Latin Prose Notes Nominative and oblique cases inferum mare the Tuscan Sea superum mare the

Adriatic aquae magnae floods frater patruelis cousin or brother on the fathers side. germanus brother on both the fathers and mothers side. Mensarius banker. de industria deliberately, purposely periti nandi = those who know how to swim. periti artium militarium or periti militiae = military experts. periti itinerum those who know / are familiar with the routes. e re publica in the interest of the state. late longeque = far and wide. deserendae urbis auctores incertus + indirect question: Livy 25.34.10 ancepsque proelium Romanos circumsteterat incertos in quem potissimum hostem quamue in partem conferti eruptionem facerent. And the Romans found themselves between two battles, uncertain against which enemy and in which direction they should choose to break through in a mass. mirabundus + indirect question Livy 25.37.12 mirabundique unde tot hostes subito exorti prope deleto exercitu forent, and wondering from what source so many enemies had suddenly appeared after the army had almost been destroyed. sollicitus + indirect question Livy 30.21.2 solliciti erant...quo evasura esset res, they were concerned for the outcome. Acceptum / in acceptum referre to place to ones credit (literally and metaphorically); + accus. of object in agreement with acceptum (e.g.. pecuniam acceptam) and dative of indirect object or a quod clause the fact that (often with subjunctive if a thought process or statement is involved). colligere vasa to pack the bags (of an army)

fidem facere + accusative and infinitive and dative of person in whom conviction is instilled, convince that. Cf Livy 25.38.2-3 uel praesens omnium nostrum, milites, fortuna fidem cuiuis facere potest mihi hoc imperium... ita re ipsa graue ac sollicitum esse. ...or the present situation of us all, soldiers, can convince any one that this high command...is yet in fact a burden to me and an anxious care. exploratum habeo + accusative and infinitive I have investigated that, I am assured that. Livy 25.38.16 exploratum habeo non uigiliarum ordinem, non stationes iustas esse. I am assured that there is no relieving of centuries, no regular outposts. Compertum habeo + accus. and infin. I have found out for certain that, I have verified. Comperto Neuter impersonal ablative, followed by indirect question; cf. Livy 31.29.4-5 nondum comperto quam regionem hostes petissent = since it had not been ascertained which direction the enemy had sought. Cf. Livy 33.5.4 Explorato Neuter impersonal ablative, followed by indirect question; cf. Livy 32.15.5 explorato ante utrum Leucadem an sinum Ambracium onerariae tenuissent, having found out whether the supply-ships had made for Leucas or the Ambracian gulf. Fallo can take an indirect question; cf. Livy 31.25.8 non fefellit Achaeos quo spectasset tam benigna pollicitatio auxiliumque oblatum aduersus Lacedaemonios: The Achaeans were not deceived as to the meaning of so generous a promise and the offer of help against the Spartans. Different terms for mean: significo, volo, specto (i.e. look to). Expressions with quisque Generalisations Livy 25.38.18 in rebus asperis et tenui spe fortissima quaeque consilia tutissima sunt, in dangerous and desperate situations the bravest decisions are always the safest. The position of the reflexive, if used, is always directly next to quisque Pro se quisque each person on behalf of himself, as best he could, often in apposition to a plural subject. (6x in Cicero, 50x in Livy,). (pro) se quisque (15x in Cicero, 68x in Livy) Quisque se (4x in Cicero, 0x in Livy)

Adjective suus before quisque e.g. suum, suam, suos, suas, suo, suo, suis etc. (25x in Cicero, 65x in Livy) Adjective suus after quisque (0x in Cicero, 2x in Livy; cf. 5.20.8, 33.45.6) Primo quoque tempore at the earliest opportunity, at the first possible opportunity, as soon as possible (50x in Livy, e.g. 2.18.1, 24.11.5). Prepositional phrases e re publica in the interests of the state pro se esse to be to his advantage. Expressions of time Tertio post die A postquam clause can take a pluperfect indicative instead of the more normal perfect when used with an ablative of measure of difference. Note that the separation of post and quam with post in between the numeral and the word designating time, is common. Livy 30.35.10-11 sexto ac tricesimo post anno quam puer inde profectus erat, in the thirty-sixth year after he had left it as a boy. Expressions linked to space Livy 29.27.8 ait non plus quinque milia passuum Africam abesse; Nedum ut + subjunctive, much less Negatives n for non can negative single words or phrases in instructions; by far the commonest word is minus or minores; cf. Livy 28.39.19 muneris ergo in singulos dari ne minus dena milia aeris (sc. iussa sunt), that no less than ten thousand asses (coins) ( sc. were ordered) be presented to each of them as a gift, 30.37.6obsides centum...darent ne minores quattuordecim annis neu triginta maiores, let them provide a hundred hostages no younger than fourteen nor older than thirty years. Ne...quidem: place around the key word, e.g. Livy 5.38.9 sed ne nuntius quidem cladis Romam est missus, but not even a messenger of the disaster was sent. Note that it is normal to omit quam after such comparatives (cf. plus). praeterquam quod + indicative or subjunctive. except that, in addition to the fact that, apart from the fact (+indic.) / consideration (+subjunctive in direct speech; can fact + subj. in indirect speech) that (65x in Livy)

Per + acc. stat + quominus Livy 24.17.7 ...ut per eum stetisse diceretur quo minus accepta ad Cannas redderetur hosti clades. ...as to say that it was his fault that the disaster suffered at Cannae was not paid back to the enemy. Priusquam It takes the subjunctive in cases where an action is deliberately taken in anticipation of the event in the priusquam clause, e.g. Livy 31.33.8 itaque priusquam in conspectum uenirent, equos armaque expedierant; They had prepared their horses and weapons before they came in sight of each other. Clauses as the subjects of verbs Tantum afuit ut...ut... Cf. Livy 25.6.11 tamen tantum afuit ab eo ut ulla ignominia iis exercitibus quaereretur ut et urbs Roma per eum exercitum qui ab Allia Ueios transfugerat reciperaretur, But so far were men from devising any disgrace for those armies that the city was recovered by the army which had fled from the Allia over to Veii. (ab eo ut forms a unit) The first ut clause is the subject of the verb afuit while the second is the result ut, so that, after tantum. That any disgrace was being devised...was so far from being the case that.... A quod clause as the subject: Livy 30.21.1-3 cuius duplicis gratulationis minuit laetitiam et quod parum duces in retinendis iis, cum id mandatum ab senatu esset, aut animi aut uirium habuisse uidebantur et quod solliciti erant omni belli mole in unum exercitum ducemque inclinata quo euasura esset res. Rejoicing over this two-fold ground for congratulation was tempered by two circumstances: that men thought...and that they were concerned... Literally, Both the fact that... and the fact that...diminished the joy over... Comparisons Livy 25. 37.2-3 impiger iuuenis animique et ingenii aliquanto quam pro fortuna in qua erat natus maioris. a young man of much more spirit than was to be expected in the station in which he had been born. Livy 26.51.11 ut clarior res erat quam ut tegi ac dissimulari posset, as the matter was too well known to be concealed or masked. Livy 28.33.6 maiorque caedes fuit quam quantam edere leuia per excursiones proelia solent. ...the slaughter was greater than unimportant skirmishes usually cause.

Livy 33.5.6 nam et maiores et magis ramosas arbores caedebant quam quas ferre cum armis miles posset for they cut trees which were too big and too branchy for one soldier to carry (lit. bigger and more branchy than the type which one soldier could carry. Livy 33.18.12 postero die eodem ordine instructi maius aliquanto proelium quam pro numero edidere pugnantium. On the following day the men drawn up in battle order staged a much more serious battle than was in proportion to the number of the fighters. Verbs of preventing, prohibition and caution: Livy 25.35.6 si prohibere quo minus in unum coirent et duces et exercitus hostium non posset, if unable to prevent the generals and the armies of the enemy from uniting... 28.45.6 inde altercatio orta cum consul negaret aequum esse tribunos intercedere quo minus suo quisque loco rogatus sententiam diceret. Then an argument arose when the consul denied that it was fair for the tribunes to use their veto to prevent a senator from speaking when asked his opinion. tenere ne.. to restrain one from..., after positive main verb. Livy 38.32.1-2 ne extemplo gereretur, hiems impediit; winter prevented action being taken. Expressions of fear, danger, caution Livy 25.38.20 periculum est ne omnes duces, omnes copiae conueniant. There is danger that all the generals and all the forces may combine. Construction after expressions of hope. With future infinitive: Livy 25.26.2 -3 spe ad inopiam omnium rerum inclusos redacturum, in the hope of reducing / that they would reduce the beleaguered to absolute want. Gerunds and gerundives Before a preposition like caus or with nouns like copia, cupido, cura (Livy 28.8-9 Italiae colendae maiorem curam), ius, metus, occasio (Livy 30.3.10 castra hostium per occasionem incendendi ), opportunitas, potestas (Livy 21.21.7 omnibus fere uisendi domos oblata ultro potestas grata erat, 30.22.5 potesetatem interorrogandi, 30.29.5 ut conloquendi secum potestatem faceret), ratio, signum (Livy 24.16.14 signum deinde colligendi uasa dedit), spes (spe potiundi, spem...Numidiae potiundae), studium (Livy 23.7.9 studio uisendi tot iam uictoriis clarum imperatorem, or

nouns and prepositions (Livy 30.4.6-7 for both: comparanda ea quae in rem erant tempus habuit).

Scipio

ad

Accusative of gerundive GL 430: its the accusative of the object to be effected, but it has to come after appropriate verbs, e.g. of undertaking, like curare, committere, or giving, taking and sending, e.g. dare, relinquo, or contracting, e.g. locare (put out for tender). Indirect Speech ait always with indirect speech. Inquit always with direct speech. Rhetorical questions take an infinitive rather than a finite because sense-wise they are in effect statements. Accusative and infinitive of exclamation: e.g. Livy 24.26,7 Quantum spes hominum falli! How greatly the hopes of men misplaced! Accusative and infinitive of rhetorical questions: Livy 25.30.3 contra, si malle obsideri pergat, quam spem esse marique clauso? On the other hand, if he continued to prefer to be besieged, hope was there for a man shut in by land and sea? verb were terra what

Inverted cum clause The cum clause comes after the main sentence instead of in its normal prior position; it contains an indicative. Syntactically, its a subordinate clause, but in terms of meaning, its the main sentence. Cf. Livy 28.29.9 uix finem dicendi fecerat cum ex praeparato simul omnium rerum terror oculis auribusque est offusus. Scarcely had he finished speaking when, according to a prearranged signal, their eyes and ears were overwhelmed with the terror of everything that was happening. Abstract nouns In general, Latin prefers concrete expressions instead of abstract nouns plus genitive, e.g. noun + past participle (Gallia capta, ab urbe condita) or gerundive (de tempore legum rogandarum) or indirect question. Livy 28.39. 17 et dirutum et restitutum Saguntum both the destruction and restoration of Saguntum. It is rare for abstract nouns to be the subject of verbs except in the following cases, expressions with fortuna and res, and strong emotions or passions or mental states. Livy 21.14.2 Cum ex eo pauor et trepidatio totam urbem pervasisset.... Livy 24.13.5 ipsum ingens cupido incesserat Tarenti potiundi. Livy 24.42.9 uerecundia Romanos tandem cepit.

Livy 25.1.6 tanta religio...ciuitatem incessit. Livy 25.13.14 Uincit tamen omnia pertinax uirtus. Livy 25.22.1 ingens quidem et luctus et pauor ciuitatem cepit. Livy 25.39.11 hic terror in fugam auertit omnes Livy 30.13.8 movit et Scipionem...recordatio hospitii dextraeque datae Special locutions iam adpetebat tempus, the time was now approaching. Absolute use of adpeto (normally a transitive verb) only with tempus as subject. mos est / erat Defining ut clause Livy 24.27.3 vir acer et qui plus in eo ne posset decipi quam in fide Siculorum reponeret, a man of high spirit and one who gave more weight to precautions against possible deception than to the honour of the Sicilians. Livy 25.6.11 tamen tantum afuit ab eo ut ulla ignominia iis exercitibus quaereretur, But so far were men from devising any disgrace for those armies. (ab eo ut forms a unit) The first ut clause is the subject of the verb afuit. Subjunctive of unreal reason Non quo + subjunctive. The implication is that not only is it not the reason but it is also not the case, i.e. its not a fact either. Livy 28.27.2-3 non quo uerba unquam potius quam res exercuerim, sed quia prope a pueritia in castris habitus adsueram militaribus ingeniis, not because I practised speaking rather than performing deeds (This is Hannibal speaking!), but because virtually from boyhood I had grown attuned to the character of soldiers. Apodosis of the unreal condition Can substitute a past tense of posse in the indicative for a pluperfect subjunctive, e.g. Livy 32.12.6-7 deleri totus exercitus potuit si fugientes persecuti uictores essent, the whole army would have been destroyed if the victors had pursued the fugitives. Apodosis of the unreal condition either in oratio obliqua or contained within another construction: use the periphrastic perfect (either subjunctive or infinitive as required). Livy 26.13.3 negat eos ...meminisse nec quid facturi fuerint si Romanos in potestate habuissent nec quid ipsis patiendum sit. he said that those men did not recall what they would have done if they had been in Roman power or what they would have suffered.

Livy 26.31.5-6 tantum abest ut et ipsi tale quicquam facturi fueritis. So far is it from the truth that you also would have done anything of the sort. Livy 32.36.6 uerum id futurum fuisse...si aestas et tempus rerum gerendarum esset, that this would have been true if it had been summer and the time for conducting operations. Livy 34.18.2 et ita mota omnia accepit ut alii in armis essent, alii obsidione ad defe- ctionem cogerentur nec, nisi in tempore subuentum foret, ultra sustentaturi fuerint. ...and he took over a situation in which everything was so disturbed that some (sc. of the enemy) were armed, while others were being compelled by siege to rebellion and, unless timely aid were provided, they would not have been able to endure the attack any further. Livy 34.26.1-2 adfirmantibus iis, si ad portas exercitus Romanus fuisset, non sine effectu motum eum futurum fuisse when they asserted that if the Roman army had been present, the rebellion would not have failed. Que after monosyllabic prepositions Allowed deque exque inque perque Forbidden aque or abque adque obque postque (not in prose; allowed in poetry) Singular and Plural nouns People always populus in the singular unless the expression is e.g. peoples of the world. As a collective noun it takes a singular case. Simple and Compound forms of the Verb The compound form is often prosaic and the simple form more poetic, e.g. for trample under foot, not tero, but protero, not calco, but conculco. Nouns governing prepositions rare: Avoid the camp on the hill construction. Livy 38.4 loco plano castra posita, 43.22 ad finem agri Aetolici castra posita ; Caesar Gall. 2.8.3 is collis, ubi castra posita erant.

Exceptions: with erga and when the prepositional phrase is sandwiched between an adjective and noun which agree with each other, e.g. Cic/. Cat. 4.1 vestra erga me voluntas, Sext. Rosc. 4 benivolentiam erga me, Phil. 12.21 acerbissimum omnium in me odium impiorum.

Accusative and infinitive pati + acc inf Pertaedet - semi deponent, acc, + gen (disgust), inf

Est + genitive = is a mark of, characteristic of Gerundive attraction Ad pacem petendam Cura interficiendi eum becomes interficiendi eius Unless 2 genitive plurals i.e. never interficiendorum eorum