic structure that destroyed previously self-sufficient economies As a result of the Great Depression, trade b/t Africa and Europe often decreased by half Africas economic integration required investment in infrastructures Port facilities, roads, railways, and telegraph wires began to appear Although Africans paid for their infrastructure, Europe benefited from its use African farmers became cash crop farmers or wage laborers (in mines) in order to pay taxes

Grew peanuts in Senegal & Nigeria, cotton in Uganda, cocoa in the Gold Coat, rubber in the Congo, and palm oil in the Ivory coast and the Niger delta In areas w/ extensive white settlement (Kenya, Rhodesia, S. Africa) mostly settler agricultur In Kenya, 4k white farmers seized the Kikuyu highlands In South Africa, govt reserved 88% of land for white, who made up just 20% of population Colonial mining enterprises used men from rural areas and paid them minimal wages The absence of male labor impoverished the rural areas- wives often couldnt support family Where taxation couldnt create a labor force, officials sought to forced labor and slavery Labor abuse originated with concessionary companies- authorized by govt to exploit When the French were constructing the Congo-Ocean railway, 15-20k African laborers died

C: African Nationalism Africans were disappointed that they werent recognized for their war efforts Instead, Europeans imposed new economies and exploited their resources The new elite, a new novel African social class, created ideologies that promised freedom This class consisted of educated & high-ranking individuals- most had studied abroad Jomo Kenyatta- studied for 15 years in Europe and eventually freed Kenya from the British Even those who didnt study abroad still were familiar with European culture & education Africans wanted to form a unified nation to fight colonialism, but they had difficulties Some nationalists found identities based on ethnicity, religion, and languages Believed that any future nation must reconstitute institutions crucial to those identities Some African nationalists used race for identity, which they said would unite all of Africa W.E.B. DuBois and Maracus Garvey represented Pan-Africanism- Garvey said Back to Africa Other nationalists wanted unity based on geography- still, no actions taken until after WWII

III: Latin American Struggles with Neocolonialism Most of Latin America had neocolonialism, ruled by Great Britain and the U.S. Nationalist leaders still tried to devise strategies to combat this new imperialism

A: The Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression The Great War, Russian revolution, and the Mexican revolution spread new political ideas Latin America had many political options- inspired by Marxism, Leninism, etc. University students hailed the Mexican & Russian revolutions & demanded reform in 1920s Students wanted more representation within the educational system Universities became training grounds for future political leaders like Fidel Castro Political parties formed that either adopted communism or rebelled in favor of reform Peruvians created political parties which had connections to Marxist, Jose Carlos Mariategui Mariategui felt concern for the poor and for the Indians, who made up 50% of Perus pop. Exiled to Europe, then came back and made the Socialist Party of Peru- supported laborers Mariategui was helping to create the Peruvian Communist Party when he died in 1930 The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (Popular American Revolutionary Alliance, or APRA), a political party whose followers where called Apristas, supported indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and peasants and workers cooperating with the middle clas

Aprismo was noncommunist and it stemmed from ideas of Victor Raul Haya de la Torre Ideological transformations became visible in the murals by Mexican artist Diego Rivera Rivera studied in Europe during the time of the Great War- his art reflected this Believed that art should be on display for working people Muralists David Alfaro Siqueiros and Jose Clemente Orozco also helped shape Mexican art Govt hired Rivera to create large frescoes for public buildings (National Palace, etc.) Commissioned by the Detroit Institute of Arts to paint murals for a U.S. audience Painted murals for the RCA building in NYC- painted Vladimir Lenin, which outraged people Mural was destroyed, then made 21 paintings on U.S. history called Portrait of America Labeled one of the most important paintings Imperialism- visualized economic interference and political repressiveness engendered by U.S. neocolonialism in Latin America In 1 U.S. painting, pictured Augusto Cesar Sandino- opposed U.S. intervention in Nicaragua Rivera made visible the impact of U.S. imperialism on Latin American societies- spread political activism in the Americas

B: The Evolution of Economic Imperialism Latin America had always been tied into the global economy and subject to controls imposed by foreign investors, but now the U.S. was becoming more involved in L.A. U.S. banks & businesses doubled interested in L.A.- investments grew from $1.5b to $3.5b Much of that money went to taking over businesses extracting vital minerals- copper, oil Policies of President William Howard Taft showed U.S. neocolonialism on Latin America Taft said that U.S. should substitute dollars for bullets in his foreign policy Said that expensive military intervention should be avoided- wanted peaceful commerce U.S. replaced European investments with U.S. investments U.S. expansion dubbed dollar diplomacy- Latin Americans called it Yankee imperialism The Great Depression showed halted 50 yrs of economic growth in L.A., susceptible to crisis Most L.A. states exported agricultural products or raw materials- made situation even worse Prices of sugar from Caribbean, coffee from Brazil & Colombia, wheat & beef from Argentina, tin from Bolivia, & nitrates from Chile all fell sharply Set fire to materials to keep them off the market in an attempt to raise prices-failed Worsening economic conditions forced the govt to raise tariffs on foreign products This also encouraged domestic manufacturing, which greatly helped Latin America Economic policy stressing internal economic development was most visible in Brazil Dictator-president Getulio Dornelles Vargas turned Brazil into an estado novo (new state) Ruled with the support of his military, but not the landowning elite- industrialized a lot Created the iron and steel industry & protectionist policies to prevent foreign competition Protected workers w/ health regulations, minimum wages, limits on working hours, unemployment compensation, and retirement benefits Great Depression led to evolution of economic neocolonialism & economic experimentation

C: Conflicts with a Good Neighbor Pressures of the Great Depression led to a reassessment of U.S. foreign policy in L.A. U.S. realized the costliness and ineffectiveness of their direct interventions in L.A. U.S. approved sweetheart treaties that guaranteed U.S. financial control in the Caribbean

U.S. Marines provided training for indigenous police forces instead of keeping marines there This new approach to relations with L.A. became known as the Good Neighbor Policy Policy was associated with the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt Nicaragua had civil war in the 1920s, and the U.S. Marines repeatedly intervened Augusto Cesar Sandino was opposed to the U.S. Marines and wanted them out U.S. trained the Guarda Nacional, or National Guard, in Nicaragua in order remove Marines Juan Batista Sacasa became president of Nicaragua, and U.S. troops left Left Anastacio Somoza Garcia as commander of the Guard- often conflicted with Sandino National Guard murdered Sandino in 1934, and Somoza soon after became president Somoza maintained loyalty to the National Guard and had good relations with the U.S. He renamed the Nicaraguan capital citys main thoroughfare after Roosevelt Sandino gained heroic status as a martyr and died in part because he fought the U.S. Cordell Hull ended the Roosevelt Corollary by signing the Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, which said that no state should intervene in the affairs of another This was signed at the Seventh International Conference of American States in Uruguay Proposition challenged when Mexican president Lazaro Cardenas nationalized oil industry U.S. businesses wanted a response, but Roosevelt resisted and called for calm negotiations that ended up in the oil companies having to accept $24m rather than $260m U.S. wanted to cultivate Latin American markets for exports and distance itself from the militarist behavior of Asian and European imperial powers Thousands of Mexicans emigrated to the U.S. for work, but the U.S. govt forced the deportation of many of them during the Great Depression to give Americans more jobs Hollywood adopted a L.A. singing and dancing sensation, Carmen Miranda Starred in films like Down Argentine Way- helped better U.S.-Mexico relations Softened the view of Latin Americans for audiences in the United States United Fruit company- owned 160,000 acres of land in the Caribbean by 1913 By 1918, U.S. consumers bought 90% of Nicaraguas bananas United Fruit Company crafted Chiquita Banana, a female banana look-alike of Miranda Was an advertising method to inform consumers about the storage and uses of bananas Gave the United Fruit Company a softer, less threatening image-one that challenged the views of Diego Riveras Imperialism (Now, U.S. was thought of as more a friend than a foe)