Deflection

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Deflection Beam deflection must be limited to: = L / 360 for LL = L / 240 for combined LL+DL. Beam deflection is caused by both bending and shear Bending deflection governs long beams Shear deflection governs short beams, but is very small and usually ignored 1 Simple beam under uniform load 2 Large bending deflection of simple beam 3 Small shear deflection of simple beam 4 Small bending deflection of short cantilever beam 5 Large shear deflection of short cantilever beam

Deflection

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Moment Area Method (Mohrs Theorem, 1868) http://www.scribd.com/doc/58608799/Mohrs-Theorems-1 1 Deformed partial beam Assuming GB is parallel to FO Then FG = AB, the unstressed length and GH/AB = , the unit strain. Since E=f/ f=E f=E GH/AB. Due to similar triangles GH/AB = c/r f = Ec/r Since f=Mc/I Ec/r=Mc/I E/r=M/I 1/r = M / EI 2 Elastic curve AB of partial beam Assuming angles in radians: Radial angle d between m and n and Tangent angle between A and B, yields: dx= r d d/dx = 1/r = M / EI d= Mdx / EI = d = Mdx/ EI. Hence = Am/ EI Am=Mdx = bending diagram area between A and B. Slope Theorem The angle between tangents at A and B on the elastic curve of a beam is the moment diagram area between A & B, divided by EI
Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 3

Am

Deflection

Am= Mdx = bending diagram area between A and B x = lever arm from A to centroid of bending diagram xd = x d Thus = xd = Mdx/ EI, or = x Am/ EI Deflection Theorem The displacement of the tangent at B on the elastic curve equals the moment of the bending diagram area between A and B times the leverarm x from its centroid to A, divided by EI.

Am
Deflection Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 4

Deflection formulas = slope of the tangent of the elastic curve = maximum deflection. 1 Cantilever beam with point load = (PL)(L/2)/(EI) = 2/3 L = 1/2 PL2/(EI) = 1/3 PL3/(EI) 2 Cantilever beam with uniform load = (WL/2)(L/3)/(EI) = 3/4 L = 1/6 WL2/(EI) = 1/8 WL3/(EI) 3 Simple beam with point load = (PL/4)(L/4)/(EI) = 1/3 L = 1/16 PL2/(EI) = 1/48 PL3/(EI) 4 Simple beam with uniform load = (WL/8)(2/3 L/2)/(EI) = 5/16 L = 1/24 WL2/(EI) = 5/384 WL3/(EI)
Deflection Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 5

Beam formulas The formulas include for common beams: M = bending moment V = shear = deflection

Formulas used in the following examples and exercise

Deflection

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Steel beam with point load

Beam supports joist point load (P=8k). Design for stress (Fb=22 ksi, check deflection and redesign if required. 1 Beam diagram 2 Load diagram (ignore load at supports which has no effect on shear, bending, or deflection) Shear Va = Vbl = 2(8)/2 Va=Vbl = 8 k Vbr = Vcl = 8-8 Vbr=Vcl = 0 k Vcr = Vd = R = 0-8 Vcr=Vd = 8 k Bending moment Mmax = 8(10) Mmax = 80 k Required section modulus S = M/Fb = 80 k(12)/22 ksi S = 44 in3 Try W10x45, S =49.1 in3 49.1 > 44, ok From AISC table I = 248 in4 Deflection (L = 30(12) = 360) = (23/648)PL3/EI = (23/648)8(3603)/[(30000)248] = 1.78 all = 360/240 = 1.5 1.5<1,78, not ok

Try W18x35, S = 57.6 in3, I = 510 in4 Deflection

= [(23/648)8(3603)]/[(30000)510]

= 0.87

1.5>0.87, ok Note: the W10x45 of 36 span/depth ratio is too shallow; while the W18x35 has the recommended ratio of 20, is lighter and more economical.
Deflection Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 7

Steel beam (with mixed load)

Steel beam supports 8k joist load + 0.4 kfl uniform DL (beam, fire proofing & finish), L = 30(12) = 360, Fb = 22 ksi 1 Beam diagram 2 Load diagram (ignore load at supports) Shear Va= R= [2(8)+0.4(30)]/2 Va = 14 k Vbl= 14-0.4(10) Vbl = 10 k Vbr= 10-8 Vbr = 2 k Vcl= 2-0.4(10) Vcl= -2 k Vcr= -2-8 Vcr= -10 k Vd= -10-0.4(10) Vd= -14 k Bending moment M = 10(14+10)/2 + 5(2)/2 M =125 k Required Section modulus S S = M/Fb= 125 k(12)/22 ksi S = 68 in3 Try W18x40, S= 68.4 in3 68.4>68, ok From AISC table I = 612 in4 Deflection W = wL = 0.4 (30) W = 12 k max = (23/684) PL3/(EI) + (5/384) WL3/(EI) * * Combined point load and uniform load max = [(23/684)8(360)3+(5/384)12(360)3]/[(30000)612] max=1.1 1.5>1.1, ok all=360/240 = 1.5 in
Deflection Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 8

Deflection vs. span

The formulas V=wL M = w L2/8 = (5/384) wL4/EI reveal: V increases linearly with L M increases quadratic with L increases to the 4th power with L If L doubles increase

16 times !

1 2 3 4 5

Beam with = 1 Double span with = 16 Short span: shear V governs Medium span: bending M governs Long span: deflection governs

Deflection

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Deflection vs. I
Type of beam

(moment of inertia)
I

1 Single board

2 Twin board

1/2

3 Twin board glued

1/8

4 Four boards glued

1/64

64

Deflection

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

10

Deflection

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

11