Dr.C.

Ergun
Mak 214E

MAK214E
Summer 2006-2007
Lecture Notes 2

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Principals of Heat Treatments

• Heat treatment is a process to apply to a certain alloy

compositions to obtain specific properties.

You may use heat treatments.

You may want to have Process variables to control the resultant
followings: properties:
–High strength, – Processing time,
–High hardness, – Processing temperature,
–Ductility, – Cooling rate,
–Machinability, – The composition of the starting
–Small grain size, material-alloying elements
–Remove the internal stresses, – The process history of the starting
material (any process previously
–Homogenous structure.
performed).

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E A Basic Heat Treatment Cycle
800
Treatment
Important Process Temperature

Temperature (C, F, K, etc.)

Parameters 600
•Heating rate
Holding time
•Holding temperature 400
•Holding time
•Cooling rate Cooling rate
200

0
Heating rate 0 1 2 3
Time (day, hr, min, sec, etc.)

Depending on the Cooling rate:

• Slow Cooling rate Ö Diffusional phase transformations.
• Fast Cooling rate Ö Diffusionless phase transformations.
(Quenching)
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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Types of the phases in steels

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 Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Steels: Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram
Ferrous alloys we will involve Peritectic reac. Eutectic reac.

– Plain Carbon steels

– Alloy and tool steels
– Stainless steels
– Cast irons
Phases and Solid solutions
– δ Delta iron
– γ Austenite
– α Ferrite
– Fe3C cementite
– Martensite
– Bainite.

The phase reactiaons: Eutectoid reac.

• Peritectic: L 0,53C% + δ 0,009C% Æ γ 0,17C%
Dividing point
• Eutectic: L 0,53C% Æ γ 0,009C% + Fe3C 6,67C% between cast
• Eutectoid: γ 0,77C% Æ α 0,0218C% + Fe3C 6,67C% irons and steels 5

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Properties of Phases in Steel

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

A1, A2, A3 ve Acm temperatures

Acm
A3
γ
γ+Fe3C
α+γ
A1

α+Fe3C

A2: Manyetikliğin kaybolduğu Curie sıcaklıdır: 769oC.

7

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E I II III
γ
I II III

γ γ
y 1

α+γ yy 12 y2
y3 y1 y3
α y4 y2 y4
Perlite

α Cementite
α+Fe3C

y5 y3 y5
Perlite
⇑ Perlite
Eutectoid
Composition

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

TTT
(Time temperature transformation)
Diagrams

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E TTT diagrams

The first noise The second noise

shows that the shows that the
transformation finishes.
starts.

Ostenit
Tm
Dengesiz ostenit

Kaba perlit

İnce Perlit
Üst Beynit
Alt Beynit

Reaksiyon Başlamamış Sürüyor Tamamlanmış

t (logaritmik skala) 10

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E TTT diagrams

Fs: Ferrite start temp.

Ps: Pearlite start temp.
Pf: Pearlite finish temp.
Bs: Bainite start temp.
Bf: Bainite finish temp.
Ms: Martensite start temp.
Mf: Martensite finish temp.
Phase areas

Coarse Pearlite
Fine Pearlite
Upper Bainite
Lower Bainite

11

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Cooling curves on TTT

Diagrams
(a) Continues cooling
(b) Isothermal cooling

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Isothermal Heat Treatment:
Isothermal Annealing
TTT Diagrams

Transformation along Transformation along

Continuous cooling curve isothermal curve

Isothermal annealing for fully pearlitic structure.

Ferrite + Perlite for hypoeutectoid steels
or
13
Perlite + Cementite for hypereutectoid steels

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Soru: Yapılar nedir

Ostenit T
T Ostenit

Kaba perlit Kaba perlit

t (logaritmik skala) t (logaritmik skala)

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Soru: Yapılar nedir

T

t (logaritmik skala)

15

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Phase transformation

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Özet

Yavaş
Mechanical Prop vs.
Austenite Soğuma
Peartlite (α+Fe3C) Microstructure
Yayınmalı
– Ferrite

Hardness Ü
– Coarse Pearlite
İzotermal
Dönüşüm – Fine Pearlite
Austenite Bainite (α+Fe3C)
Yayınmalı – Upper Bainite
– Lower Bainite
Çok hızlı – Martensite
Soğuma
Austenite Martensite (single)
Yayınmasız

17

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Kritik soğuma hızı

Sıcaklık (oC)

Perlit +
Martenzit İnce perlit Kaba perlit
Martenzit

Zaman (s) 18

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Heat Treatments of Steel
• A Simple Heat Treatments
– Full Annealing
– Normalizing
– Spheroidizing
– Process Annealing
– Stress Releif Annealing
– Homogenizing
• Isothermal Heat treatments
– Austempering
– Isothermal Annealing
• Diffusionless Transformation Treatments
– Quenching
– Tempering
– Martempering
– Ausforming
• Surface Hardenning Treatments
– Carburizing
– Nitriding
– Carbonitriding
– Induction or Flame Hardening
• Age Hardening Treatments
– Precipitation Hardening Treatment 19

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Simple Heat treatments

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Full Annealing
Aim: Softest structure (Coarse grains): High ducitlity.
• Hypoeutectoid steel: Coarse (grained) pearlite and ferrite
• Hypereutectoid steel: Coarse pearlite and sementite
• First, austenitize the steel,
• A3 + (30 – 50oC) for hypoeutectoid
• A1 + (20 – 40oC) for hypereutectoid steels.
• Then, slow (furnace) cooling to room temperature.

21

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Normalizing
Aim: homogeneous and fine distribution of pearlite.
•Higher strength and slightly lower ductility by refining grains and
reducing segregations.
•First austenitize the steel
• A3 + (50-80oC) for hypoeutectoid
• Acm + (50-80oC) for hypereutectoid steels
•Air cooling to produce a fine pearlitic structure.
•For hypoeutectoid steel; dissolve all the carbides and to response readily
to the following treatment (spheroidizing, etc.) or final hardening
treatment.

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 Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

23

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Spherodizing Treatment
Aim: Improving Machinability:
¾ Coarse spheroidal cementite particles in ferrite, by decomposition
of lamellar cementite into spheres.
¾ Suitable for medium and high C (>0.4%) steels for good
machining characteristics.
¾ Heat up to just below A1 temperature (above 690oC) for 15-25
hours, cool in air.

Not common for Hypoeutectoid steels for For Hypereutectoid steels, spheroidizing
cementites spheroidization but good for of large carbides for tougher, softer 24
spheroidizing of oxides, sulfides. properties.

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

25

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Process Annealing
Eliminating the effect of Cold Work:
• Also called recovery but recrystallization and grain growth possible.
• Arrangement of dislocations and formation of new grains and consequently
soft structure.
• A low-temperature recrystallization heat treatment
• Just for hypoetectoid steels. (C < 0.3%).
• Heating between 550-650oC for necessary time
• Cool in furnace to soften strain hardened- structure high dislocation density.
• No further heating to prevent grain growth.

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Process Annealing
th

n
y

ti o
er w
ro

za
ov G

lli
ec in

ta
R ra

s
ry
G

ec
R
l i k.
Sert
anım
Da y meler
ı geril
Kalınt
Elek
Sü trik
nek iletk
e nl i ğ
lik i

Tane büyüklüğü

0.3 0.4 0.6 Th

27

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Stress relief
¾ Residual stresses are due to thermal and mechanical processes such as
casting, inhomogeneous plastic deformation, heat treatment, welding, etc.,

Aim is to reduce internal residual stresses

resulted from processes,
¾ Heated up to 500-550oC for
necessary time,
¾ Cool slowly in furnace,
¾ Recovery mechanism (Arrangements
of the dislocations)
¾ Not major changes on the
mechanical properties.

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Homogenizing

¾ Eliminate the micro-segregation

in the cast structure (soaking
process of pig casts).
¾ Eliminateing macro-
segregations dissolving second
phases- oxides, carbides, nitrides,
sulfides, etc.
¾ Heat up to high temperatures
(1100-1200oC) held 50 hrs,
¾ Then cool in air.
¾ Intermediate heat treatment: Get a
suitable microstructure for the
subsequent heat treatments.

29

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Segregation

First solidified solid and the last

solidified solids have not the
same composition as the last
solidified solid.
Called as “micro-segregation”
1. To pass slowly the
solidification range
or
2. Reduced with
homogenizing treatment

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

All simple Heat treatments on

the same diagram

31

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
γ

Yumuşatma
Tavı

Normalizasyon

Su Verme

Ms

Mf
İnce perlit
Perlit + Kaba perlit
Martenzit Martenzit 32

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 12.5 The effect of
carbon and heat
treatment on the
properties of plain-carbon
steels.

33

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Isothermal Heat treatments

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Austempering
yüzey
T merkez

First austenize.
•Quench above Ms
•Wait to transform γ to
bainite
•The final Microstructure:
Full Bainite
Upper or Lower Bainite
depending on the
transformation temperature

t (logaritmik skala)

Bainite can only be obtained by isothermal trasnformation!!!

35

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Diffusionless Heat treatments

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Quenching
•Aim is to obtain fully martensitic structure (very hard but brittle).
•Firs , fully austenizing:
•A1 + 30-50oC for hypoeutectoid steels
•A3 + 30-50oC for hypereutectoid steels enough time,
•Then cool rapidly (quenching) at high cooling rates higher than critical
cooling rate to a temperature below Mf (refer to CCT curve for the steel).
Quenching –very quick cooling no time for diffusion; a diffusionless
transformation forming martensite.

Acm
A3
γ γ+Fe3C
α+γ
A1

α+Fe3C
37
“Critical Cooling rate”.

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
TTT Curves

The cooling rate just

touches the noise is
called “Critical Cooling
rate”.

¾For martensitic transformation (diffusionless transformation), the cooling rate

should be higher than critical cooling rate so that it does not cut the noise and can
not start the diffusional mechanisms.
¾Otherwise the diffusional mechanism works and γ austenite may transform
other phases depending on the steel composition and the location where the noise
is crossed (refer to the next slides for the possible phases that austenite may
transform.
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Dr.C.Ergun
Continuous
Mak 214E Cooling curves (CCC) vs. Isothermal Cooling curves

TTT Diagrams

Transformation along Transformation along

Continuous cooling curve isothermal curve

Bainite can only be obtained by isothermal trasnformation!!!

39

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E CCT and IT curves
CCT: diagram ITT diagram

Eutectoid Temperature
Temperature

A. Slow cooling in furnace (annealing)

-Lamellar Coarse pearlite
B. Cooling in still air (normalizing)
–fine pearlite Examine the resultant phase in 3
C. Split transformation (oil quenching) different isothermal cooling conditions
-fine pearlite and martensite
D. Rapid cooling (water quenching) and Martensitic transformation
-martensite Temperatures.
E. Critical cooling rate
-Slowest rate to produce no pearlite 40

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

What is the difference in the materials properties

between the one produced with continues cooling and
the one produced by isothermal cooling?

41

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Ötektoit Çelik
T γ
Ostenit α+γ γ+Fe3C

Kaba perlit
İnce Perlit
Dengesiz ostenit

α+Fe3C
Üst Beynit

Alt Beynit
Martenzit
Ms
Mf

42
t (logaritmik skala)

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Dr.C.Ergun
TTT
Mak 214E diagrams: Isothermal heat treatment curves.
Hypoeutoctoid Steel γÆα
Wing for ferrite start
temperatures.

Hypoeutectoid steels has a wing for ferrite start temperature whereas

hypereutectoid steels, a wing for cementite start temperatures.

43

Dr.C.Ergun
TTT
Mak 214E diagrams: Isothermal heat treatment curves.

γÆFe3C
Hypereutoctoid Steel Wing for cementite
start temperatures.

γ + Fe3C

Hypereutectoid steels, a wing for cementite start temperatures.

44

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Interrupting isothermal heat treatment

To have different phases in the steel.

For example,
• Austenize the steel
• quench to 650oC, and wait 10s to
transform some γ to α and pearlite,
• then quench to 350oC and wait for a
while 100s to transform a part of the
remained γ to bainite,
• consequently quench below to Mf to
convert the last remained γ to
martensite.
Inter. HT

Final microstructure: Ferrite, pearlite, bainite and martensite.

45

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Tempered Martensite

T yüzey
merkez
To obtain tougher and more ducitle
structure.
Martensite transforms to very fine
Tempering Temperature
ferritic - perlitic structure.
• Reheating the martensitic steel
below eutectoid temperature.
• Temperature level is important
for the final hardness.

t (logaritmik skala)

46

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Fig 12-11 The effect

of tempering
temperature on the
mechanical
properties of a 1050
steel.

Page345

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Martempering (Marquenching)
During quenching;
•Surface cools faster and transforms first
to martensite.
•Center transforms later.
•If residual stresses are greater than
yield strength, quench cracks may
occur.

•Martempering reduces the risk of

residual stresses and their results.

•Quench the steel from austenite

region to above Ms
•Wait to equalize the temperatures of
surface and center, then quench to
room temperature produce
martensite.
48

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Dr.C.Ergun

Austempering
Mak 214E

yüzey
T merkez

First austenize.
• Quench above Ms
Bainite • Wait to transform γ to
Bs Bf bainite
• The final Microstructure:
Full Bainite
Ms

Mf

t (logaritmik skala)
49

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Effect of Alloying Elements

Effect of C
on Ms and Mf

As C content increases in the steel,

•The martensite start temperature, Ms
•The finish temperatures, Mf decrease.
So, amount of retained austenite (not demanded), the residual stresses due
to the increase in the temperature difference betwen austenite and Ms
50
increase, thus the quench cracking risk increases.

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Ausforming

A thermomechanical heat treatment in which austenite is plastically deformed

below the A1 temperature, then permitted to transform to bainite or martensite.

The bay area obtained by alloying

• First, quench the steel austenite
region to Bay area,
• Then apply forming processes
avoiding to enter pearlite and/or
bainite region,
Then;
• If quench to below Mf:
martensite forms.
• If cooled slowly: bainite forms
51

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Effect of Alloying Elements
Important

1. Increase the hardenability: Alloying elements increase the

hardenability of steel. Martensite can form through the large
thickness of the parts even very slow cooling rates.
2. Change the shape of Fe-Fe3C phase diagram: (Mn and Ni,
austenite stabilizer agent (γ at room T), Cr; ferrite stabilizer)
3. Introduce a bay area in the TTT Diagram; (Ausforming (austenite
+ forming) becomes possible);
4. Improve the respone toTempering treatment: Alloying elements
reduce the rate of tempering compared with that of a plain-carbon
steel. Secondary hardening becomes possible.
5. Other: solid solution strengthening, alloy carbides, corrosion
resistance, etc. can be obtained.

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Effect of Alloying Elements
Hardenability Hardenability

Certain alloying elements, increase the

•Certain alloying elements in the steel moves
the noise of the TTT curve to the right
direction.
•The practical significance; Very low cooling
rates, (cooling in air), can produce martensite.
•Whole volume of the fabricated massy body
can be transformed to martensite even cooling
in air.
hardenability.
In the plain carbon steels, 1050, the
surface is hard, but not in deep.
The alloyed steel, 4340 hardened
deeper. So the hardenability of 4340 is
much better. Even slow cooling rates
may produce the martensite in all
cross-section. But hardness is not
high since lower C content. 53

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Effect of Alloying elements
Secondary hardening:
Carbide precipitation

Alloying elements can also reduce

A bay area may appear.
the effect of tempering compared to
Special processes possible
the plain carbon steels.
such as “ausforming”.
The alloy steel can be used at high
temperatures.
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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Hardenability Curves and
Jominy Tests
• Jominy test - The test used to evaluate
hardenability. An austenitized steel bar is
quenched at one end only, thus producing a
range of cooling rates along the bar.
• Hardenability curves - Graphs showing the
effect of the cooling rate on the hardness of as-
quenched steel.
• Jominy distance - The distance from the
quenched end of a Jominy bar. The Jominy
distance is related to the cooling rate.

Jomminy distance for various steels can be

seen in the figure. Plain carbon steels have
shallow jomminy distance while alloyed
steels may have very deep. However, C
provides higher surface hardness compared
to the other alloying elements. 55

Dr.C.Ergun
The
Mak 214E cooling rates provided by various quenchants
(quenching media)

The cooling rate provided by the

quenchants are represented by a
constant value “H”.

the relation between the diameter

of the work piece and jomminy
distance in the Figure for a given
“H” values.

56

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

A machine part of 1050 steel was quenched

in a medium (H=0.2) and hardness at a
certain location is 28 HRC. Predict the
hardness change at the same point if the oil
is agitated during quenching.

57

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
From Figure 12-23, Page 353

4
16 10 4
16 16

From Figure 12-23, Page 353

4
(inch) ⇒ 39 HRC
16
58

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

An AISI 9310 steel bar with a diameter of

40mm have a hardness of 42HRC at the
center after quenching. What is the
minimum severity of quenching medium in
terms of “H coefficient”. Which quenchant
would you recommend to produce the aimed
hardness in the steel with the minimum risk
of quench cracks?

59

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
From Figure 12-23, Page 353 From Figure 12-24, Page 355

40 mm = 1.6 inch

6.5
6.5
16
16

H value should be between 0.5 and 1. But the correct H to provide

sufficient cooling rate is “1”. The quenchant should be still water (Table
12-2, page 348).
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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

The fallowing heat treatments were applied to a

shaft of 25mm diameter and made of 1050 steel.
a) Heat at 820oC, quench to 25oC in water, temper for
one hour at 400oC. Cool to room temperature in air.
b) Heat at 820oC, quench to 400oC in a salt bath, hold
for two min. Cool to room temperature in air.
Describe the resultant microstructure and estimate
the hardnesses at the end of each treatment.
Make comments about the mechanical behaviour
of shafts at the end of each treatment.

61

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Figure 12-8 (a) page 342

a) Tempering of Martensite: Micorstructure:Tempered Martensite

b) Austempering: (Isothermal heat treatment) Microstructure: Lower Bainite
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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

•Strength / Hardness,
(Wear resistance)
• Ductility,
• Machinability,
• Small grain size,
• Residual stresses
stresses,
• Homogenous
structure. (Quenching
? Marquenching may
be better)
(Retained austenite)

Figure 12-5 page 340

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Strengthening of materials
• Strain hardening: due to the increase in dislocation density and
their interaction with each other, obstacles, grain boundaries, etc.
• Martensite strengthening:
• Solid Solution hardening: Addition of different atoms provide
additional strength to the material caused by the lattice distortion
due to the mismatch of the atoms.
• Dispersion strengthening: The strengthening of a metal or an
alloy by incorporating chemically stable submicron size particles
of a nonmetallic or intermetallic phases that impede dislocation
movement at elevated temperatures (hard particles in matrix).
• Precipitation hardening: hardening in metals caused by the
precipitation of a constituent from a supersaturated solid solution.

64

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Dispersion Hardening

• Soft matrix-hard precipitates/particles

• Homogenuous distribution of precipitates/particles
• Fine precipitates/particles
• Spherical precipitates/particles 65

Dr.C.Ergun

Phase diagrams with respect to solubility

Mak 214E

a) Unlimited solubility: One material can completely dissolve in a second

material without creating a second phase.
b) Insolubility: One element can not dissolve in another in any amount.
c) Limited solubility: One element can dissolve in another only in certain
amount.
b) c)
a)

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214ESolubility and Solid Solutions Complete solute solution of
Cu and Ni atoms

Precipitation of
a new phase: a
Cu- Zn
compound

Phases and solubility: (a) Liquid Cu and Ni: complete solubility.

The three phases of water. (Solid Cu-Ni alloys: complete solid
solubility in random lattice sites).
• Water and alcohol - unlimited solubility.
(a) In Cu-Zn alloys containing more than
• Salt and water - limited solubility. 30% Zn, a second phase forms -
• Oil and water - no solubility. limited solubility of Zn in Cu.
67

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
For Unlimited Solid Solubility
• Hume-Rothery rules - The conditions for unlimited solid solubility.
Hume-Rothery’s rules are necessary but are not sufficient for materials to
show unlimited solid solubility.
• Hume-Rothery rules:
• Size factor
• Crystal structure
• Valence
• Electronegativity

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E Solid-Solution Strengthening

Effect of atomic Effect of Zn content in The mechanical

radii alloying atoms Cu on the properties properties of Cu-Ni
added to Cu on the of solid solution. alloys. Pay attention to
strengthening 60% Ni -40% Cu. 69

Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Important
Precipitation (Age) Hardening

• Small second phase precipitates behaves as small

obstacles to dislocation motion.
• Starting from a structure having coarse grained
precipitates,
1. Solution treatment: heating the material to the single
phase ragion.
2. Queching the material to room temperature having a
supersaturated solid solution with a metastable single
phase microstructure.
3. Aging the material at (reheating to) an intermediate
temperature to activate solid state diffusion to form fine
grained precititates.
• Overaging- aging the material too long causes coarser
precipitates loosing the effectiveness to behave as an
70
dislocation barier

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E

Çökelme sertleşmesi
• İç yapıda, dislokasyon hareketlerini engelleyerek
dayanımın artmasına sebep olan çok küçük ikinci
fazların çökeltilmesi işlemidir.
Yaşlandırma sertleşmesi:
• Önce Çözündürme işlemi (solution treatment) yapılarak çökelen sert
olan 2. faz, tek faz içerisinde tamamen çözülür.
• Daha sonra yapı, hızlı soğutma (su vererek-suda soğutmak) ile ikinci
fazın çökelmesi engellenir ve aşırı doymuş katı çözelti elde edilir.
• Daha sonra yaşlandırma işleminde; aşırı doymuş katı çözelti,
çözündürme sıcaklığından daha düşük olana yaşlandırma sıcaklığına
tekrar ısıtılarak çok küçük bağdaşık (koherent) ikinci faz tanecikleri
çökeltilir. (Bu çökeltiler dislokasyonlara engel teşkil ederek
malzemenin dayanımını arttırır).
• Aşırı yaşlanma: çökelmelerin çok büyüyerek bağdaşıklığın
(koherentliğin ) kaybolmasi 71

Dr.C.Ergun

If slowly cooled-(not hardening)

Mak 214E

%100 β
T
(single phase)

Slow cooling
Equilibrium microstructure:
α+β Coarse α Grains in β matrix

Time
Composition

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Important
Precipitation (Age) hardening
T

Solution treatment
β

Quenchin

structure
Sıcaklık

ro
α+β taging

Same mic
α-Grains
in β matrix

Time Forming the coherent

Composition
small precipitation
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• In the first stage, very small coherent precipitates called -GP zones
(Guinier preston zones) forms,
• The empty spaces below the dislocation are good location for nucleating
of these GP zones (decreasing the energy of the system), thus prevents
the dislocation motions. Important

• Then, these zones form larger coherent precipitates. These

precipitates stretches the lattice and cause to strengthening the
material.
Coarsening the
precipitates and loosing
Over
Coherent grain Aging
their ability to
formation strenghening the material.
Hardness

GP Zone
Lossing of Coherent
Coherency Precipitation

Temperature α 74
β

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Overaging

• Overaging: As the precipitates

coarsen, the misfit stresses become
too large to sustain.
• Then the coherency would be lost the
β the precipitates becomes uncoherent.
α
• Thus the effectiveness of the
hardening decreases.
• If the material aged long enough, the
starting coarse microstructure will be
formed.

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Temperature

taging
Hardness

Taging(hour)
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Dr.C.Ergun
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Design age hardening treatment giving the temperature for each
step for the alloy having 2 wt.% Cu.

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
77

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Mak 214E

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark

used herein under license.

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Quizz:

What is the streghthening mechanism of age hardening?

Explain briefly the steps for a typical age hardening
treatment.

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( ) Austempering is an isothermal heat treatment which transforms austenite to pearlite

( ) Process annealing is used to soften steels after quenching
( ) Cooling rate in oil quenching is always higher than in water quenching
…….. steels cointain ferrite and martensite in their room temperature microstructure.
The first manufacturing step to obtain pearlitic melable cast iron from whit cast iron is ……….
Dimond brale indenter and 150kgf major load are used to conduct ......... Test
Hardness of hard metals can be measure by using ............... Tests.
Hardness of ceramics can be measure by using ............... Tests.
Aşırı yaşlanmış Al alaşımlarında dayanımın düşmesinin sebepleri; çökelti matris

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Dr.C.Ergun
Mak 214E
Bolt class 6.8 should satisfy the ultimate tensile strength of ….MPa and yield strength of
……..MPa.
a) 800/600 b) 480/600
c) 600/480 d) none of them

……….can be seen in macroscopic examinations of metals which resulted from …….

a) flow lines/plastic deformation b) welded section / low hardenability
c) dislocations/casting process d) none of them

Spherodizing of high C steels is done at temperatureres between .... And ....

(a) 690oC-A3 (b) Acm-800oC
(c) 690oC-A1 (d) none of them

..........occurs at the temperature higher than 60% of melting point in .....

(a)Grain growth/process annealing (b)Full annealing age hardening
(c)Overtempering/stress relief (d)none of them

Upeer bainite is ..........

(a)Harder than martensite (b)harder than coarse pearlite
(c)Softer than ferrite (d) none of them

Fromation of .................. İs the sequence of age hardening

(a) Supersaturated solid solution / GP zones / non-coherent precipitates/ coherent precipitates
( b) Supersaturated solid solution / GP zones / coherent precipitates / non-coherent precipitates
(c) GP zones / coherent precipitates / non-coherent precipitates/ Supersaturated solid solution
(d) None of them
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Jomminy tests are used to evaluate ..... Of steels

a) Ductile/brittle transition b) microstructure
c) hardness d) none of them

The risk of quench cracking can be resuced by using.......treatment

a) Tempering b) annealing
c) Martempering d) austempering

Secondary hardening can be seen in ......steels

(a) High alloy (b) Acm-800oC
(c) carburizing (d) high carbon

Galvanized steels is produced by coating......... On the surfaces of sheets

(a)Pb (b)Sn
(c)Zn (d)none of them

Deep drawing quality steels must exhibit high......

(a)Hardenability (b)strength
(c)ductility (d)density

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