Anatomy and Clinical Examination of GIT Mouth for examination of mouth --- grasp and extend out the

e tongue mouth breathing is abnormal in cattle excessive salivation or frothing at mouth o painful condition of mouth or pharynx o tremors of jaw muscles due to CNS soft fluctuating mass in maxillary region o salivary mucocele o retained cud tongue --- if increased ease of extraction + delayed retraction o flaccid paralysis e.g. botulism o skeletal muscle paresis blue tongue ---- blue tongue dz smell in horse o sour ------------ chronic indigestion, general debility o offensive ------ lung gangrene smell in cow o acetone smell ------ acetonemia o smell is also observed in ulceration of mouth smell in toxemia ----- dirty brown film appears on teeth + unpleasant smell swelling below jaw o inflammatory ---- actinobacillosis, strangles o edematous -------- acute anemia, protein starvation, CHF throat swelling o inflammatory o lymph node o salivary glands goiter swelling -------- below throat Horse, ox, and sheep draw liquid into the mouth by suction Neck palpation of oesophagus = left juglar furrow o in rare cases = on right side Abdomen abdomen of ruminants o left side ------ almost just rumen o right side -------- other abdominal viscera position of abdominal viscera o rumen -------- entire left side o reticulum ---- its posterior surface ( junction b/w rumen and reticulum) lies above xiphoid cartilage o omasum ----- lies above the main mass of abomasum o abomasum --- lies on the abdominal floor (from 7th --- 10th ribs) on the right side o intestines ----- entirely on right side flank o ruminants

Feces general sign of illness = fluid feces in cattle, and unformed feces in horse, sheep and goat are very non specific signs that often accompany sepsis or illness other than a primary GIT dz color of feces in herbivores o dark green + semisolid + flat cake ------ grass fed o dark brown --------------------------------- cereal conc o blackish brown ----------------------------- constipation o yellow and semisolid --------------------- milk diet o reddish -------------------------------------- phenothiazine o red or dark terry ---------------------------- blood odor of feces o normally ----------------------------------- slight offensive o intestinal dz ------------------------------- more offensive o abnormal fermentation in intestine ---- sour odor + lighter color + bubles consistency of feces o pasty ------------------------ ruminal stasis, abomasal displacement, o firmer ----------------------- initial phase of acute febrile dz o soft, liquid, dark ----------- toxemic state Terms Inappetence = partial reduction in appetite manifested as anophagia (decreased feed intake) Anorexia = appetite is completely absent Hyperorexia = increased appetite manifested as polyphagia (increased feed intake) Polydipsia = increased consumption of water Deglutition = swallowing Dysphagia = difficulty in swallowing

left flank ----- rumen right flank ---- colon o horse right flank ---- caecum rumen o if distended---- protrude above the plane formed by lateral aspect of last rib o normal rumen contractions --- 13 times / min and lift the abdominal wall 0.5 1 inch palpating rumen = apply your fist firmly against the animal flank in order to distinguish b/w ruminal movements and more superficial respiratory and adventitious movements of abdominal wall normal ruminal contractions in sheep = 1 2 / min impaction i. rumen ------ large amount of grains ii. omasum --- straw iii. abomasum --- straw problems of abomasum i. impaction ii. LDA and RDA iii. torsion iv. Dilatation check while eating or drinking if dysphagia is suspected

Regurgitation = returning of food and water from pharyngeal region (un-swallowed food) via nasal cavities and mouth. causes --------- dysphagia due to infl swelling of pharyngeal mucosa paralysis of upper part of pharynx neoplasia of pharynx FB in pharynx Structural or functional obstruction of esophagus ---- here repeated vigorous swallowing movements may have been noted to precede the regurgitation Carbohydrates Digestion in ruminants -------------VFAs (absorbed thru rumen wall) + methane (removed by belching). VFAs are Used as energy source Converted to various products In GIT diseases, 4 abnormalities can happen 1. motility ------------ most common 2. secretion ----------- almost never 3. digestion ----------- almost never 4. absorption --------- rare abnormal motility can b 1. Hypermotility 2. Hypomotility Abnormal motility can result in 4. abdominal pain 1. diarrhea 5. dehydration and shock 2. constipation 6. vomiting and regurgitation 3. distension 7. ileus 1. free fluid in abdomen = change of posture will also alter the position of fluid 2. In sheep --- following are palpable (not rectally). Positionally the sheep on its hind quarters make it easy. i. rumen ii. impacted abomasum iii. gravid uterus

Diarrhea and other abnormalities 1. 2. 3. 4. Diarrhea is a constant CF in enteritis. chronic enteritis can cause change in the texture of hoof wall catarrhal diarrhea --------- bubbles in feces most freq origin of diarrhea a. ruminants ------------- fore stomachs b. horse ------------------ large colon 5. types of diarrhea i. inflammatory -------- infectious ii. osmotic --------------- overeating, sudden dietary changes, tr = fasting, dietary modification to basic roughage iii. secretory ------------- most imp in neonates, cause is enterotoxins, hallmark of this D is large volume of feces iv. Hypermotility ------- cause is bowel irritation , seen in many bowel diseases, Peritonitis, Two or more of these mechanisms are probably at work in most diarrheal diseases, so tr of D is non specific In acute infectious diarrheas, antidiarrheals should not b used 6. causes of diarrhea i. primary GIT dz ii. one of sign of generalized dz (MCF, uremia ) iii. secondary to toxemia ( coliform mastitis, septic metritis ) iv. drug induced ( antibiotics, NSAIDs ) 7. tenesmus is seen in diarrheas where there is irritation of colon and rectum 8. other causes of tenesmus i. GIT i. irritation of colon and rectum ii. hepatic failure iii. rectal tears and strictures iv. intussusception ii. reproductive i. vaginitis ii. ROP iii. Dystokia iv. Abortion iii. Urinary i. Urolithiasis iv. Nervous i. Rabies ii. N dz in which there is retention of feces or urine 9. sever rectal irritation can lead to tenesmus and rectal prolapse 10. diarrhea in sheep i. foul odor ------------ salmonellosis ii. bloody diarrhea --------- coccidian

iii. grayish yellow ---------- cryptosporidium 11. dysentery ---- causes i. salmonella iv. coccidia ii. E coli v. MCF iii. Campylobacter vi. Oak toxicity vii. enterotoxemia caused clostridia 12. dehydration if 12 --- 15 % ------------- death 13. scant feces in ruminants are seen in i. cecal dilatation or displacement 14. constipation i. disease (local infl condition e.g. abomasitis, enteritis) ii. debility iii. dehydration iv. deficient dietary bulk v. partial intestinal obstruction 15. rectovaginal fistula --------- animal passes feces from rectum as well as vulva 16. painful defecation i. abdominal pain ii. laceration of mucocutaneous junction at rectum 17. lactic acidosis ----- high level of feeding with i. carbohydrates or ii. protein 18. plastic bags eating by calf ----- acute pyloric obstruction 19. as a rule = in painful or infl conditions of abomasum, the presence of pain is indicated by grinding of teeth 20. to reduce excessive straining during rectal palpation i. enema of lukewarm water ii. elevation of animal head iii. pressure with thumb on lumbar region iv. sedative or tranquilizer v. low epidural anesthesia 21. rectal exam --- following can be accessed vi. empty rectum in intestinal obstruction vii. lipoma, may be surrounding uterus viii. rumen ix. but not the reticulum and omasum x. distended abomasum on left side xi. small intestine xii. left kidney xiii. uterus xiv. bladder, of urethra (esp. pulsation in urolithiasis) 22. distension of abdomen can be xv. solid ------ impaction xvi. gaseous --- ruminal tympany, intra peritoneal tympany, xvii. liquid --- ascites

23. the degree of abdominal distension associated with fecal or urinary retention is of moderate degree only even in extreme cases 24. abdominal distension in sheep Distension Cause Remarks -Impaction of rumen Feel firm on ballottement 1 Lower left Quadrant -Bloat Gaseous pings 2 Upper left Quadrant -Severely impacted abomasum Feel firm on ballottement 3 Lower right Quadrant -Pregnancy -Distension of caecum or spinal colon Fluid wave on ballottement 4 Upper right Quadrant 5 Lower left + lower right -Chronic indigestion -Ascites 6 Generalized distension -Gastrointestinal ileus 25. ascites xviii. Hypoproteinemia iv. GIT parasites v. Liver dz xix. CHF xx. Ruptured bladder 26. Posterior body shape xxi. Normal xxii. Apple xxiii. Pear xxiv. Papple 27. lateral body shape xxv. Normal xxvii. Gaunt xxvi. Arched xxviii. Sway back 28. gaunt = tucked up abdomen = obvious decrease in size of abdomen xxix. starvation xxx. prolonged malnutrition xxxi. chronic dz where appetite is decreased xxxii. sever diarrhea (sever dehydration) xxxiii. tissue fluid imbalance ( e.g. grass sickness) 29. abdominal ballottement xxxiv. preg xxxvi. excess fluid xxxv. lactiacidosis 30. ventral edema xxxvii. approaching parturition (due Hypoproteinemia + pressure on veins) xxxviii. rupture of penile urethra due to obstructive urolithiasis xxxix. CHF xli. acute gangrenous mastitis xl. Anemia xlii. Hypoproteinemia 31. pica = causes xliii. nutritional def vi. P viii. Protein x. Fiber vii. NaCl ix. bulk xi. xliv. infections

xii. chronic peritonitis xiii. chronic gastritis xiv. parasitic enteritis xlv. nervous diseases xv. rabies xvi. ketosis xlvi. habitual 32. types of pica xlvii. eating un-natural substances l. eating decomposed animal carcasses xlviii. excessive coat licking li. litter eating, et xlix. wool eating 33. in order that the state of appetite and the feeding behavior should b correctly determined, it is necessary to undertake prolonged observation of the animal while it is eating and drinking 34. grossly enlarged asymmetrical swelling of flank --- herniation of the abdominal wall 35. unilateral or bilateral swelling o f the cheek region occurs in xvii. actinobacillosis xviii. necrotic stomatitis ( calf diphtheria ) 36. auscultation lii. gas pings --------- heard with stethoscope over abdomen liii. grunt -------------- heard with stethoscope over trachea liv. place stethoscope on abdomen on one site for at least 30 seconds lv. fluid splashing sounds in ruminants on left side xix. excessive fluid in rumen xx. carbohydrate engorgement xxi. LDA lvi. fluid splashing sounds in ruminants on right side xxii. intestinal obstruction xxiii. abomasal Volvulous xxiv. cecal dilatation and torsion xxv. paralytic ileus 37. percussion lvii. pleximeter and tablespoon lviii. finger percussion e.g. thoracic ----- middle finger in intercostal space + slapping with opposite hand lix. in small sized animals --- stethoscope on one side and percuss on opposite side 38. a painful response on percussion may indicate lx. pleuritis or lxi. some other infl condition involving the parietal pleura 39. detection of pain in cranial abdomen and thorax lxii. withers pinch test ---- pinching + auscultation lxiii. ballottement of xiphoid ----- auscultation + xxvi. pushed with knee or xxvii. stuck with fist 40. pain on percussion over whole abdomen ---- peritonitis 41. in cattle pain may be elicited over the right costal arch when there are liver lesions 42. a markedly enlarged liver in a cow may be palpable by ballottement immediately behind the right costal arch

43. fluid thrill = the peritoneal cavity must be 1/3 rd full of fluid before a fluid wave can be elicited lxiv. ascites lxv. ruptured bladder lxvi. other causes of fluid accumulation in abdomen 44. Loss of teeth = not so imp in stall fed animals 45. Grinding of teeth = o Abdominal pain o Nervous dz 46. assess bloat throughout the anesthesia 47. bloat in sheep = usually a hand full of skin in left paralumbar fossa indicates absence of bloat

Spasmodic colic
Pain -Sudden -Intense -intermittent Accelerated only during spasms Little change Accelerated only during spasms Absent Occurs if pain very sever No passage during attack Absent -ve

Gastric distension
-Sudden -Intense -continuous Accelerated Injected Dyspnoea Present but not marked Occurs May be passed Frequently occurs -ve

Intestinal tympany
-Sudden -Intense -continuous Accelerated Injected Dyspnoea Marked Occurs No passage Absent Pain and straining. Distended bowel may be felt.

Intestinal impaction Sub acute Acute

-Absent -Or Only very slight Normal Dull Normal Absent Does not Occurs No passage Absent No pain or straining. Impaction may be felt -Onset slow -intensity increases -continuous Accelerated Moderately Injected Accelerated dyspnoea may develop Present but not marked Occurs No passage Absent Pain and straining. Impaction may be felt

Volvulous
-Sudden -Intense -continuous Accelerated Injected Accelerated dyspnoea may develop May develop due to tympany Usually Generalised No passage Absent

Pulse Mucous membranes Respirations Abdominal distension Sweating Feces Regurgitation and eructation Rectal exam

Temperature Muscular tremors

Not elevated Absent

Pain and straining. Distended loops of bowel may be felt. Elevation of temp may occur as case progress. But elevation is not of diagnostic significance. Occurs in the later stages of fatal cases.

Neonatal diarrhea Page number = 365 on sheep/ goat medicine

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