The Open University of Sri Lanka

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ECX3231- Electrical Circuits & Measurements

Lab 3 Session I

Study the effect of internal properties of measuring instruments on voltage measurements

Objectives 1) Identify the errors occurred in voltage measurements. 2) Accuracy of a measurement. 3) Studying the Methods to measure internal properties of an instrument.

Part A Preparatory tasks Following circuits arrangements has setup to measure the Z parameters of the circuit. First step is to measure V2 (Voltage at port 2) and second step is to measure V1 (Voltage at port 1).

Port 1 10M 220k 220k

Port 2 V2 V

Port 1 V1 V 10M 220k 220k

Port 2

10V

10V

Figure - 1

Figure - 2

1) Calculate the voltage at port 2 (V2) in Figure: 1 2) Calculate the voltage at port 1 (V1) in Figure: 2 3) If Resistors with 5% tolerance had been used for the circuit, calculate the maximum possible errors for V1 and V2

Experimental Tasks 1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure: 1. Apply 10V DC supply to port 1 and measure voltage at port 2 (V2) using a Digital Voltmeter (DVM). 2) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure: 2. Apply 10V DC supply to port 2 and measure voltage at port 1 (V1) using a Digital Voltmeter (DVM). 3) Compare the measured values of V1 and V2 with calculated values in pre task. Comment on the effect of tolerance of resistors for the measurements. 4) Discuss the errors occurred in voltage measurements and accuracy of voltmeters.

Part B Preparatory tasks

1M 10V DC V1 1M V2 10 sin

1M V1 1M V2

Figure: 3

Figure: 4

1) Calculate V1 and V2 of the circuit shown in Figure: 3. 2) Plot voltage vs time for V1 and V2, if the two voltages being measured on dual trace oscilloscope. 3) Repeat Step 1) and Step 2) for the circuit shown in Figure: 4.

Experimental Tasks 1) Connect the circuit shown in Figure: 3 and measure V1 and V2 using oscilloscope. Note down the readings. 2) Compare the observed waveforms with the plot you have sketched in preparatory task. Comment on all the differences between your sketch and observed waveform.

3) Connect the circuit shown in Figure: 4, set the frequency of signal generator to 50Hz and measure V1 and V2 using oscilloscope. Note down the readings. 4) Compare the observed waveforms with the plot you have sketched in preparatory task. Comment on all the differences between your sketch and observed waveform 5) Increase the frequency in appropriate steps and observe the voltage waveforms. 6) Compare each observed waveform with your sketch and give comments on frequency response. 7) Discuss the possible errors of oscilloscope based measurements.

Lab 3 Session II Study the importance of bridge circuits for measurements

Objectives 1) Study measuring systems of capacitance and inductance. 2) Use of precision instruments for measuring processes in laboratory. 3) Identify the resolution of a measuring instrument.

Preparatory tasks 1) Consider the bridge circuit shown in Figure: 5. Write impedance equation at balance condition and obtain an expression for R1. (Refer course material Book 2) 2) Select the bridge circuit according to the 1st digit of your registration number. 1st Digit Odd Even Bridge Schering Owens Measurement Capacitance Inductance Figure: 5 R1 R3

C2

C4

Schering Bridge Re Cx
/

Owens Bridge r R3
/

R3

D C4 C2 C2 R4 R2

C4

Figure: 6

Figure: 7

Odd Group Schering Bridge 3) The actual Schering Bridge has been modified by adding a resistor in series to the unknown capacitor. Write impedance equation at balance condition for the circuit given in Figure: 6 and obtain expressions for unknown capacitance (Cx) and Equivalent series resistance (ESR) (Re). 4) Compare the expression obtained for Re with the expression obtained for R1 in step 1) and derive an expression for Re in terms of R3, C2, C4 and .
/ /

Even Group Owens Bridge 3) The actual Owens Bridge has been modified by adding a resistor in series to the unknown inductor. Write impedance equation at balance condition for the circuit given in Figure: 7 and obtain expressions for unknown inductance (L) and Equivalent series resistance (ESR) (r). 4) Compare the expression obtained for r with the expression obtained for R1 in step 1) and derive an expression for r in terms of R3, C2, C4 and .
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Experimental Tasks Odd Group Schering Bridge 1) Connect the circuit in Figure: 5. Use 220, 220, 100 and . Obtain the balance condition by varying . Note down the value of 2) Modify the circuit as shown in Figure: 6. Use same components for , , . Connect Resistance boxes for and . Obtain balance condition by varying both and . Note down the values of and . Even Group Owens Bridge 1) Connect the circuit in Figure: 5. Use 100, 10 and . Obtain the balance condition by varying R1. Note down the value of R1 2) Modify the circuit as shown in Figure: 7. Use same components for , , . Connect Resistance boxes for and . Obtain balance condition by varying both and . Note down the values of and .
/ / / / / /

Odd Group and Even Group 3) Calculate unknown capacitance/Inductance and ESR using the expressions and values obtained at balance condition. 4) Verify your result using LCR Bridge. Also note down the manufactured values. 5) Discuss the advantages of use of bridge circuits for measurements and comment on modification done to the actual bridge circuits.