Egypt Nationl

3.
Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators
Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy
Final Document
June 2008
Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document
September 2008
3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators
CE 6-29 (E)
Holding Company for Water and Wastewater Rod el-Farag Water Treatment Plant El-Sahel, Cairo Egypt
Document title: Short title: Date: Status: Reference No.:
Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy NRSS June 2008 Final Document
September 2008
Table of Contents
Preface 1. Current Situation 1.1 Problem definition 1.2 Problem dimensions 1.3 Problem analysis 1.4 Opportunities Objectives, Tasks, and Elements of the Strategy 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Tasks 2.3 Elements of the strategy
1 1-1 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-2 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-5
2.
3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators 3.1 Implementation considerations 3.2 Outputs and Indicators 3.3 Responsibilities
September 2008
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

BCWUA BVS CAOA CAPMAS EEAA EHP EPADP FaDWaS FAO FC FSSTS FST GIS GTZ GOE HCWW HWT ISSIP ITF IWRM KfW LD II-P LSDF LWT MALR MIS MHUUD MLD MOF MSW MWRI NGO NOPWASD NPV O&M OOM ORDEV PD PPI PS RBC R&D RFP Branch Canals Water Users' Association USAID Basic Village Services Project Central Agency for Organization and Administration Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency USAID Environmental Health Project Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project Food and Agriculture Organization Fecal coliform Fecal Sludge/septage Treatment System Fecal sludge treatment Geographic Information System German Technical Cooperation Government of Egypt Holding Company for Water and Wastewater High water table Integrated Sanitation & Sewerage Infrastructure Project Integrated Treatment Facility Integrated Water Resources Management Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau USAID Local Development II Provincial Project Local Services and Development Fund low water table Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Management Information System Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development Ministry of Local Development Ministry of Finance Municipal solid waste Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Non-governmental organization National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage Net present value Operations and maintenance Order of magnitude Organization for Reconstruction and Development of the Egyptian Village presidential decree private participation in infrastructure Pump Station Rotating biological contactor Research & development Request for proposals
September 2008
RRA SOPs ST SOW SSC SWM TOR UASB USAID USD WHO WSP WUA WTP WWTP
Relative risk assessment Standard Operating Procedures Strategic Task Scope of Work Sanitation Service Cluster Solid Waste Management Terms of Reference Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket United States Agency for International Development United States Dollars World Health Organization UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Water Users Association Water Treatment Plant Wastewater Treatment Plant
September 2008
Preface
September 2008
Preface
The process of disposal of wastewater in Egyptian villages represents a dangerous challenge to environment and public health. In spite of the fact that at least 85% of rural residential buildings have some type of sanitary facility, a limited percentage of villages have recent facilities for safe collection, conveyance, and treatment of wastewater. Water pollution in canals and drains still represents the greatest threat to public health. Currently, wastewater is finally discharged (with or without treatment) to agricultural drains and sometimes to canals, where its use becomes unsafe. Also increased subsurface water level within boundaries of human settlements in villages makes many septic tanks (house vaults) a useless (not effective) mean, in addition to damages they cause to the houses. The challenge imposed by sanitation problem in rural Egypt was developed from wastewater collection only to how to safely dispose of wastewater, and the domain of the problem was enlarged from the house level to the irrigation system level. The Government of Egypt, increasingly aware of the rural sanitation problem, is committed to implement the National Program for Rural Sanitation in Egypt through the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development (MHUUD). The Government allocated LE Million 20 for this program as a first stage, which is considered an unprecedented level of funding for such a program, the scale of the program is national, and program interventions are expected to touch nearly every village and household in the Nile Valley and Delta. A well-conceived strategy based on an informed analysis of problems, participants, objectives, and alternatives is needed to ensure that the limited program resources, plus additional resources leveraged by the program, achieve the programs objective; as the hazards of this problem do not affect only environment and public health, but also the objectives of water resources management strategy in Egypt1. To activate the role of the Government of Egypt towards the final solution of this problem through a scientific approach and sound planning, the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) developed the proposed national strategy for rural sanitation in Egypt This strategy emphasizes the objective of waterways protection against pollution and considers means of collecting and conveying all types of rural wastewater (through public networks or evacuation trucks) to treatment plants, in addition to eliminating any other causes that may maintain the status quo or return it to its previous case. Therefore this strategy comprises inclusively strategic tasks relevant to the solution of solid waste problem (domestic wastes and agricultural residues) in villages because solid wastes are currently considered one of the important factors causing pollution of residential areas, agricultural drains, and waterways in rural Egypt. The role of local administration should also be activated.
See Water for the Future: National Water Resources Plan 2017 (MWRI, January 2005)
Although primary responsibility for program planning and implementation rests with the Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development (MHUUD), the program is truly
September 2008
national in scope. The program is envisioned to utilize whatever measures---legal/regulatory measures, capital investments, technology transfer, education, institutional, etc---it deems effective, and to engage the cooperation of any organization (governmental, private, or civil society) it deems necessary. Substantial involvement by the Ministry of Water Resources & Irrigation (MWRI), Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Local Development (MOLD), Governorates, communities, civil society organizations, and households is anticipated. After developing the proposed strategy, HCWW took the following measures: 1. Held meetings to preliminary discuss the presented ideas in the attendance of a choice of experts and professionals. 2. Examined the proposed method for wastewater planning in villages which is based or "sanitation service cluster" concept, through the integrated wastewater project in ElMahmodiah Canal and Meet Yazed Canal. The results of this trial explained and proved the economic, technical, and environmental feasibility of implementing rural wastewater projects in accordance with the proposed strategy. Held an expanded workshop on 3/2/2008. The minister of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development attended this workshop. A variety of entities, experts, and officials participated in the workshop discussions which led to important results, namely: a. Approving the proposed method for rural wastewater planning based on "sanitation service cluster". b. Emphasizing the importance of implementing solid wastewater projects to achieve complete protection of waterways against pollution, and emphasizing the importance of governorates and local rural units involvement in this regard. c. Emphasizing the importance of developing an investment plan to strengthen the return of available investments, provided that this plan shall take the following into consideration: - Implementing the projects on stages, when possible. - Determining the priority based on some considerations, the most important of them are those related to location of village and surrounding waterways, water uses in the area, and pollution level. Held a meeting on 4/3/2008 with the National Organization for Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) to discuss the final formulation of the proposed strategy. It was agreed upon the following: a. Redefine wastewater service cluster to be "rural wastewater service cluster is a zone (area) of geographic bounds including a group of villages which if linked together in one project would represent the optimal solution as regards technical, economic, environmental, and institutional aspects. A master plan for each service cluster shall be developed clarifying the method of wastewater collection and location of central treatment plant. The master plan shall consider achieving optimum utilization of existing wastewater networks. It shall also propose the method of wastewater collection, conveyance, and treatment of small human settlements that can not be linked to sanitation service cluster system. b. It was agreed upon the necessity of preparing standard specifications and typical designs for all rural sanitation system elements. All concerned entities shall comply
3.
4.
September 2008
with the application of these approved specifications and typical designs in all national program projects. c. The following projection was set for implementation: - Preparing a detailed plan for rural sanitation projects as a complementary part of master plans currently developed in each governorate under the supervision of HCWW. In this stage, the consultant shall prepare maps clarifying the boundaries of sanitation service clusters and shall develop the master plan for each service cluster individually. In this stage, the consultant shall prepare a short list identifying a number of appropriate treatment technologies according to the conditions of each cluster. The consultant shall present his technical report to a committee formed for this purpose (consisting of representatives of subsidiary companies, HCWW, and NOPWASD) and discuss it with the committee to select the optimal alternative. When selecting wastewater treatment technologies at the service cluster level, it should be considered to minimize the number of technologies at the governorate level to facilitate O&M, training, and spare parts provision. Networks and pump stations works at the level of each service cluster shall be implemented based on a complete design with the help of qualified consulting offices. These projects shall be tendered based on "Design-bid- build" system. Treatment works shall be implemented through tendering documents based on "Design build" system. Tendering documents shall be prepared by a qualified consulting office.
5.
A copy of the strategy was presented to the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency for review. The Environmental Affairs Agency studied the strategy in detail and presented its comments and recommendations to HCWW on 18/3/2008. These comments and recommendations were taken into consideration when preparing the final formulation of this strategy. HCWW received the vision of MWRI as regards the priorities of rural wastewater treatment plants. Some experts, participating in the workshop held on 3/2/2008, presented their opinions and suggestions to HCWW.
6. 7.
All opinions and suggestions were taken into consideration during the final formulation of the strategy as clarified hereinafter. This document consists of three chapters, in addition to this preface, as follows: Chapter 1 works toward a definition of the contemporary rural Egyptian sanitation problem and analyzes its root causes and challenges. Noting the high level of access to sanitary facilities by rural households, the chapter argues that shortcomings in wastewater and solid waste conveyance, treatment, and disposal under conditions of intensified water use by all sectors has transformed the locus of the rural sanitation problem from the household level to a river basin level. Challenges and opportunities for developing solutions are discussed. Chapter 2 defines the focal rural sanitation objective and sets out policy, technological, and institutional missions and elements of solution strategy. The chapter begins with the objectives and strategic directions motivated by the challenges and opportunities reviewed in
September 2008
the situation analysis. The chapter then moves to consider engineering solutions appropriate to the environmental, economic, and financial context. The chapter concludes by outlining institutional arrangements for investment programming, facilities management and financing, stakeholder involvement, system regulation, and sustainability. Chapter 3 sets out the implementation considerations, outputs, and indicators for the rural sanitation program to be implemented in rural areas to achieve the goals of this strategy, and sets out a suggested arrangement of implementation responsibilities and program works coordination.
September 2008
1.
Current Situation
September 2008
1. CURRENT SITUATION
1.1 Problem Definition

Conventionally, sanitation is measured by the possibility of connecting houses to systems constructed for wastewater collection and transfer to a site far from the house or public activity zones, or transferring wastewater outside human settlement boundaries 1 . Table 1.1 indicates that 85% of rural residential buildings in rural governorates had some type of sanitary facility in 2002. Nearly 10% of buildings were sewered, the other 75% had some type of on-site storage (Septic tanks or house vaults). Coverage levels have improved steadily, and data obtained from the ORDEV Information Center show that in 2003, the percentage of rural households without any type of sanitation latrines had decreased to between 2% and 6%. These data indicate that sanitation coverage did not usually keep pace with water supply coverage. 1996 census results showed that 84% of rural households in rural governorates had access to water supply in the home 2 : 40% house connections 17% yard or building top 27% handpump. But in spite of this, Egyptian villagers remain at risk of water- and excreta-borne diseases. Visible manifestations of unsanitary conditions include heavily polluted waterways, street damp and occasional wastewater ponding, and solid waste accumulations in settled areas and waterways. In the absence of wastewater treatment and safe disposal, wastewater returns to the human environment through a number of pathways, as indicated in Figure 1.1. Solid waste accumulations can pollute groundwater or surface water through leaching of contaminants or pollutants, and they attract insects and vermin which may transmit disease. Increasing population densities and rising water tables in the Nile Valley and Delta allow for the increased movement of pollutants between groundwater and surface water bodies.
Sanitation is defined as the process of separation of human excreta and other waste products from contact with man and the environment through hygienic collection methods and safe management practices. Egypt Human Development Report 2005, p 178. The remaining 16% obtained drinking water from public standpipes (14%) or unspecified other sources (possibly trucked supplies).
September 2008
Table 1.1
Sanitation Coverage in Rural Egypt

Rural Areas
Governorate
Number of Buildings in Villages
Sewered Number %
On-Site Facilities Number %
No facility Number %
Lower Egypt Governorates Beheira Gharbiya Kafr el-Sheikh Dumyat Daqahliya Sharqiya Ismailia Qalyubiya Minufiya Lower Egypt Governorates Upper Egypt Governorates Giza Beni Suef Fayoum Minya Asyut Sohag Qena Aswan Upper Egypt Governorates Total Rural Areas
490,822 439,688 299,376 114,516 555,684 673,846 92,205 349,421 454,444 3,370,004
19,633 1,759 44,607 15,689 187,821 130,052 7,469 31,098 2,272 440,400
3% 0.4% 15% 14% 34% 19% 8% 9% 0% 13%
402,474 82% 406,711 92.5% 229,322 77% 76,153 66% 320,630 58% 426,545 63% 77,176 84% 290,718 83% 409,454 90% 2,639,183 78%
68,715 31,218 25,447 22,674 47,233 117,249 7,561 27,604 42,718 290,419
14% 7.1% 9% 20% 8% 17% 8% 8% 9% 9%
335,492 298,643 300,327 550,192 394,609 480,785 407,804 139,322 2,907,174 6,277,178
52,337 14,335 8,109 106,187 395 0 1,223 1,951 184,537 624,937
16% 5% 3% 19% 0% 0% 0% 1% 6% 10%
260,677 188,742 111,421 431,901 317,266 365,397 327,467 99,337 2,102,208 4,471,391
78% 63% 37% 79% 80% 76% 80% 71% 72% 76%
22,478 95,566 180,797 12,104 76,949 115,388 79,114 38,035 620,431
7% 32% 60% 2% 20% 24% 19% 27% 21%
910,850 14.5%
Source: General Secretariat of Local Administration, 2002. Data for Luxor City Council area not available.
September 2008
Direct disposal to streets Sullage ("gray water'') Vault Seepage t Direct disposal to water bodies
Vault as collection tank
Disposal to Water bodies (mixed with septage)
Direct disposal to water bodies (e.g.,

Fecal sludge (Septage, "black water'') Vault Disposal to water
Septic tank
Disposal to water bodies after desludging
Interceptor & small bore

Mixed Septage and Sullage
Treatment
to Drains
Treatment Conve
t D i
September 2008
Figure 1.1 Municipal Environment

1.2
Wastewater
Pathways
to
the
Problem Dimensions
The old human settlements, in most Egyptian villages, were horizontally expanded without any compliance with urban planning rules. The population density was increased by the transition from houses made of adobe into multi-story houses made of backed bricks. This random growth of old human settlements resulted in contacting the boundaries of neighboring villages and satellites. The infrastructure in Egyptian villages was developed in terms of electricity, roads, water supply, and telephone networks; in addition to the availability of schools and health units. This led to a significant improvement in living conditions in villages. This improvement led to more need for expansion in the number of residential units and more need for water supply and sanitation services. Water supply systems were provided to villages on multistage bases, through different projects and entities. This expansion in water supply was not associated with correspondent consideration of wastewater problem and providing practical solutions for it. The conventional system for dealing with gray water or wastewater at the rural house level depended on direct discharge to vaults of permeable bottom and walls which consequently discharge to soil or subsurface water layer. These vaults are evacuated at rates depending on soil porosity and subsurface water level. Various factors collaborated and led to a complete failure of this system in hundreds of villages, in which the subsurface water level was raised to reach approximately the ground surface level within the human settlement boundaries. This matter requires evacuating house vaults many times per month. The evacuation costs of vaults represent an economic burden at the family level in villages. Households resorted to various means to face the increase of vault evacuation costs, such as: - Constructing gravity lines to collect wastewater from many houses, then direct discharge to neighboring waterways. - Digging wells to directly discharge wastewater to groundwater. In absence of any practical alternative, vaults evacuation products are discharged to neighboring waterways by means of different types of evacuations trucks. Village households dispose of solid wastes by throwing them to waterways causing the increase of their pollution.
September 2008
Pollution sources in villages can be identified in five sources, as follows: a. Different types of wastewater collected in collection networks and discharged without treatment to agricultural drains. b. Vault evacuation products directly discharged to waterways. c. Direct discharge of wastewater from vaults to groundwater through digged wells. d. Pouring gray water to village streets or surrounding waterways. e. Disposal of solid wastes to waterways. The previous studies discussed the quantitative and qualitative determination of impacts of the deterioration of wastewater problem in villages. The most important conclusions are as follows: - The pollution of subsurface water leads to the increase of possibility of pollution of water networks and subsurface water sources. - The level of water pollution in agricultural drains in some areas reached limits preventing the reuse of this water after mixing it with canal water, which is considered a serious waste of an important water resource.
1.3 Problem Analysis

The first root cause of the problem of pollution and hygienic and environmental hazards in rural Egypt is the discharge of most rural wastewater to the environment with little or no treatment. The number of rural wastewater treatment plants in operation may not exceed 500, while the total number of villages exceeds 5,500. The number of village sewer systems is far greater than the number of village wastewater treatment plants. Many State-funded village sewer systems were constructed without treatment facilities in order to solve urgent problems of widespread septage ponding in streets and house collapse. Moreover, an undetermined number of villages, especially villages in areas of high water table, which are prone to these types of wastewater upflow, have used self-help to resolve their problem by installing informal sewers on a household, neighborhood, or village scale. The public sewer systems discharge to agricultural drains, but the informal systems may discharge to drains or canals. The second root cause of the contemporary rural sanitation problem in Egypt is that population growth, water scarcity, and expanded residential area are bringing wastewater disposal points into closer proximity with water abstraction points. The nexus of factors associated with this root cause is complex: a) Population growth has led to an expansion of settlements over the waterways. The possibility to dump wastes into a waterway has been increased than before.
September 2008
b)
Water tables are rising as a consequence of perennial irrigation and increased provision of drinking water. These factors lead to the failure of on-site sanitation systems and to the increased exchange of pollutants between surface water and groundwater. 3 Water demands are increasing, resulting in increased need to reuse drain water for irrigation, particularly by tail-end farmers who suffer increasingly from shortages as water scarcity grows. Drain water reuse is not a marginal or deviant phenomenon in Egypt. With growing water scarcity, drain water reuse is now a central GOE strategy for increasing Egypts water efficiency, and MWRI expects drain water to supply 10% of Egypts water requirements by the year 2017. Drain water pollution is a threat to this goal.
c)
1.4
Challenges
These challenges are related to the following aspects: financing, land availability, disciplinary and professional labor, village-centered bias in project planning, and weak environmental health enforcement. 1.4.1 Financing
The need for investment in rural wastewater treatment facilities and improved conveyance systems (sewers or trucks) is massive. Although villages can be ranked in terms of their pollution exposure, in the final analysis all quantities and types must be treated and safely disposed. Ultimately, every rural Egyptian households sludge, septage, and sullage has to be transported to treatment facilities, treated, and then disposed. Solid waste should also be safely managed and the role of local administration should also be activated, otherwise it contributes to surface water and groundwater pollution and absence of obvious results (outputs) of the implementation of the national program for rural sanitation in Egypt. 1.4.2 Land Availability
In wastewater treatment, there is a generally inverse relationship between land area requirements and construction cost. This is because lower-cost technologies rely on exposure to sunlight for biological treatment, consequently this requires larger areas for treatment basins and more stay time in these basins. Vacant land is scarce in the Delta and it's cost is high. 1.4.3 Disciplinary and Professional Labor
For the most part, the three disciplines of on-site sanitation, wastewater pollution control, and water resources management have been professionally, organizationally, and financially bounded from one another. Solid waste management and trucked wastewater conveyance are also bounded from one another and from the other three disciplines. A sustainable institutional framework requires engineers, local officials, technicians, professional laborers,
3
There have always been instances of cross-connection between drains and canals, especially in the Delta. MWRI monitoring stations are now detecting high fecal coliform levels in canals and even the Nile. See Development Alternatives International & International Resources Group, Nile River Water Quality Management Study, June 2003 (MWRI/USAID)
September 2008
and community participation specialists; each to apply his/her knowledge and skills within an integrated water resources management framework that ensures stopping the causes of current deterioration and transition into new situation after implementing the National Program for Rural Sanitation. 1.4.4 Village-centered Bias in Project Planning
Until recently, investments in rural wastewater treatment were directed to single villages, although it is technically feasible and cost-effective to implement treatment facilities which serve clusters of villages. Focus on single-village service areas is probably an effect of the structure of the State budget and the five-year planning system, in which local councils are both political constituents and budget entities. 1.4.5 Weak Environmental Health Enforcement
Law 48/1982 regulations which forbid the discharge of untreated wastewater to surface waters are rarely applied and can hardly be applied, given the shortage of wastewater treatment facilities.
1.5
Opportunities
Alongside of the challenges noted above, these are opportunities for breakthrough in rural wastewater and solid waste management. 1.5.1 Increased Government Attention
The government has made a strong commitment to tackling the problem. LE 20 billion has been allocated as a first stage for rural sanitation projects implementation. 1.5.2 Decentralization and Participation
State budget planning processes are paying greater attention to local demands. MWRI efforts to establish water users organizations at the branch canal and district levels are providing local forums for water issues. Cases of informal sewerage show that communities can mobilize local resources to address wastewater problems. 1.5.3 Appropriate Technologies
In the course of the last twenty years, the Egyptian governmental, academic, and consulting sectors have become familiar with all low-cost, unconventional technologies for wastewater conveyance and treatment. 1.5.4 Economies of Scale through Regionalization
As will be discussed below, significant economies of scale can be achieved by building wastewater treatment facilities to serve clusters of villages rather than single villages. These facilities can be designed to receive trucked liquid wastes as well as sewered wastes and to receive and co-compost solid wastes, thus generating a revenue stream to offset O&M costs.
September 2008
1.5.5
Sector Reform
The water/wastewater sector in Egypt has not been institutionally static, with several waves of reform, usually involving some degree of local utility corporatization, having taken place since the 1970s in different governorates. However, in 2004, the GOE embarked on a systematic nationwide reform agenda. This means to improve the operational and financial performance of utilities through corporatization; regulation, private sector participation. The first step in this agenda is to establish a holding company for water and wastewater (HCWW) by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 135 of 2004 4 . Fourteen already semi-corporatized governorate utilities were transferred as subsidiary companies affiliated to HCWW. HCWW is basically an asset management company, responsible for operating the local utilities as financially viable businesses. The framework enables performance management (each utility is a profit/cost center) and revenue retention (which provides an incentive for collection). The solid waste sector has not been the subject of a comparable reform agenda, but these are opportunities for reform in the context of the current interest in decentralization. In some governorates, the service has been corporatized, as what happened in Cairo and Alexandria Governorates, or a fund has been established to increase solid waste management revenues, as what happened in Qena Governorate. Under the proposed Ministry of Finance (MOF) Performance Based Budgeting System, it should be relatively easily to constitute local solid waste management (SWM) as a distinct cost center and even as an enterprise fund, which can help local administration units in villages to raise the level of these services.
PD 249/2006 made it clear that the utilities in the remaining 15 governorates are also to be corporatized under HCWW, and the corporatization process has begun in two of these governorates.
September 2008
2.Objectives, Tasks, and Elements of the Strategy
September 2008
2. OBJECTIVES, TASKS, AND ELEMENTS OF THE STRATEGY

The target year for this strategy is 2040, where the population is estimated at 37 million in Delta villages and 33 million in Upper Egypt villages. The total population will be 70 million compared to 2006 census results of 20.8 million in Delta villages and 18.5 million in Upper Egypt villages; with a total of 39.3 million in all rural Egypt. According to 1996 census results, the average population density reached 177 man/feddan in about 29% of the villages that are dwelled by more than 10,000 people as per the said census. Applying the maximum holding capacity defined by Urban Planning Law (150 man/feddan), the urban possessions for existing villages shall not have capacity for more than 60 million people in the target year 2040. This strategy was built on the basis of this number, taking into consideration that new villages will be found outside the old valley to be able to take in the other expected 10 million people. Data of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Stastics (CAPMAS), on 2006 census, showed that the total number of buildings in Egyptian villages was 7.96 million (they are assumed to have house connections to public wastewater networks), 92.9% of which had access to potable water networks (93.5% in Delta and 92.5% in Upper Egypt); where 24.3% of these buildings were sewered (33.7% in Delta and 11.65% in Upper Egypt). The last ratio does not represent the actual wastewater coverage in rural Egypt because many of these networks are not connected to wastewater treatment plants, but they were constructed through self efforts and most probably discharge untreated wastewater to an agricultural drain or even a waterway in some cases; i.e. they are a pollution producer not a pollution prohibitor.
2.1
Objectives
The main goals of Egypt national rural sanitation strategy were specified in three objectives: First Main Objective: Ensure household hygiene through achieving complete compliance with requirements of Law No. 48 of 1982 regarding the discharge of wastewater (of different types) to waterways and groundwater.
Second Main Objective: Upgrade environmental health through protection of waterways entirely from negative environmental impacts resulting from the disposal of solid wastes onto them. Reserve Egypt water resources through utilizing all sources including the best ways for reuse.
Third Main Objective:
2.2
Tasks
The national strategy adopted seven tasks to achieve the above objectives at the strategic level. They include:
September 2008
Strategic Task 1:
Implement projects necessary for wastewater collection, conveyance, and treatment in rural Egypt in all governorates; dispose treatment residuals safely; and maximize the utilization of treatment process outputs. This will be achieved through the National Organization of Potable Water and Sanitary Drainage (NOPWASD) in collaboration with Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) and its affiliated companies. Operate wastewater projects in rural Egypt effectively and in a sustainable manner through companies affiliated to HCWW in governorates. Implement projects necessary for collection, transfer, and safe disposal of solid wastes generated in villages of Egyptian governorates through Ministry of Local Development (MLD) and governorates, and make maximum use of outputs of sorting out and treatment processes. Operate rural solid waste management projects effectively and in a sustainable manner by rural local administration units. Enable civil community to play its role in solving problems of rural sanitation and solid wastes through all agencies concerned in implementing this strategy. Support the role of institutions responsible for environmental monitoring and enforcement of environmental health criteria; and activate their ability for calling to account and taking corrective actions. Support the role of institutions responsible for providing and development of human forces and conducting applied researches that serve the implementation of this strategy.
Strategic Task 2:
Strategic Task 3:
Strategic Task 4:
Strategic Task 5:
Strategic Task 6:
Strategic Task 7:
2.3
2.3.1
Elements of the Strategy

Planning
Strategy elements are summarized in the following nine elements:
This strategy depends on planning as a basis to specify how to implement the aforementioned seven tasks and hence achieving the goals. This will be done by dividing rural Egypt into sanitation service clusters (SSC) defined from both geographical and institutional prospective as follows: Geographical Prospective: SSC is an area of geographical bound that include a group of villages which the planner is sure that their inclusion in one project is the optimum solution from technical, economic,
September 2008
environmental, and institutional points of view. A master plan will be prepared for each service cluster showing the wastewater collection approach and the site of the central treatment plant. The planner shall work towards making maximum use of existing wastewater networks and plants. He shall also propose the collection, conveyance, and treatment approach for small residential clusters that are difficult to be connected to the sewer system. Institutional Prospective: SSC is an administrative unit of rural wastewater sector; which is a part of the organizational structure of HCWW companies. Responsibilities at the level of SSC management shall be specified to include: Operation and maintenance (O&M) of sewers and pump stations in served villages. O&M of the treatment plant. Technical supervision of septage evacuation system. Technical supervision of sewerage systems in villages that have projects at house or street level. Implementation of self-monitoring program.
This approach for planning SSCs in villages depends from the economical point of view on the so called "economies of scale", which could give the following advantages: Minimize problems of providing and purchasing the land required for treatment plants. Reduce cost and problems of providing access roads, power supply feeders, and water connections at each treatment plant level. Minimize equipment required for laboratories and environmental monitoring of effluent of treatment plants. Reduce number of leadership positions. Save labor. Minimize O&M cost in general.
These advantages are faced with some increase in cost of pumping force mains and crossings under main roads and waterways; in addition to an increase in the running costs of pumping stations due to pumping to probable longer distances and higher levels. This approach also ensures the provision of integrated services and hence achieving objectives of this strategy, since it realizes the following integration dimensions: Technical Dimension By establishing a system that accommodates wastewater collected from sewered villages, to be treated in a central treatment plant. This plant would be able to receive the four possible types of polluted water that be generated from unserved villages. They include: - Stabilized local sludge.
September 2008
Not-stabilized local sludge. Settled sewage. Fresh sewage.
This dimension should take into consideration the following factors: - All over years of program implementation; ratio of houses depending on vaults evacuation, as a means of wastewater disposal, would decrease. - An enforcing system would be applied to direct evacuation trucks to definite points, to dispose in special manholes (Makabb) connected to the manholes or the vaults of the pumping stations. - At early stages of the program, units to treat septage may be established in a part of the treatment plant site. These units would be developed in the future to be a part of the treatment process. Environmental Dimension Since failure in solving rural solid waste problem may lead to shortage to achieve or not achieving the main objectives of the rural sanitation strategy; this strategy should accommodate solid wastes and take into account the following factors: - Rural solid waste management lies within local units and local community responsibilities; regarding collection and transfer. - Integration in treatment stage could be achieved by applying co-composting technologies for both sludge and the organic part sorted out from the solid wastes. - Local units have to provide sanitary landfills to accommodate solid wastes to be buried (Rejects) and solid wastes generated from treatment plants (Screenings). Figure 2.1 gives a schematic representation of SSC according to said approach, which was tested within Integrated Sanitation Project in Mahmoudiya Canal and Meet Yazid basin. Results of the experiment showed and assured the economical, technical, and environmental feasibility of implementing sanitation projects in villages according to it. 2.3.2 Integrated Treatment Facilities
Integrated treatment facilities (ITFs) are designed for modular expansion. The designer should consider adequate flexibility to accommodate wastewater conveyed by any type of collection systems such as septage evacuation trucks, conventional sewers, or nonconventional sewers. It is also possible to design a treatment plant including a unit for receiving and co-composting municipal (and a portion of agricultural) solid wastes generated in the SSC. (Co-composting is a fecal sludge treatment technique in its own right and may be an appropriate treatment technology in some villages.)
September 2008
ITF = Integrated Treatment Facility
September 2008
Figure 2.1
Schematic SSC Representation
Standard characteristics and modular designs should be prepared for all rural sanitation system elements. All concerned agencies should apply those approved standards and modular designs in all projects of the national program to solve rural sanitation problems. Although the wastewater and solid waste facilities would be expanded modularly, this does require that the long-term land requirements for each facility are secured, in order to ensure the availability of lands required for future expansion. A layout for a fully-developed ITF is shown in Figure 2.2. 3.2.4 Flow Composition Diagnostics
The concept of flow composition links the treatment and collection/conveyance 2.3.3
September 2008
Figure 2.2 Schematic Layout of a Model for Integrated Treatment Facility (ITF)
2.3.3 ITF Sitting Criteria
Preferred characteristics of integrated facility sites are: a) Close proximity to a drain, to minimize cost of effluent disposal. b) Proximity to roads wide enough to carry garbage and septage evacuation trucks. c) Low elevation, to minimize sewage pumping costs. d) Distance of 500 m from nearest residential area, to spare residents from odors. 2.3.4 Appropriate Wastewater Collection & Conveyance Approach
This approach does not require a village or community to unanimously adopt a homogeneous collection technology. Although a certain threshold of demand for sewerage and pumping must be present in a community to satisfy basic feasibility criteria, some neighborhoods may be content with their on-site facilities. Moreover, hybrid sewerage systems (combining conventional and nonconventional sewers) may be appropriate in some communities, e.g., a village with an existing conventional sewer system may expand coverage by installing condominial or small-bore sewers in unserved narrow lanes or neighborhoods. The approach requires close community involvement guided by utility-based outreach teams whose members are informed about alternative system designs, O&M requirements and costs; and are receptive to planning methods based on dialogue with users5. On-site sanitation remains a viable and appropriate option in communities with low subsurface water levels as long as treatment and disposal systems are made available. The principal impact of the strategy on such households and communities is to ensure that the carted septic wastes are treated and safely disposed. Over time, as communities with high subsurface water levels are sewered, the allocation of septic evacuation trucks can be rebalanced within and between SSCs to correspond to changes in flow composition and increases in water consumption. No more than 5% of families are expected to lack any type of sanitary facility. Each water and
5
We refer here primarily to costs related to sewer system construction, operation, and maintenance, including costs of community or household level maintenance in condominial sewerage.
September 2008
wastewater company should analyze the geographical and spatial patterning of such deprivation and analyze causes. If the primary cause is income poverty, as is probable, the company could establish a support fund and technical service. Table 2.1 summarizes the key concepts of the approach. Figure 2.3 provides a schematic showing the linked flow composition, collection, conveyance, and treatment relationships of a hypothetical SSC. 2.3.5 Accommodation to Existing Facilities Several wastewater treatment plants have already been built or are being built in rural Egypt, in cities and villages. In most cases, these facilities have ample design capacity for many years to come. To the extent possible, existing treatment facilities should be adapted as SSC centers. In largely unsewered rural service areas, additional land may be needed around the existing treatment plant site to build the fecal sludge anaerobic pond and receiving facility for trucked septage from SSC residents not connected to the sewer system. The effluent from the anaerobic pond would drain to the existing facilitys first-stage treatment process. Table 2.1 Key Concepts of Wastewater Collection and Conveyance Apprach
Sanitation Service Cluster (SSC) A geographically defined area (including communities and waterways) for the management of municipal wastewater and solid waste conveyance, treatment, and safe disposal. Diversion Plan A package of infrastructure and institutional measures aimed at eliminating all rural municipal wastewater and solid waste discharges to waterways by ensuring their conveyance to a treatment facility, by: Provision of conveyance from existing sewer systems to a treatment plant Provision of sufficient septage and garbage trucks Re-routing of septage and garbage trucks to dispose their wastes at an existing pumping station or treatment plant Integrated Treatment Facility (ITF)
Wastewater Flow Composition
September 2008
The characterization of communitys or SSCs wastewater flow in terms of its volume and relative composition includes four types of flow: Stabilized fecal sludge: conveyed by truck from properly functioning vaults Fresh fecal sludge: conveyed by truck from malfunctioned vaults in areas of high water table Settled sewage: conveyed from condominial or small-bore sewerage Fresh sewage: conveyed from conventional sewers
Typically, an appropriate area secured to receive, treat, and dispose of all of an SSCs liquid and solid wastes. An ITF is made up of a number of units, each of which is expanded as SSC demand approaches successive flow thresholds.
September 2008
Figure 2.3 Schematic Conceptual SSC Design 2.3.6 Solid Waste Management
Solid wastes are an eyesore, a public health hazard, and a source of waterway obstruction. The SSCs will be responsible for the treatment and disposal of all municipal solid wastes in their service areas. Local administration will continue to be responsible for solid waste collection, conveyance, and all system relevant issues including landfills; but the garbage trucks would convey the wastes to their designated ITFs, where they will be sorted. Recyclables can be sold. Organic wastes will be mixed with some agricultural wastes obtained from the ITF cultivated area and/or nearby farms and then composted or cocomposted 6 . Nondegradable wastes will be collected and shipped to each SSCs nearest suitable sanitary landfill. If a suitable landfill is not available, one can be constructed for a group of SSCs in agreement with area local units. Community campaigns will be planned and implemented to motivate and organize Branch Canals Water Users' Associations (BCWUAs) and/or community groups to participate in an initial surge of waterway-clearing activities to clean up accumulated deposits. 2.3.7 Desert and Desert-Fringe Communities The distinctive feature of desert communities and Nile Valley/Delta communities which border on desert land is the abundance of nearby waste land. Under these conditions, there is no constraint to the widespread adoption of waste stabilization ponds as the wastewater treatment technology of choice. Given the availability of land and the relatively low cost of treatment, there is also less need for regionalization, which would only be appropriate where it offers significant conveyance economies. Communities would have the same latitude of choice regarding their collection and conveyance facilities as in typical SSCs. 2.3.8 Diversion Program The Diversion Program concept makes pollution abatement the first priority in this strategy. Therefore all the municipal sewage, septage flows, and solid wastes of each Sanitation Service Cluster (SSC) should be directed to a central Integrated Treatment Facility (ITF), thus eliminating (diverting) unsanitary habits of discharging liquid and solid wastes to canals and drains in the service area. SSC treatment and conveyance facilities are planned on the basis of an SSCs flow composition. The Diversion Program would be implemented in two stages. The first stage would involve three types of investments:
6
Co-composting of fecal sludge and municipal solid waste (MSW) is a common practice in many countries. The first large-scale co-composting plant in Egypt was built in Port Said city to co-compost sludge and MSW.
September 2008
a) Construction of a first-stage fecal sludge/septage treatment facility (plus a solid waste management "SWM" facility) in each SSC b) Reorganization (and where necessary, purchase or contracting) of SSC septage evacuation truck services, ensuring conveyance of all septic wastes to the treatment facility c) Construction of pumping stations and force mains to convey wastewater from existing gravity sewered areas (and selected on-site systems) to the SSC. Ministry of Housing, Utilities, and Urban Development (MHUUD) would undertake, through HCWW and its affiliated companies and NOPWASD, all responsibilities of liquid wastes; while Ministry of Local Development (MLD) would undertake all responsibilities of solid wastes, through governorates and rural local units. The second stage of the Diversion Program involves the completion of full wastewater treatment trains in SSCs and planning and implementation of appropriate sewerage interventions in unsewered villages or clusters of villages. Criteria for village and community prioritization might include: Subsurface water level Population size and density Water consumption levels Ability and willingness to participate. This prioritization scheme recognizes that high water table poses a serious public health and building risk in many villages. But the treatment facilities have the absolute priority and must be set in place first, and when funds become available, some sewerage projects can be introduced in parallel with ITF construction. 2.3.9 Institutional Aspects The institunal aspects include: planning and investment program, service provision, financing and cost recovery, environmental health enforcement, and hygiene education and promotion. 2.3.9.1 Planning and Investment Program NOPWASD undertakes tasks of planning, design, and construction of wastewater treatment facilities, including possession of lands required for these facilities. Although local administration in some villages has undertaken sewer extensions, new sewerage systems have to be implemented within a detailed plan for rural sanitation projects, which represents a complementary part of the master plans currently under preparation in governorates. Sewer and pump station works would be implemented at each SSC level based on complete designs prepared with the aid of qualified consulting offices. The economies of the strategy can only be achieved if the array of treatment and conveyance facilities is optimized. The flow composition data on each community is only a starting point, because SSCs do not necessarily correspond to existing administrative units The flow composition data do not by themselves reveal SSC boundaries. The flow composition data of groups of adjacent communities need to be considered in the context of several other variables, including: a) The availability of suitable ITF sites (see Section 2.3.3 above).
September 2008
b) c) d)
Local topographical variables such as the locations of waterways, roads, and other features which will affect the cost of conveyance, particularly the need for undercrossings. The possibility of treatment economies which might arise from maximizing the number of SSCs whose treatment needs can be fulfilled by fecal sludge treatment facilities alone. Proximity of existing urban or rural wastewater treatment plants.
Optimization of SSC infrastructure will depend on good flow composition data, relatively sophisticated algorithms for SSC identification and facility sitting, and close knowledge of the local topography. With respect to project prioritization and investment programming, investments of the first stage of the Diversion Program, as said earlier, have the priority, since sewerage without treatment is a health and environmental hazard. Sewerage investments in wastewater conveyance for already sewered villages which are not connected to existing WWTPs are an integral part of the Diversion Program, as is the reorganization of the vehicle-based wastewater conveyance systems as tributaries of the SSC central treatment facility. 2.3.9.2 Service Provision The Sanitation Service Clusters (SSCs) would be organized as units of the governorate water/wastewater company. The companies have the mandate for wastewater treatment and conveyance, and have assumed the responsibility for septic developing and supervising tank evacuation system. Solid waste management is currently a local administration responsibility. Under this strategy, local administration would remain responsible for solid waste management. There is a scope for private sector participation in several O&M functions of the Sanitation Service Cluster. Adequate tariffs or user charges will encourage private sector involvement as well as keeping the system financially viable. Private sector might participate in the following: Septage evacuation concessions. Garbage collection concessions. Vehicle maintenance. Sewer maintenance. Interceptor/collection tank maintenance. Compost production and marketing. 2.3.9.3 Financing and Cost Recovery It is a standard practice in Egypt for beneficiaries to pay all the costs of on-site facility construction, whether a vault or a septic tank, and to pay for sewer connections to public systems, if any. There is willingness to bear or participate in costs of sewer system construction in areas with high subsurface water levels; most community-wide informal sewer networks have been financed by the local community without government or donor assistance.
September 2008
Charges of service should be set to recover O&M costs. Ideally, each SSC could identify the method of beneficiaries participation based on actual cost of service, and ideally users would be billed according to the types of facilities and services they enjoy. Utility customer records and billing systems will have to be adapted to calculate the sanitation charge based on a users SSC affiliation and level of service. This strategy would help to minimize costs through the combined effects of: a) Economies of scale through regionalization of treatment facilities. b) Modular technology allowing for incremental expansion of treatment capacity in response to demand. c) Use of natural wastewater treatment technology wherever possible. d) Reliance on existing conveyance facilities and equipment, to the maximum extent. compatible with public and environmental health. e) Promotion of low-cost sewerage alternatives. This approach allows for differences in costs of service, according to level of service provided to a community or each individual house, as shown in Table 2.2, where all users benefit from wastewater treatment and safe disposal.
Table 2.2 Cost Allocation by Level of Wastewater Collection and Conveyance Service Collection, Conveyance & Treatment System SmallCondominial Conventional On-Site Bore Sewerage Sewerage Sewerage 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Cost Wastewater treatment Sewage pumping Sewer maintenance Vault evacuation Collection tank maintenance Interceptor tank evacuation
The following principles of comparative competition should be applied by HCWW to the subsidiaries and by the subsidiaries to the individual SSCs: Each Sanitation Service Cluster should be treated as a cost center. Unit functional costs should be compared across SSCs. Incentive systems should be applied 7 . 2.3.9.4 Environmental Health Enforcement With the provision of liquid and solid waste treatment and disposal facilities under this strategy, any justification for unsanitary practices and lax enforcement is removed. The key
7
Provided that sanitation service charges are set at the company level, a modified price-cap (or revenue-cap) incentive system could be applied, in which SSCs keep a share of excess revenues generated through operational or management efficiencies. Alternatively, inefficient departments could be replaced by contractors.
September 2008
elements for successful enforcement are reporting of violations and consistent application of effective sanctions. Detection and reporting are responsibilities of relevant inspection authorities, but should also be understood as rights and responsibilities of the public at large. The public should know whom to contact and how to contact to report a violation. Septage evacuation trucks and garbage collection trucks should have their SSC affiliation and an identification number painted in large letters on the vehicle so that illegal dumping by a truck operator can be reported by any observer. Sanctions (penalties) should be large enough to act as a genuine deterrent. Lists of penalties should be widely disseminated, penalties must be applied consistently, and penalty actions should be publicized to reinforce the message that the government is committed to rural environmental health. 2.3.9.5 Hygiene Education and Promotion The provision of public facilities does not by itself guarantee achievement of the strategys public health objectives. There is a need for community and household level interventions to improve hygiene awareness and practices, to address the needs of households which lack any type of sanitary facility, and very small communities. HCWW is not mandated to work in this area, so there is a need to allocate responsibility for this component of the strategy. It is likely that schools, mass media, and qualified NGOs can play roles in implementation. Programs should focus on: a) Hygiene and health education. Sanitation project experience allover the world has shown time and again that project benefits are not realized without changing hygiene knowledge, attitudes, and practices 8 . Principal subjects include handwashing and indoor water storage/use practices. Proper usage of sanitation facilities. Education packages will be prepared for specific types of project, such as condominial and small-bore sewerage, particularly on the importance of not using interceptors for solid waste disposal or disposal of animal wastes. Provision of latrines. As noted above, the percentage of rural households without any type of sanitary facility is probably no more than 5% nationwide. These households need to be found out, and their needs assessed and addressed. Several NGOs in Egypt are experienced in this type of work. Small community-operated systems, e.g., communal composting schemes.
b)
c)
d)
See Ahmad Gaber, Stock-Taking of Egypt Rural Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Final Report (World Bank, August 2004). Chapter 4 of that report provides a concise review of key areas for sanitationrelated hygiene interventions.
September 2008
September 2008
3. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS 3.1 Implementation Considerations

The following considerations shall be taken into account when implementing the proposed rural sanitation program. 3.1.1 Volume Considerations
Number of village residents in Delta and Upper Egypt (projections in light of scenarios of population growth, immigration, village accommodation capacities, and economic conditions of old land): Cost of rural sanitation infrastructure provision (based on preliminary studies, implementation phase conditions, demand increase, and 2007 prices): Volume of investment required for the national program (2007 prices): Primary Project Segments
60 million habitant LE 1000/capita LE 60 billion
3.1.2
Number of probable sanitation service clusters (SSCs): Average population in each SSC in 2007: Average population in each SSC in 2040: Average estimated investments for implementing the integrated SSC project: Estimated time span for project implementation (three five-year plans): Required finance for each five-year plan (2007 prices) Basic Program Requirements
600 clusters 65,000 habitant 100,000 habitant LE 100 million 15 years LE 20 billion
3.1.3
Finance. Land. Temporary and permanent labor. Additional power necessary for operation Local consulting firms: program and project management, design, and construction supervision. Contractors sector. Requirements of building materials for civil works construction. Local and foreign supply of mechanical and electrical equipment. Program Requirements of Permanent Labor
3.1.4
a) Labor requirements at SSC level:
September 2008
Sewer maintenance in served villages persons O&M of pump stations O&M of integrated treatment facility (ITF) Operation of sanitation systems in unsewered villages including evacuation truck operation Total
40 45 persons 25 persons 40 persons 150 persons 90,000 persons
b) Labor requirements at the national level (600 SSCs) 3.1.5 Labor Opportunities Through Construction Phase
a) Assumed labor required for the contractor company carrying out construction in one SSC: 40 laborer for 36 months Five (5) wastewater networks 15 laborer for 36 months Five (5) pump stations 25 laborer for 36 months One (1) treatment plant 20 laborer for 36 months Supervision and management Total 100 laborer for 3 years b) Assumptions at the national level: 3 years Construction phase in each five-year plan 200 SSCs Number of tendered SSCs in each five-year plan Generated work opportunities in each five-year plan 20,000 opp. for 3 years Equivalent to 60,000 laborer. year Equivalent to180,000 laborer. year throughout 3 five-year plans
3.2 Outputs and Indicators

As previously identified, focal objectives of the rural sanitation strategy are to ensure public health and environment, and protect water resources through the provision of safe and effective wastewater and solid waste collection, conveyance, treatment, and disposal services to all Egyptian rural communities through systems designed to achieve these objectives by the year 2040 (strategy target year). For planning and management purposes, seven strategic objectives were determined to achieve the overall objectives. The seven strategic objectives are listed in Table 3.1 with their key performance indicators and their main outputs. The strategy has the following structure: Strategic objectives (SOs) 1 and 3 refer to facilities construction (SOs) 2 and 4 refer to operations and maintenance. In relation to these objectives implementation and service provision, SOs 1 and 2 refer to the wastewater intervention and are implemented by MHUUD and affiliated HCWW, subsidiary companies, and NOPWASD; while SOs 3 and 4 refer to the solid waste intervention and are implemented by MLD and affiliated governorates and rural local administration units.
September 2008
Table 3.1 Strategic objectives, Outputs, and Indicators

Strategic objectives
Strategic objective 1: Implement projects necessary for wastewater collection, conveyance, and treatment in rural Egypt in all governorates; dispose of treatment residuals safely; and maximize the utilization of treatment process outputs. Strategic objective 2: Operate wastewater projects in rural Egypt effectively and in a sustainable manner
Outputs 1.1 Rural wastewater master plans prepared 1.2 Finance plane (throughout a number of five-year plans) prepared 1.3 ITF and PS sites acquired 1.4 Projects implemented
Indicators 1a. 1b. 1c. 1d. 1e.
No. of operational SSCs

% of villages affiliated to an operational SSC .No. of treated wastewater outfalls reported Rate of annual rural wastewater program expenditure (LE) Annual rural wastewater program expenditure (% expended/budgeted)
2.1 Standard operating procedures developed for all types of SSC facilities 2.2 Fecal sludge trucking services reorganized. 2.3 Maintenance programs, plans, and budgets developed and applied for all types of SSC facilities 2.4 Administrative and financial systems developed for governorate, rural wastewater services 2.5 Organization staffing, and training plans prepared and applied for governorate rural wastewater services 2.6 Tariff and billing systems adapted 2.7 Performance management systems designed and
2a. 2b. 2c. 2d.
% of ITFs which consistently meet effluent quality standards No. of cases of wastewater ponding in streets reported No. of incidents of fecal sludge dumping reported % of SSCs identified as cost centers in water and wastewater companies accounts 2e. Cost recovery ratio of SSC wastewater conveyance and treatment services
September 2008
Strategic objectives implemented.
Outputs
Indicators
Table 3.1 Strategic Tasks, Outputs, and Indicators (contd)

Strategic objective 3: Implement projects necessary for collection, transfer, and safe disposal of solid wastes generated in villages of Egyptian governorates and make maximum use of outputs of sorting out and treatment processes
Outputs 3.1 Rural solid waste master plans prepared 3.2 Finance plane (throughout a number of five-year plans) prepared 3.3 Landfill or compositing sites acquired 3.4 Works constructed 3.5 Solid waste trucking services re-routed.
3a. 3b. 3c. 3d.
Indicators Civilized configuration of Egyptian waterways and village streets changed, compared to arial photographs of served areas. Number of solid waste dumping sites that have been established. Number of solid waste dumping sites that have been eliminated. Change in quality of village air resulted from stopping solid waste burning practices.
September 2008
Strategic objective 4: Operate rural solid waste management projects effectively and in a sustainable manner.
Outputs 4.1 Standard operating procedures developed for solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling (or compositing) facilities 4.2 Maintenance programs, planes, and budgets developed and applied for solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling facilities 4.3 Administrative and financial systems developed for SWM services 4.4 Organization, staffing, and training plans developed and applied for SWM services 4.5 Revenue systems adapted 4.6 SWM performance management systems designed and implemented.
Indicators 4a. No. of waterways with prominent solid waste deposits reported 4b. No. of villages with informal solid waste dumps 4c. Amounts (tons) of organic fertilizers produced by ITFs. 4d. Cost recovery ratio of solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling services

Strategic objective 5: Enable civil community to play its role in solving problems of rural sanitation and solid wastes
Outputs 5.1 Assessments of household hygiene and sanitation facilities, knowledge, attitudes, and practices conducted 5.2 Household hygiene and sanitation communication and mobilization programs planned and budgeted 5.3 Involvement of experts and civil community in projects aiming to originate a route change in environmental health attitudes and practices
Indicators 5a. % of rural residential buildings without any type of sanitary facility. 5b. Average scores on surveys which test rural peoples awareness and application of basic principles of sanitary hygiene and proper usage of communal and public sanitation facilities
September 2008
Strategic objective 6: Support the role of institutions responsible for environmental monitoring and enforcement of environmental health criteria Strategic objective 7: Support the role of institutions responsible for providing and developing human forces and conducting applied researches
Outputs 6.1 ITF effluent monitoring program implemented 6.2 Solid waste accumulation survey and reporting system implemented 6.3 Citizen environmental health violations reporting system implemented 6.4 Waterways pollution monitoring program implemented 6.5 Groundwater pollution monitoring program implemented 6.6 Penalties for water pollution strengthened and applied consistently 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Required labor for implementation phases provided. Required labor for continuous operation phase provided. A program for upgrading staff performance implemented. An approval program implemented
Indicators 6a. Actual rural WWTP effluent quality samples analyzed as % of required number of samples 6b. % of fecal sludge evacuation trucks marked with SSC name and environmental enforcement contact number. 6c. % of garbage collection trucks marked with local council name and environmental enforcement contact number. 6d. Total revenues from penalties for rural wastewater and solid waste dumping 7a. Ratio of available to required labor during implementation phase. 7b. Percentage of local component in sanitation facilities during operation phase. 7c. Effectiveness indicators of staff performance. 7d. Number of graduates of technical institutions and universities qualified to work in these projects.
September 2008
SOs 5 and 6 relate to more strictly institutional dimensions. SO5 relates to communityand household-level awareness interventions and support for small-scale waste management solutions. SO6 relates to environmental health monitoring and enforcement measures. SO 5 and 6 are implemented by numerous authorities (governmental or nongovernmental) including MWRI, Ministry of Health and population, Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, and Ministry of Social Solidarity. SO7 aims to establish synergies between the program and the educational system, R&D institutions, and private sector supply chains; and are implemented by Ministry of Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Scientific Research, and research institutes.
3.3 Responsibilities
Hereinafter are the responsibilities for implementing the strategic objectives. 3.3.1 Strategic Objective 1: Implement Projects Necessary for Wastewater Collection, Conveyance, and Treatment in Rural Egypt in all Governorates; Dispose of Treatment Residuals Safely; and Maximize the Utilization of Treatment Process Outputs. The outputs of this Objective include the following: 3.3.1.1 Rural Wastewater Master Plans Prepared The definition of SSCs is one of the major challenges in implementing the rural sanitation strategy. ITFs and SSCs are interlinked concepts. The ITF serves as the center for the collection and conveyance of wastewater and solid waste within the SSC villages. But neither concept refers to a pre-existing geo-administrative entity, therefore the SSC delineation process must be carried out for a governorate as a whole. This process, plus the process of prioritization of ITF construction and new sewerage investments, is best conducted in the context of a governorate rural wastewater master plan. Water and wastewater master plans are being prepared for the governorates. Each master plan will contain sub-plans for: Urban water supply Rural water supply Urban wastewater Rural wastewater. The current master planning activity is an opportunity to jump-start the rural sanitation strategy application at the governorate level. Recommended steps in rural wastewater master planning include: Conduct Initial Rural Sanitation Surveys and Prepare Database These surveys are intended to serve as a starting point for planning. Each community must be surveyed for the following data elements:
September 2008
current population and settled area number of buildings, classified by type of sanitation facility water supply and consumption water table level house type (red-brick or adobe, single- and multi-storey) building sanitation facilities number of raw sewage outfalls annual volume of septage evacuation.
In addition, a district-level map and GIS must be developed to show: village physical boundaries (these polygons would be linked to the village survey database) a map for residential block in each village waterways (main and branch canals and drains) roads and bridges drinking water abstraction points locations of raw sewage outfalls locations of sizable solid waste accumulations locations and sizes of state lands locations and sizes of vacant lands. Identify SSC Boundaries and ITF Locations The initial rural sanitation survey permits setting the GIS-based polygons (representing SSC boundaries) to a common scale and spatially positioning to provide a master governorate GIS map, and marking potential ITF sites (as well as sites of existing WWTPs) on the map, following the aforementioned definition and criteria. This map provides a formulation for conceptual designs. But SSC boundaries can only be finalized after the flow composition data have been collected and input to the database, the prospective ITF sites have been identified, and villages which need sewerage are consulted on their preferences regarding the type of sewerage. Responsibilities HCWW. 3.3.1.2 Finance Plan (Throughout a Number of Five-year Plans) Prepared Preparation of conceptual designs for each facility should be sufficient to prepare an initial budget. Should the aggregate budget exceed program resources, the aforementioned prioritization criteria can be applied. Responsibilities NOPWASD, in consultation with HCWW. 3.3.1.3 ITF and PS Sites Acquired Acquisition of new ITF sites is a major milestone in program progress. All legal procedures must be taken and adequate funds must be budgeted to purchase lands from their rightful titles
September 2008
and to negotiate transparently with them, otherwise the entire sanitation program might be discredited and build local resistance. Site area and dimensions must allow for future WWTP expansion. Survey works and site probing will take place in a coming stage. Responsibilities NOPWASD, in consultation with HCWW and Governorates. 3.3.1.4 Projects Implemented Construction here refers to the entire project management sequence, including: Preparation of tendering documents for rural wastewater networks based on "Designbid-build" system. Preparation of wastewater treatment plants at the service cluster level based on "Design-build" system. Works permitting including the assessment of environmental impacts of the projects. Construction supervision Acceptance Commissioning. Responsibilities NOPWASD, in coordination with HCWW and Governorate W & WW Companies for construction supervision and project acceptance. 3.3.2 Strategic Objective 2: Operate Wastewater Projects in Rural Egypt Effectively and in a Sustainable Manner
The outputs of this objective include: 3.3.2.1 Standard Operating Procedures Developed for All Types of SSC Facilities SOPs are a basis for staffing needs determination, training, and operations budgeting. Each type of ITF process unit, including the various units needs SOPs, so do pumping stations, fecal sludge evacuation trucks, and laboratories. Emergency operations plans and occupational safety plans should be added to or included in the SOPs. Responsibilities HCWW develops standards. W&WW companies apply standards to operations planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.2.2 Fecal Sludge Trucking Services Reorganized Although the wastewater facilities construction program is expected to install substantial new sewerage, especially in areas of high subsurface water table, trucked conveyance is likely to continue to be the predominant means of wastewater conveyance in rural Egypt for many years. Significant reorganization of these services will be needed to ensure that they meet the strategys goal of diverting untreated wastewater from the waterways. Reorganization involves the following measures:
September 2008
Evacuation truck routes need to be re-designed so that each truck carries its wastes to its designated ITF. In other works, each truck will be affiliated to a given SSC. Truck workloads and SSC trucking requirements need to be recalculated based on the new service areas and routes and considering the impact of new sewerage on the workload. Since new sewerage is likely to alleviate the trucking requirement in some SSCs, trucks may be redistributed to another SSCs according to workload. There should be little need to purchase new trucks.
Responsibilities HCWW and governorate water and wastewater companies. 3.3.2.3 Maintenance Programs, Plans, and Budgets Developed and Applied for All Types of SSC Facilities Computerized maintenance programming software can be purchased or developed to support task scheduling, spare parts budgeting, etc. Organizational design for maintenance and spare parts warehousing and transport is another aspect of maintenance programming. Responsibilities HCWW develops standards. Governorate W&WW Companies apply standards to maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, and all operation and maintenance works and tasks. Administrative and Financial Systems Developed for Governorate Rural Wastewater Services Administrative systems refer to systems and procedures for work-ordering, spare parts management, recordkeeping, reporting, etc. Financial systems refer to systems and procedures for budgeting, accounting, cash management, procurement, etc. It is highly desirable that each SSC be treated as a cost center for performance monitoring purposes. Responsibilities HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development by individual subsidiary companies. 3.3.2.5 Sanitation Program Organization, Staffing, and Training Plans Prepared and Applied for Governorate Rural Wastewater Services The ITFs are expected to serve as headquarters for SSC operations. Core ITF SSC management functions include: treatment facility operations and routine maintenance pump station operations and routine maintenance septic evacuation truck routing, billing, and follow-up sewer maintenance and deblocking solid waste sorting and composting operations sales of compost and recycling record keeping and reporting 3.3.2.4
Each water company needs to decide how to organize these services, i.e., whether to
September 2008
implement them at the SSC level or at some higher level that can provide another services including: provision of specialized maintenance and repair services quality control and assurance spare parts management assistance to communities in planning and budgeting for sewerage projects.
Once a functional allocation of responsibilities is decided, organization structures, job descriptions, staffing norms, staffing plans and position classifications must be prepared. Organization and planning processes are followed by labor recruitment through transfer, promotion, or new hires. All employees would need to be aware of program policies, systems, and procedures. Some of them would need technical training. Responsibilities HCWW develops organizational models with functional descriptions, staffing charts, job descriptions, and staffing norms; in addition to preparing training assessment guidelines, planning of training, and developing for training, materials. Adaptation and application by individual subsidiary companies. 3.3.2.6 Tariff and Billing Systems Adapted Users should be charged for the services they shall receive. All users would be charged for wastewater treatment, since the strategy aims to treat all wastewater. The wastewater treatment charge can be based on the local ITFs running costs per m3, multiplied by the users billed water consumption. Under a cost-based tariff system, conveyance charges would be reflect each users buildingspecific share of conveyance costs (from his home to the treatment plant). For example, in a conventionally sewered village, the conveyance charge shall be composed of: gravity sewer maintenance costs pump station O&M costs While in non-sewered village which trucks to a pump station, the charge would be composed of: evacuation and trucking costs pump station O&M costs. and in a village which trucks directly to the ITF, the conveyance charge would only be composed of the evacuation and trucking costs. Estimated values for O&M expected cost are shown below: Sewered villages: O&M of sewers O&M of pump stations O&M of treatment plant Total Unsewered villages: O&M of altermative systems LE/month/household 1 4 6 LE 11 /month/household LE 7 /month/household
September 2008
A cost-based tariff system would enable users to assess the trade-offs between desired level of service and cost. In theory, such a system would lead to an efficient allocation of conveyance resources. But simpler tariff systems could also achieve the goal of cost recovery. Utility billing system software would need to be enhanced to accommodate new charges and new tariff rates. Most importantly, a program for calculating wastewater changes would have to be developed and then linked to customers record in the water billing system. Responsibilities HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development by individual W&WW Companies. 3.3.2.7 Performance Management Systems Designed and Implemented A performance management system indicators of effectiveness and efficiency are developed for each operating unit of the subsidiary company wastewater management system---such as ITF process units, pump station operations, sewer maintenance, district maintenance teams, trucks services, etc---and provide for data collection and analysis. Performance data should be a basis for the allocation of rewards (bonus pay, promotions, etc) and for problem diagnosis. Responsibilities HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development by individual W&WW Companies. HCWW also develops and applies central monitoring and evaluation systems and procedures. 3.3.3 Strategic Objective 3: Implement Projects Necessary for Collection, Transfer, and Safe Disposal of Solid Wastes Generated in Villages of Egyptian Governorates and Make Maximum Use of Outputs of Sorting Out and Treatment Processes
Solid waste is an integral part of the rural sanitation problem, as solid waste accumulations attract disease vectors and pests, leach pollutants into water bodies, and restrict the flow of water. The rural sanitation strategy aims to ensure that rural municipal solid wastes are collected and conveyed for safe disposal. The strategy also aims to recycle and reuse wastes where economically feasible. The proposed solid waste management strategy has major points of intersection with the rural wastewater program but it is also partly independent of the latter in investment and management aspects. At present, rural household wastes are either dumped by householders at garbage bins, vacant building lots, or in waterways, or collected by local council vehicles, either door-to-door or from the garbage bins. The collected wastes are transported to informal or semi-formal garbage dumps on village or city outskirts. In less physically developed villages, there is substantial recycling of food scraps for domestic animals. Unlike the situation in Egypts larger cities, the waste collection business is almost entirely in
September 2008
governmental hands. In the proposed strategy, ITFs serve as receiving, sorting, and transfer centers for solid waste collected by local councils, and they compost or co-compost a portion of the organic waste. Wastes which are not recyclable and/or in excess of ITF composting capacity are transported by local council trucks to urban or rural-regional sanitary landfills. Hence, the strategy involves two interventions to the current practice: a) All solid wastes are conveyed to ITFs b) Wastes which can not be recycled or re-used are conveyed to sanitary landfills. All collection and transport continues to be provided by local councils (or local administration contractors as the case may be). The ITF receive, sort, and recycle/compost. Final disposal is by local administration truck to local administration landfill. Local council truck routes are simply reorganized to ensure that collected wastes are transported to ITFs instead of the informal dumpsites. The ITFs serve as supply sites in a transport network centered on a regional sanitary landfill site. The solid waste management strategy is presented below in a manner parallel to that of the wastewater strategy, with one strategic objective (SO3) oriented to facilities construction and another (SO4) to system O&M. 3.3.3.1 Rural Solid Waste Master Plans Prepared Governorate level rural solid waste master plans should be developed with emphasis on the following interrelated elements: Sitting and sizing of sanitary landfills Planning of efficient conveyance routes from village to ITF and from ITF to landfill Improved systems of community waste collection (e.g., door-to-door vs. neighborhood bins) It is very useful to carry out rural solid waste master plans in parallel with rural wastewater plans, where wastewater master plans rely on population figures and per capita solid waste generation estimates to size the ITF solid waste receiving, sorting, composting, and storage facilities. But it is anticipated that the wastewater master planning is likely to precede the solid waste plans in the ten rural HCWW governorates. Responsibilities Master planning guidelines to be prepared by MLD, in consultation with EEAA and NOPWASD. Master plan preparation by Governorate consultants. 3.3.3.2 Finance Plan (Throughout a Number of Five-year Plans) Prepared The multi-year solid waste facilities investment budget will array facility procurements by location and year. Key cost items will include landfill acquisition, landfill construction, and trucks 18
10
As noted earlier, solid waste collection is an area in which private sector participation has been completed successfully in many countries and in Egypts metropolitan centers. Key success factors are a proper legal and regulatory framework, transparent procurement, and adequate user charges. The savings to the government could be substantial as the existing fleet is insufficient and dilapidated.
September 2008
The plan should be sequenced approximately to the ITF construction investment plan, since the ITFs should be in place to receive the wastes. The landfills must be available by the time the ITFs are operational. Responsibilities MLD, in consultation with EEAA and, prepares budjet guidelines. Governorates, in consultation with MLD, prepare initial budget. Draft budget to be negotiated by MLD with MOF. 3.3.3.3 Landfill or Compositing Sites Acquired The location and sizing of the landfill sites should be set out in the master plans. If new sanitary landfills shall be constructed, necessary lands should be acquired in parallel with ITPs sites acquiring. Responsibilities Governorates and MLD 3.3.3.4 Works Constructed The major civil work is the landfill construction. Works also includes provision of garbage collection bins and procurement of vehicles. Where vehicles will be provided through private financing, this step would include the private concession arrangement bid documents preparation and tendering. Responsibilities Governorates and MLD 3.3.3.5 Solid Waste Trucking Services Re-routed Local councils will deliver municipal wastes only to ITFs. Schedules for conveyance from ITFs to landfills need to be worked out. (These schedules will need enforcement, lest the ITFs become de facto dump sites.) Existing collection routes will need to be modified to adjust to the requirement to convey the wastes to the ITF, where GIS and other software tools can be used optimize the routes to more economically meet collection needs. Responsibilities Governorates and rural local units 3.3.4 Strategic Objective 4: Operate Rural Solid Waste Management Projects Effectively and in a Sustainable Manner.
Indicators for this objective include: a. No. of waterways with prominent solid waste deposits reported b. No. of villages with informal solid waste dumps c. Amount (tons) of organic fertilizer produced by ITFs. d. Cost recovery ratio of solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling services
June 2008
3.3.4.1
Standard Operating Procedures Developed for All Types of Solid Waste Collection, Conveyance, and Landfilling Facilities
SOPs are a basis for staffing needs determination, training, and operations budgeting. Each type of solid waste facility (landfill, truck) needs SOPs. Emergency operations plans and occupational safety plans should be added to or included in the SOPs. Responsibilities MLD, in consultation with EEAA develops standards. Governorates and rural local units apply standards to maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.4.2 Maintenance Programs, plans, and Budgets Developed and Applied for Solid Waste Collection, Conveyance, and Landfilling Facilities
Maintenance planning, like SOPs, supports staffing needs determination, training, and annual budgeting. Computerized maintenance programming software can be purchased or developed to support task scheduling, spare parts budgeting, etc. Organizational design for maintenance and spare parts warehousing and transport is another aspect of maintenance programming. Responsibilities MLD in consultation with EEAA develops standards. maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.4.3 Governorates apply standards to
Administrative and Financial Systems Developed for Governorate SWM Services
Operations management systems refer to labor staffing and training systems and procedures for work-ordering, spare parts management, recordkeeping, reporting, etc. Financial management systems refer to systems and procedures for budgeting, accounting, cash management, procurement, etc. Systems for monitoring the operational performance of private contractors must also be designed and implemented. It is highly desirable that each solid waste collection zone be treated as a cost center for performance monitoring purposes. Responsibilities MLD, governorates, and rural local units. 3.3.4.4 Organization, Staffing, and Training Plans Developed and Applied for Governorate SWM Services Organization and staffing plans need to be prepared for facilities and/or functions to be operated by local administration. These functions will always include overall operations monitoring of private and public service providers. In addition, the plans need to cover O&M customer service functions that will be staffed by local administration. Once a functional allocation of responsibilities is decided, organization structures, job descriptions, staffing norms, staffing plans and position classifications must be prepared. Organization and staff planning processes are followed by recruitment, either through job transfers, secondments, or new hires. All employees will need orientation to program policies, systems, and procedures, and some will need technical training.
June 2008
Responsibilities Ministry of Local Development develops organizational models with functional descriptions, staffing charts, job descriptions, and staffing norms. Adaptation and application by individual Governorates. 3.3.4.5 Revenue Systems Adapted
Unlike the variety of levels of wastewater conveyance and treatment service, solid waste level-of-service options are limited to two: collection from public containers or door-to-door collection. Significant economies can be achieved by persuading people to sort their garbage (under either type of collection), but it is difficult to see what economic incentives to sort can be provided. The challenges of solid waste cost recovery are two: a) b) setting charges (or the property tax surcharge) at a level which covers the O&M costs of collection, conveyance, sorting, composting, and landfilling. ensuring that the revenues are collected and earmarked to cover solid waste management costs only. (This latter goal can be achieved by setting up special SWM accounts under the LSDF.)
Responsibilities MLD develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development and implementation by individual Governorates. EEAA and MLD set out and apply central systems for monitoring and evaluation. 3.3.4.6 SWM Services Monitoring Systems Designed and Applied Performance monitoring system develops indicators of effectiveness and efficiency for each operation unit of governorate SWM system, and helps in data collection and analysis. Performance data should be the basis for assigning performance rewards and resolving problems. Responsibilities MLD in association with EEAA set the designs and guidelines/general forms for the system. Each governorate shall undertake the setting and application of the detailed systems and procedures. EEAA and MLD shall set and apply central systems for monitoring and evaluation. Strategic objectives 5, 6, and 7; which aim to engage local communities in improving wastewater and solid waste services, strengthen institutions for environmental health monitoring and enforcement, and support the role of institutions responsible for providing and developing human forces and conducting applied researches; are not included here because they need an integrated planning that goes with State political, economic, administrative, and
June 2008
social attitudes in general. This planning process is meant to engage efforts of MHUUD; Ministries of Education, Higher Education, and Industry; research institutions, civil community associations, and all relevant agencies.
June 2008
3. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS, OUTPUTS, AND INDICATORS
June 2008
3.1
Implementation Considerations
The following considerations shall be taken into account when implementing the proposed rural sanitation program. 3.1.1 Volume Considerations
Number of village residents in Delta and Upper Egypt (projections in light of scenarios of population growth, immigration, village accommodation capacities, and economic conditions of old land): Cost of rural sanitation infrastructure provision (based on preliminary studies, implementation phase conditions, demand increase, and 2007 prices): Volume of investment required for the national program (2007 prices): Primary Project Segments
60 million habitant LE 1000/capita LE 60 billion
3.1.2
Number of probable sanitation service clusters (SSCs): Average population in each SSC in 2007: Average population in each SSC in 2040: Average estimated investments for implementing the integrated SSC project: Estimated time span for project implementation (three five-year plans): Required finance for each five-year plan (2007 prices) Basic Program Requirements
600 clusters 65,000 habitant 100,000 habitant LE 100 million 15 years LE 20 billion
3.1.3
Finance. Land. Temporary and permanent labor. Additional power necessary for operation Local consulting firms: program and project management, design, and construction supervision. Contractors sector. Requirements of building materials for civil works construction. Local and foreign supply of mechanical and electrical equipment. Program Requirements of Permanent Labor 40 45 persons 25 persons 40 persons
3.1.4
a) Labor requirements at SSC level: Sewer maintenance in served villages persons O&M of pump stations O&M of integrated treatment facility (ITF) Operation of sanitation systems in unsewered villages
June 2008
including evacuation truck operation Total b) Labor requirements at the national level (600 SSCs) 3.1.5 Labor Opportunities Through Construction Phase
150 persons 90,000 persons
a) Assumed labor required for the contractor company carrying out construction in one SSC: 40 laborer for 36 months Five (5) wastewater networks 15 laborer for 36 months Five (5) pump stations 25 laborer for 36 months One (1) treatment plant 20 laborer for 36 months Supervision and management Total 100 laborer for 3 years b) Assumptions at the national level: Construction phase in each five-year plan Number of tendered SSCs in each five-year plan Generated work opportunities in each five-year plan equivalent to Equivalent to 3 years 200 SSCs 20,000 opp. for 3 years 60,000 laborer. Year 180,000 laborer. Year throughout 3 five-year plans
3.2 Outputs and Indicators

As previously identified, focal objectives of the rural sanitation strategy are to ensure public health and environment, and protect water resources through the provision of safe and effective wastewater and solid waste collection, conveyance, treatment, and disposal services to all Egyptian rural communities through systems designed to achieve these objectives by the year 2040 (strategy target year). For planning and management purposes, seven strategic tasks were determined to achieve the objectives. The seven strategic tasks are listed in Table 3.1 with their key performance indicators and their main outputs. The strategy has the following structure: Strategic tasks (STs) 1 and 3 refer to facilities construction (STs) 2 and 4 refer to operations and maintenance. In relation to these tasks implementation and service provision, STs 1 and 2 refer to the wastewater intervention and are implemented by MHUUD and affiliated HCWW, subsidiary companies, and NOPWASD; while STs 3 and 4 refer to the solid waste intervention and are implemented by MLD and affiliated governorates and rural local administration units.
June 2008
Table 3.1 Strategic Tasks, Outputs, and Indicators

Strategic Tasks Strategic task 1: Implement a national rural wastewater facilities construction program Strategic task 2: Ensure rural wastewater service delivery Outputs 1.1 Rural wastewater master plans prepared 1.2 Finance plane (throughout a number of five-year plans) prepared 1.3 ITF and PS sites acquired 1.4 Projects implemented 2.8 Standard operating procedures developed for all types of SSC facilities 2.9 Fecal sludge trucking services reorganized. 2.10 Maintenance programs, plans, and budgets developed and applied for all types of SSC facilities 2.11 Administrative and financial systems developed for governorate, rural wastewater services 2.12 Organization staffing, and training plans prepared and applied for governorate rural wastewater services 2.13 Tariff and billing systems adapted 2.14 Performance management systems designed and implemented. 3.1 Rural solid waste master plans prepared 3.2 Finance plane (throughout a number of five-year plans) prepared 3.3 Landfill or compositing sites acquired 3.4 Works constructed 3.5 Solid waste trucking services re-routed. Indicators 1a. 1b. 1c. 1d. 1e. 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d.
No. of operational SSCs

% of villages affiliated to an operational SSC .No. of treated wastewater outfalls reported Rate of annual rural wastewater program expenditure (LE) Annual rural wastewater program expenditure (% expended/budgeted)
% of ITFs which consistently meet effluent quality standards No. of cases of wastewater ponding in streets reported No. of incidents of fecal sludge dumping reported % of SSCs identified as cost centers in water and wastewater companies accounts 2e. Cost recovery ratio of SSC wastewater conveyance and treatment services
Strategic task 3: Implement a national rural solid waste facilities construction program
3a. 3b. 3c. 3d.
Civilized configuration of Egyptian waterways and village streets changed, compared to arial photographs of served areas. Number of solid waste dumping sites that have been established. Number of solid waste dumping sites that have been eliminated. Change in quality of village air resulted from stopping solid waste burning practices.
June 2008

Strategic Tasks Strategic task 4: Ensure rural solid waste management service delivery Outputs 4.7 Standard operating procedures developed for solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling (or compositing) facilities 4.8 Maintenance programs, planes, and budgets developed and applied for solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling facilities 4.9 Administrative and financial systems developed for SWM services 4.10 Organization, staffing, and training plans developed and applied for SWM services 4.11 Revenue systems adapted 4.12 SWM performance management systems designed and implemented. 5.3 Assessments of household hygiene and sanitation facilities, knowledge, attitudes, and practices conducted 5.4 Household hygiene and sanitation communication and mobilization programs planned and budgeted 5.3 Involvement of experts and civil community in projects aiming to originate a route change in environmental health attitudes and practices 6.6 ITF effluent monitoring program implemented 6.7 Solid waste accumulation survey and reporting system implemented 6.8 Citizen environmental health violations reporting system implemented 6.9 Waterways pollution monitoring program implemented 6.10 Groundwater pollution monitoring program implemented 6.6 Penalties for water pollution strengthened and applied consistently 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Required labor for implementation phases provided. Required labor for continuous operation phase provided. A program for upgrading staff performance implemented. An approval program implemented 4a. 4b. 4c. 4d. Indicators No. of waterways with prominent solid waste deposits reported No. of villages with informal solid waste dumps Amounts (tons) of organic fertilizers produced by ITFs. Cost recovery ratio of solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling services
Strategic task 5: Engage communities in rural sanitation and solid waste improvements
5a. 5b.
% of rural residential buildings without any type of sanitary facility. Average scores on surveys which test rural peoples awareness and application of basic principles of sanitary hygiene and proper usage of communal and public sanitation facilities Actual rural WWTP effluent quality samples analyzed as % of required number of samples % of fecal sludge evacuation trucks marked with SSC name and environmental enforcement contact number. % of garbage collection trucks marked with local council name and environmental enforcement contact number. Total revenues from penalties for rural wastewater and solid waste dumping Ratio of available to required labor during implementation phase. Percentage of local component in sanitation facilities during operation phase. Effectiveness indicators of staff performance. Number of graduates of technical institutions and universities qualified to work in these projects.
Strategic task 6: Strengthen institutions for environmental health monitoring & enforcement
6a. 6b. 6c. 6d.
Strategic task 7: Support the growth of a rural sanitation industry
7a. 7b. 7c. 7d.
June 2008
STs 5 and 6 relate to more strictly institutional dimensions. ST5 relates to community- and household-level awareness interventions and support for smallscale waste management solutions. ST6 relates to environmental health monitoring and enforcement measures. ST 5 and 6 are implemented by numerous authorities (governmental or nongovernmental) including MWRI, Ministry of Health and population, Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, and Ministry of Social Solidarity. ST7 aims to establish synergies between the program and the educational system, R&D institutions, and private sector supply chains; and are implemented by Ministry of Education, Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Scientific Research, and research institutes.
3.3 Responsibilities
Hereinafter are the responsibilities for implementing the strategic tasks. 3.3.1 Strategic Task 1: Implement a National Rural Wastewater Facilities Construction Program
The outputs of this task include the following: 3.3.1.1 Rural Wastewater Master Plans Prepared The definition of SSCs is one of the major challenges in implementing the rural sanitation strategy. ITFs and SSCs are interlinked concepts. The ITF serves as the center for the collection and conveyance of wastewater and solid waste within the SSC villages. But neither concept refers to a pre-existing geo-administrative entity, therefore the SSC delineation process must be carried out for a governorate as a whole. This process, plus the process of prioritization of ITF construction and new sewerage investments, is best conducted in the context of a governorate rural wastewater master plan. Water and wastewater master plans are being prepared for the twelve rural governorates whose water and wastewater utilities are owned by the Egyptian Holding Company for Water & Wastewater. Each master plan will contain sub-plans for: Urban water supply Rural water supply Urban wastewater Rural wastewater. The current master planning activity is an excellent opportunity to jump-start the rural sanitation strategy implementation at the governorate level. Recommended steps in rural wastewater master planning include: Conduct Initial Rural Sanitation Surveys and Prepare Database These surveys are intended to serve as a starting point for planning. Each community must be surveyed for the following data elements: current population and settled area number of buildings, classified by type of sanitation facility
water supply and consumption water table level house type (red-brick or adobe, single- and multi-storey) building sanitation facilities number of raw sewage outfalls annual volume of septage evacuation.
In addition, a district-level map and GIS must be developed to show: community physical boundaries (these polygons would be linked to the community survey database) community layout waterways (main and branch canals and drains) roads and bridges drinking water abstraction points locations of raw sewage outfalls locations of sizable solid waste accumulations locations and sizes of state lands locations and sizes of vacant lands. Identify SSC Boundaries and ITF Locations The initial rural sanitation survey permits setting the GIS-based polygons (representing SSC boundaries) to a common scale and spatially positioning to provide a master governorate GIS map, and marking potential ITF sites (as well as sites of existing WWTPs) on the map, following the aforementioned definition and criteria. This map provides a formulation for conceptual designs and for social mobilization activities with the newly defined sanitation communities. But SSC boundaries can only be finalized after the flow composition data have been collected and input to the database, the availability of prospective ITF sites as been confirmed, and communities which need sewerage are consulted on their preferences regarding the type of sewerage. Responsibilities HCWW 3.3.1.2 Finance Plan (Throughout a Number of Five-year Plans) Prepared Preparation of conceptual designs for each facility should be sufficient to prepare an initial budget. Should the aggregate budget exceed program resources, the aforementioned prioritization criteria can be applied. Responsibilities NOPWASD, in consultation with HCWW. 3.3.1.3 ITF and PS Sites Acquired Acquisition of new ITF sites is a major milestone in program progress. All legal procedures must be taken and adequate funds must be budgeted to purchase lands from their rightful titles and to negotiate transparently with them, otherwise the entire sanitation program might be discredited and build local resistance.
Site area and dimensions must allow for future WWTP expansion. Strictly speaking, the site sizing and acquisition process should take place after the flow composition surveys have been conducted. Responsibilities NOPWASD, in consultation with HCWW and Governorates. 3.3.1.4 Projects Implemented Construction here refers to the entire project management sequence, including: Preparation of tendering documents for rural wastewater networks based on "Design-bid-build" system. Preparation of wastewater treatment plants at the service cluster level based on "Design-build" system. Works permitting including the assessment of environmental impacts of the projects. Construction supervision Acceptance Commissioning. Responsibilities NOPWASD, in coordination with HCWW and Governorate W & WW Companies for construction supervision and project acceptance. 3.3.2 Strategic Task 2: Ensure Rural Wastewater Service Delivery
The outputs of this task include: Standard Operating Procedures Developed for All Types of SSC Facilities SOPs are a basis for staffing needs determination, training, and operations budgeting. Each type of ITF process unit, including the various units needs SOPs, so do pumping stations, fecal sludge evacuation trucks, and laboratories. Emergency operations plans and occupational safety plans should be added to or included in the SOPs. Responsibilities HCWW develops standards. W&WW companies apply standards to operations planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.2.2 Fecal Sludge Trucking Services Reorganized Although the wastewater facilities construction program is expected to install substantial new sewerage, especially in areas of high subsurface water table, trucked conveyance is likely to continue to be the predominant means of wastewater conveyance in rural Egypt for many years. Significant reorganization of these services will be needed to ensure that they meet the strategys goal of diverting untreated wastewater from the waterways. Reorganization involves the following measures: Evacuation truck routes need to be re-designed so that each truck carries its wastes to its designated ITF. In other works, each truck will be affiliated to a given SSC. 3.3.2.1
Truck workloads and SSC trucking requirements need to be recalculated based on the new service areas and routes and considering the impact of new sewerage on the workload. Since new sewerage is likely to alleviate the trucking requirement in some SSCs, trucks may be redistributed to another SSCs according to workload. There should be little need to purchase new trucks.
Responsibilities HCWW and governorate water and wastewater companies.
3.3.2.3
Maintenance Programs, Planes, and Budgets Developed and Applied for All Types of SSC Facilities Computerized maintenance programming software can be purchased or developed to support task scheduling, spare parts budgeting, etc. Organizational design for maintenance and spare parts warehousing and transport is another aspect of maintenance programming. Responsibilities HCWW develops standards. W&WW Companies apply standards to maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.2.4 Administrative and Financial Systems Developed for Governorate Rural Wastewater Services Administrative systems refer to systems and procedures for work-ordering, spare parts management, recordkeeping, reporting, etc. Financial systems refer to systems and procedures for budgeting, accounting, cash management, procurement, etc. It is highly desirable that each SSC be treated as a cost center for performance monitoring purposes. Responsibilities HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development by individual subsidiary companies. Sanitation Program Organization, Staffing, and Training Plans Prepared and Applied for Governorate Rural Wastewater Services The ITFs are expected to serve as headquarters for SSC operations. Core ITF SSC management functions include: treatment facility operations and routine maintenance pump station operations and routine maintenance septic evacuation truck routing, billing, and follow-up sewer maintenance and deblocking solid waste sorting and composting operations sales of compost and recycling record keeping and reporting 3.3.2.5
Each water company needs to decide how to organize these services, i.e., whether to implement them at the SSC level or at some higher level that can provide another services including:
provision of specialized maintenance and repair services quality control and assurance spare parts management assistance to communities in planning and budgeting for sewerage projects.
Once a functional allocation of responsibilities is decided, organization structures, job descriptions, staffing norms, staffing plans and position classifications must be prepared. Organization and planning processes are followed by labor recruitment through transfer, promotion, or new hires. All employees would need to be aware of program policies, systems, and procedures. Some of them would need technical training. Responsibilities HCWW develops organizational models with functional descriptions, staffing charts, job descriptions, and staffing norms; in addition to preparing training assessment guidelines, planning of training, and developing for training, materials. Adaptation and application by individual subsidiary companies. 3.3.2.6 Tariff and Billing Systems Adapted Users should be charged for the services they shall receive. All users would be charged for wastewater treatment, since the strategy aims to treat all wastewater. The wastewater treatment charge can be based on the local ITFs running costs per m3, multiplied by the users billed water consumption. Under a cost-based tariff system, conveyance charges would be reflect each users building-specific share of conveyance costs (from his home to the treatment plant). For example, in a conventionally sewered village, the conveyance charge shall be composed of: gravity sewer maintenance costs pump station O&M costs While in non-sewered village which trucks to a pump station, the charge would be composed of: evacuation and trucking costs pump station O&M costs. and in a village which trucks directly to the ITF, the conveyance charge would only be composed of the evacuation and trucking costs. Estimated values for O&M expected cost are shown below: Sewered villages: O&M of sewers O&M of pump stations O&M of treatment plant Total Unsewered villages: O&M of altermative systems LE/month/household 1 4 6 LE 11 /month/household
LE 7 /month/household
A cost-based tariff system would enable users to assess the trade-offs between desired level of service and cost. In theory, such a system would lead to an efficient allocation of conveyance resources. But simpler tariff systems could also achieve the goal of cost recovery. Utility billing system software would need to be enhanced to accommodate new charges and new tariff rates. Most importantly, a program for calculating wastewater changes would have to be developed and then linked to customers record in the water billing system. Responsibilities HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development by individual W&WW Companies. 3.3.2.7 Performance Management Systems Designed and Implemented A performance management system indicators of effectiveness and efficiency are developed for each operating unit of the subsidiary company wastewater management system---such as ITF process units, pump station operations, sewer maintenance, district maintenance teams, trucks services, etc---and provide for data collection and analysis. Performance data should be a basis for the allocation of rewards (bonus pay, promotions, etc) and for problem diagnosis. Responsibilities HCWW develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development by individual W&WW Companies. HCWW also develops and applies central monitoring and evaluation systems and procedures. 3.3.3 Strategic Task 3: Implement a National Rural Solid Waste Facilities Construction Program
Solid waste is an integral part of the rural sanitation problem, as solid waste accumulations attract disease vectors and pests, leach pollutants into water bodies, and restrict the flow of water. The rural sanitation strategy aims to ensure that rural municipal solid wastes are collected and conveyed for safe disposal. The strategy also aims to recycle and reuse wastes where economically feasible. The proposed solid waste management strategy has major points of intersection with the rural wastewater program but it is also partly independent of the latter in investment and management aspects. At present, rural household wastes are either dumped by householders at garbage bins, vacant building lots, or in waterways, or collected by local council vehicles, either door-to-door or from the garbage bins. The collected wastes are transported to informal or semi-formal garbage dumps on village or city outskirts. In less physically developed villages, there is substantial recycling of food scraps for domestic animals. Unlike the situation in Egypts larger cities, the waste collection business is almost entirely in governmental hands. In the proposed strategy, ITFs serve as receiving, sorting, and transfer centers for solid waste collected by local councils, and they compost or co-compost a portion of
the organic waste. Wastes which are not recyclable and/or in excess of ITF composting capacity are transported by local council trucks to urban or rural-regional sanitary landfills. Hence, the strategy involves two interventions to the current practice: c) All solid wastes are conveyed to ITFs d) Wastes which can not be recycled or re-used are conveyed to sanitary landfills. All collection and transport continues to be provided by local councils (or local administration contractors as the case may be). The ITF receive, sort, and recycle/compost. Final disposal is by local administration truck to local administration landfill. Local council truck routes are simply reorganized to ensure that collected wastes are transported to ITFs instead of the informal dumpsites. The ITFs serve as supply sites in a transport network centered on a regional sanitary landfill site. The solid waste management strategy is presented below in a manner parallel to that of the wastewater strategy, with one strategic task (ST3) oriented to facilities construction and another (ST4) to system O&M. 3.3.3.1 Rural Solid Waste Master Plans Prepared Governorate level rural solid waste master plans should be developed with emphasis on the following interrelated elements: Sitting and sizing of sanitary landfills Planning of efficient conveyance routes from village to ITF and from ITF to landfill Improved systems of community waste collection (e.g., door-to-door vs. neighborhood bins) It is very useful to carry out rural solid waste master plans in parallel with rural wastewater plans, where wastewater master plans rely on population figures and per capita solid waste generation estimates to size the ITF solid waste receiving, sorting, composting, and storage facilities. But it is anticipated that the wastewater master planning is likely to precede the solid waste plans in the ten rural HCWW governorates. Responsibilities Master planning guidelines to be prepared by MLD, in consultation with EEAA and NOPWASD. Master plan preparation by Governorate consultants. 3.3.3.2 Finance Plan (Throughout a Number of Five-year Plans) Prepared The multi-year solid waste facilities investment budget will array facility procurements by location and year. Key cost items will include landfill acquisition, landfill construction, and trucks 10 .
As noted earlier, solid waste collection is an area in which private sector participation has been completed successfully in many countries and in Egypts metropolitan centers. Key success factors are a proper legal and regulatory framework, transparent procurement, and adequate user charges. The savings to the government could be substantial as the existing fleet is insufficient and dilapidated.
The plan should be sequenced approximately to the ITF construction investment plan, since the ITFs should be in place to receive the wastes. The landfills must be available by the time the ITFs are operational. Responsibilities MLD, in consultation with EEAA and, prepares budjet guidelines. Governorates, in consultation with MLD, prepare initial budget. Draft budget to be negotiated by MLD with MOF. 3.3.3.3 Landfill or Compositing Sites Acquired The location and sizing of the landfill sites should be set out in the master plans. If new sanitary landfills shall be constructed, necessary lands should be acquired in parallel with ITPs sites acquiring. Responsibilities Governorates and MLD 3.3.3.4 Works Constructed The major civil work is the landfill construction. Works also includes provision of garbage collection bins and procurement of vehicles. Where vehicles will be provided through private financing, this step would include the private concession arrangement bid documents preparation and tendering. Responsibilities Governorates and MLD 3.3.3.5 Solid Waste Trucking Services Re-routed Local councils will deliver municipal wastes only to ITFs. Schedules for conveyance from ITFs to landfills need to be worked out. (These schedules will need enforcement, lest the ITFs become de facto dump sites.) Existing collection routes will need to be modified to adjust to the requirement to convey the wastes to the ITF, where GIS and other software tools can be used optimize the routes to more economically meet collection needs. Responsibilities Governorates and rural local units 3.3.4 Strategic Task Delivery 4: Ensure Rural Solid Waste Management Service
Indicators for this task include: a. No. of waterways with prominent solid waste deposits reported b. No. of villages with informal solid waste dumps c. Amount (tons) of organic fertilizer produced by ITFs. d. Cost recovery ratio of solid waste collection, conveyance, and landfilling services 3.3.4.1 Standard Operating Procedures Developed for All Types of Solid Waste Collection, Conveyance, and Landfilling Facilities
SOPs are a basis for staffing needs determination, training, and operations budgeting. Each type of solid waste facility (landfill, truck) needs SOPs. Emergency operations plans and occupational safety plans should be added to or included in the SOPs. Responsibilities MLD, in consultation with EEAA develops standards. Governorates and rural local units apply standards to maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.4.2 Maintenance Programs, planes, and Budgets Developed and Applied for Solid Waste Collection, Conveyance, and Landfilling Facilities
Maintenance planning, like SOPs, supports staffing needs determination, training, and annual budgeting. Computerized maintenance programming software can be purchased or developed to support task scheduling, spare parts budgeting, etc. Organizational design for maintenance and spare parts warehousing and transport is another aspect of maintenance programming. Responsibilities MLD in consultation with EEAA develops standards. Governorates apply standards to maintenance planning, budgeting, staffing, etc. 3.3.4.3 Administrative and Financial Systems Developed for Governorate SWM Services Operations management systems refer to labor staffing and training systems and procedures for work-ordering, spare parts management, recordkeeping, reporting, etc. Financial management systems refer to systems and procedures for budgeting, accounting, cash management, procurement, etc. Systems for monitoring the operational performance of private contractors must also be designed and implemented. It is highly desirable that each solid waste collection zone be treated as a cost center for performance monitoring purposes. Responsibilities MLD, governorates, and rural local units. 3.3.4.4 Organization, Staffing, and Training Plans Developed and Applied for Governorate SWM Services Organization and staffing plans need to be prepared for facilities and/or functions to be operated by local administration. These functions will always include overall operations monitoring of private and public service providers. In addition, the plans need to cover O&M customer service functions that will be staffed by local administration. Once a functional allocation of responsibilities is decided, organization structures, job descriptions, staffing norms, staffing plans and position classifications must be prepared. Organization and staff planning processes are followed by recruitment, either through job transfers, secondments, or new hires. All employees will need orientation to program policies, systems, and procedures, and some will need technical training.
Responsibilities Ministry of Local Development develops organizational models with functional descriptions, staffing charts, job descriptions, and staffing norms. Adaptation and application by individual Governorates. 3.3.4.5 Revenue Systems Adapted
Unlike the variety of levels of wastewater conveyance and treatment service, solid waste level-of-service options are limited to two: collection from public containers or door-to-door collection. Significant economies can be achieved by persuading people to sort their garbage (under either type of collection), but it is difficult to see what economic incentives to sort can be provided. The challenges of solid waste cost recovery are two: c) d) setting charges (or the property tax surcharge) at a level which covers the O&M costs of collection, conveyance, sorting, composting, and landfilling. ensuring that the revenues are collected and earmarked to cover solid waste management costs only. (This latter goal can be achieved by setting up special SWM accounts under the LSDF.)
Responsibilities MLD develops generic system designs and guidelines/templates. Detailed systems and procedures development and implementation by individual Governorates. EEAA and MLD set out and apply central systems for monitoring and evaluation. 3-3-4-6SWM Services Monitoring Systems Designed and Applied Performance monitoring system develops indicators of effectiveness and efficiency for each operation unit of governorate SWM system, and helps in data collection and analysis. Performance data should be the basis for assigning performance rewards and resolving problems. Responsibilities MLD in association with EEAA set the designs and guidelines/general forms for the system. Each governorate shall undertake the setting and application of the detailed systems and procedures. EEAA and MLD shall set and apply central systems for monitoring and evaluation. Strategic tasks 5, 6, and 7; which aim to engage local communities in improving wastewater and solid waste services, strengthen institutions for environmental health monitoring and enforcement, and support the role of institutions responsible for providing and developing human forces and conducting applied researches; are not included here because they need an integrated planning that goes with State political, economic, administrative, and social attitudes in general. This planning process is meant to engage efforts of MHUUD; Ministries of Education, Higher Education, and
Industry; research institutions, civil community associations, and all relevant agencies.

Egypt Nationl

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Egypt Nationl

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.

Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Holding Company for Water and Wastewater

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Document title: Short title: Date: Status: Reference No.:

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

1.1 Problem Definition

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Sanitation Coverage in Rural Egypt

Number of Buildings in Villages

On-Site Facilities Number %

3% 0.4% 15% 14% 34% 19% 8% 9% 0% 13%

14% 7.1% 9% 20% 8% 17% 8% 8% 9% 9%

52,337 14,335 8,109 106,187 395 0 1,223 1,951 184,537 624,937

16% 5% 3% 19% 0% 0% 0% 1% 6% 10%

22,478 95,566 180,797 12,104 76,949 115,388 79,114 38,035 620,431

7% 32% 60% 2% 20% 24% 19% 27% 21%

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Vault as collection tank

Disposal to Water bodies (mixed with septage)

Direct disposal to water bodies (e.g.,

Disposal to water bodies after desludging

Interceptor & small bore

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Figure 1.1 Municipal Environment

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

1.3 Problem Analysis

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators

2.Objectives, Tasks, and Elements of the Strategy

Egypt National Rural Sanitation Strategy - Final Document

3. Implementation Considerations, Outputs, and Indicators