Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Three-hinge arch
Many 19th century rail stations have three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress and stress due to settlement. The hinges also facilitate transport.
Hinges
Three-hinge arch
Grimshaws Waterloo Station, London,
has three-hinge arches to avoid thermal stress and settlement stress. The asymmetrical form due to planning constrains required to brace arches against buckling by trusses located: Outside to prevent upward buckling Inside to prevent downward buckling.
Hinges
Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 5
Thermal strain
1 2 Bar of initial length L Thermal strain L due to heat, computed as:
L = t L
where = Coefficient of thermal expansion (in/in/oF) t = temperature increase (+) / decrease (-) L = initial length
Thermal Stress
3. 4. 5. 6. Bar of initial length L Elongation L due to heat Hot bar reduced to initial length by load P Thermal stress in restrained bar
f = t E
where f = thermal stress = thermal coefficient t = temperature change E = elastic modulus
Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 8
Curtain wall
Assume: Aluminum curtain wall Fa = 10 ksi t = 100 o F (summer vs. winter temperature) 2 story mullion, L = 30 x 12 L = 360 = 13 x 10-6 in/in/o F E = 10 x 10 6 psi Expansion joint L = t L L = 13 x 10-6 x 100o x 360 Use expansion joint Assume: Designer forgets expansion joint Thermal stress: f = t E f = 13x10-6x100x10x106 = 13,000 psi f = 13,000 psi / 1000
Check thermal stress without expansion joint f = t E f = 420psi f = 4x10-6x70ox1.5x106 420 > 300, NOT ok
3 4 Silicon joint
1 2 3 4
Building axon Expansion joint in wall Expansion joint at wall intersection Expansion joint detail
10
L = 2 2.5 > 2
f = 1,620 psi
11
Girder strain
IIT Building Chicago Architect: Mies Van der Rohe Roof girders are exposed to temperature change (cold winter / hot summer) Assume Steel girders Span L= 120 x 12 Temperature change Thermal coefficient E-modulus
Girder strain L = 6.5x10-6x107ox1440 L = 1 Note: girder elongation induces bending stress and deflection in columns
Thermal stress & strain Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 12
13