Cec5 6

National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore

Innovations in Earthquake Engineering
Base Isolation
Fiber Wrap
Dampers
Steel moment frame solutions
Redundancy helps with progressive collapse
Capacity design principles
In general whats good for earthquake
design helps resist blast loads
Base Isolation Technology
One of the most significant developments
in earthquake engineering in the past 35
years
It provides the design profession the
ability to design a building that is
operational after a major earthquake
The Goals of Base Isolation
Protection of Life Current Code
Additional Benefits of Isolation
Protection of Building Frame
Protection of Non-Structural Components and
Contents
Protection of Processes and Function
Provide for an operational facility after the
earthquake
Base Isolation
How It Works
Isolated Structure Conventional Structure
Ground Forces are amplified
by a factor of 3 to 4 at the
roof.
Conventional Structure
Forces reduced by 3
to 6 across the
isolators
Forces reduced by 8
to 12 at the roof
Isolated Structure
During a Richter 8.0
Earthquake a
Seismically Isolated
Building Will Behave as
if it Were Experiencing a
5.5 Earthquake
Seismic Isolator
Cover Rubber
Energy Dissipation Core
Steel Reinforcing Plates
Internal Rubber Layers
Bottom Mounting
Plate
(Top Mounting Plate Not Shown)
Friction Pendulum Bearing
SECTION
STAINLESS STEEL
CONCAVE SURFACE
SELF LUBRICATING
COMPOSITE LINER
ARTICULATING
SLIDER
PLATE
CONCAVE
HOUSING
PLATE
m = 20 to 30 inches
F
max
= 3 to 4 times F
y
el
Applications of Base Isolation
1
st
application in New Zealand in 1974
1
st
US application in 1984
1
st
Japanese application in 1985
US - 80 buildings and 150 bridges
Japan - 1000 buildings and 500 bridges
San Francisco Airport International Terminal
Worlds Largest Isolated Building
Benefits of
Seismic Isolation Retrofit
Work maybe Confined to
Basement
Building Can Continue to be
Occupied
Often the Most Economic
Solution
Base Isolation and Blast Loads
Does the use of base isolation help or
hurt the response of a building subjected
to blast loads
Global impact
Local effects
Base isolation provides the highest level
of protection operational - after a
major earthquake
Base isolation has significant benefits for
the earthquake protection of historic
structures
Base isolated buildings are capable of
resisting GSA blast loads and their ability
to move reduces the overall impact of the
blast force on the building.
Does Isolation Work?
Isolated
Conventional
Kobe Earthquake Force
1994 Northridge Earthquake
31 Hospitals had
significant damage
9 Hospitals partially or
fully evacuated
USC University Hospital
the first isolated
hospital suffered no
damage at all
Los Angeles County
General Hospital less
than 1 mile from the
USC isolated hospital
had $389 million in
damage
Isolated
Conventional
Northridge Earthquake Force
Structural Dynamics & Vibration Control Lab., KAIST, Korea Structural Dynamics & Vibration Control Lab., KAIST, Korea
M
g
x
& &
1
x
ASEISMIC BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS

1. Pure Friction (PF) System
1. Pure Friction (PF) System

the simplest device
the simplest device

limits a maximum acceleration transmitted from the
limits a maximum acceleration transmitted from the
substructure
substructure

may have an excessive defection or a residual
may have an excessive defection or a residual
deformation
deformation

may be used economically in the simple or small
may be used economically in the simple or small
-
-
scale structure
scale structure
Aseismic Base Isolation Systems
Rubber
Inner steel plate
Outer steel plate
Protective rubber
Flange
g
x
& &
1
x
M
K
C
2. Rubber Bearing (RB) System
2. Rubber Bearing (RB) System

widely studied and used over the world

consists of alternating layers of rubber and steel plate
consists of alternating layers of rubber and steel plate

parallel action of spring and dashpot
parallel action of spring and dashpot

mainly shifts natural period of the isolated structure
mainly shifts natural period of the isolated structure
3. Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) System
3. Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) System


additional energy dissipation by a central lead core
additional energy dissipation by a central lead core

bilinear model of characteristic curve is used
bilinear model of characteristic curve is used
Rubber
Inner steel plate
Outer steel plate
Protective rubber
Flange
Central lead core
g
x
& &
1
x
M
K
eff
C
eq
4. Resilient Friction Base Isolation (R
4. Resilient Friction Base Isolation (R
-
-
FBI) System
FBI) System

parallel action of resiliency of rubber and friction
parallel action of resiliency of rubber and friction
of Teflon coated plate
of Teflon coated plate

has a recovering force by rubber after sliding
has a recovering force by rubber after sliding
g
x
& &
1
x
M
K
C
Cover plate
Central rubber core
Peripheral rubber core
Rubber cover
Connecting plate
Sliding ring
5.
5.
Electiricite
Electiricite
De France (EDF) System
De France (EDF) System

consists of the elastomeric bearing and the friction
consists of the elastomeric bearing and the friction
plate in series
plate in series

behaves as a RB unit during a low
behaves as a RB unit during a low
-
-
intensity
intensity
earthquake
earthquake

may have a residual deformation during a high
may have a residual deformation during a high
-
-
intensity earthquake
intensity earthquake
`
g
x
& &
2
x
M
K
C
1
x
Reinforced
neoprene pad
Friction plates
Stud anchor
Seismic Base Isolation
Time(sec)
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
)
Frequency(Hz)
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
0 10 20 30 40
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
El Centro
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
40
80
120
160
200
El Centro
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Mexico City
0 15 30 45 60 75
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Mexico City
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
100
200
300
400
San Fernando
0 10 20 30 40
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
San Fernando
Sensitivity Analysis
SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS
SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS
NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a buildin Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential g, but differential
settlement can cause severe structural damage settlement can cause severe structural damage
Tieback Installation
Tieback Installation

Rotary Drill Hole
Rotary Drill Hole

Insert & Grout Tendons
Insert & Grout Tendons

Tendons Stressed & Anchored
Tendons Stressed & Anchored
Bracing
Bracing

Crosslot
Crosslot

Rackers
Rackers

Tiebacks
Tiebacks
Watertight Barrier Walls
Watertight Barrier Walls

Keep Water Out
Keep Water Out

Barrier must reach an
Barrier must reach an
impervious strata
impervious strata

Types
Types
Slurry Walls
Slurry Walls
Sheeting w/ pumps
Sheeting w/ pumps

Must resist hydrostatic
Must resist hydrostatic
pressure
pressure
Much Has Been Accomplished
Modern Ductile Details
Initial Failure at ~0.6g
Courtesy of Caltrans
Older Brittle Details
Total Failure at ~0.2g
Retrofit Priority
Courtesy of Caltrans
Example: Applied Engr. Research
Experimental Validation & Refinement of Zipper Frame System Concept
Courtesy of Prof. Roberto Leon,
Georgia Tech.
Behavior controlled by brace buckling -
system is unable to redistribute forces
efficiently
V V

V
Conventional Steel Braced Frame

V V V
Zipper struts tie all brace-to-beam
intersection points together and force
all the compression braces to buckle
simultaneously (Khatib, Mahin, Pister)
Zipper Frame
Weakens After
First Yield
Strengthens After
First Yield
Yield
Yield
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National Park Service Base Isolation and Blast Loads

Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi, UET, Lahore

ASEISMIC BASE ISOLATION SYSTEMS

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