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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

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Mathematical Symbols
List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples. Basic math symbols Geometry symbols Algebra symbols Probability & statistics symbols Set theory symbols Logic symbols Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek symbols Roman numerals

Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

= > < () [] +

equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality

equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2

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parentheses calculate expression inside first brackets plus sign calculate expression inside first addition

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

* /
mod

minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign

subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication

21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

multiplication multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root cube root fourth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2^3=8 9 = 3

3

. ab a^b a
3 4 n

a a = a
3

a a a

a 3a 3a = a 4a 4a 4a = a

8 = 2 16 = 2

for n=3, n8 = 2 1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10
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%
ppm ppb ppt

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Geometry symbols
Symbol

Symbol Name angle measured angle spherical angle

Meaning / definition formed by two rays

Example

ABC = 30 ABC = 30 AOB = 30

right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line

= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
infinite line line from point A to point B line that start from point A arc from point A to point B perpendicular lines (90 angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y

= 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

AB

line segment ray arc

= 60 AC | BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x -y | = 5 c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

| || ~ |x-y|
rad grad

perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance

= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

radians grads

radians angle unit grads angle unit

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Algebra symbols
Symbol

Symbol Name x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition approximately equal approximately equal proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x function

Meaning / definition unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x)

Example

x := ~ () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x)

when 2x = 4, then x = 2

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01 f(x ) g (x )

1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18

4.3= 4 4.3= 5 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 (f g) (x)=3(x-1)

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(f g) composition

(f g) (x) = f (g(x))

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

(a,b) [ a,b] e

open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma

(a,b) = {x | a < x < b} [a,b] = {x | a x b}

change / difference

x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0

= b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation product - product of all values in range of series

xi= x1+x2+...+xn

sigma

capital pi e constant / Euler's number EulerMascheroni constant golden ratio

xi=x1x2...xn e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant

= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

c = d = 2r

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / definition Example

AB [] ()

dot cross tensor product inner product brackets parentheses

scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B

ab ab AB

matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

|A| det(A) || x || AT A A* A -1
rank(A) dim(U)

determinant

determinant double vertical bars transpose

determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji

Hermitian matrix

Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

A A-1 = I
rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A

rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation
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Meaning / definition probability of event A probability that of events A and B probability that of events A or B probability of event A given event B occured

Example

P(A) P(A B) P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) F(x)

P(A) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3

P(a x b) = f (x) dx F(x) = P(X x)

mean of population values expected value of
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

E(X) E(X | Y ) var(X) 2 std(X) X

value

random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population

E(X) = 10

conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median

E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2 X = 2

cov(X,Y ) corr(X,Y ) X,Y Mo MR Md Q1 Q2

covariance correlation correlation

cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 0.6 X,Y = 0.6

summation

double summation

mode

mid-range sample median lower / first quartile

MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value

50% of population are median / second below this value = quartile median of samples
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Q3 x s2 s zx X~
N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, )

upper / third quartile sample mean sample variance

75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2=4 s=2

population samples sample standard standard deviation deviation estimator standard score distribution of X normal distribution uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli distribution

zx = (x -x ) / sx
distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution equal probability in range a,b

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

f (x) = e-x , x0 f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c), x0 f (x) = xk /2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 (k/2) )

(k ) F (k 1 , k 2 ) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p)

f (k) = nCk pk (1-p)nk

f (k) = k e- / k! f (k) = p (1-p) k

Combinatorics Symbols
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Symbol

Symbol Name factorial permutation

Meaning / definition

Example

n!
nPk n Ck

n! = 123...n

5! = 12345 = 120
5P3 = 5! /

(5-3)! = 60

combination

5C3 = 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name set

Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has fewer elements or equal to the set subset has fewer elements than the set left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B

Example

{} AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB 2A

A = {3,7,9,14}, B = {9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

intersection union

subset proper subset / strict subset not subset superset

proper superset / set A has more elements strict superset than set B not superset power set power set set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A

A={3,9,14},
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

A=B Ac A\B A-B AB AB aA xA (a,b) AB |A| #A

equality

both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B

B={3,9,14}, A=B

complement

relative complement

A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A-B = {9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A B = {1,2,9,14} A = {3,9,14}, B = {1,2,3}, A B = {1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A

relative complement

objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality of natural numbers set cardinality of countable ordinal numbers set

symmetric difference

symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph-null aleph-one

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

empty set universal set natural numbers / whole numbers set (with zero)

={}
set of all possible values 0=

C = {}

{0,1,2,3,4,...}

0
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

natural numbers / whole numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set rational numbers set real numbers set complex numbers set

1=

{1,2,3,4,5,...}

= {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} } = {x | x=a/b, a,b = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, <a<, -<b<}

-6 2/6 6.343434 6+2i

Logic symbols
Symbol Symbol Name and caret / circumflex ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies equivalent if and only if
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Meaning / definition and and and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation

Example

^ & + | x' x ! ~

xy x^y x&y x+y xy x|y x' x x !x xy ~x

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Symbol

for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol Name limit Meaning / definition limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero Example

e y' y '' y (n )

epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative

0 e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

e = 2.718281828...
derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation

derivative

derivative - Lagrange's notation

second derivative

derivative of derivative

nth derivative

n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation derivative of derivative

time derivative time second derivative partial derivative

(x2+y2)/x = 2x
opposite to derivation
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integral

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

[ a,b] (a,b) i z* z

double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector

integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi

gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

x*y

convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform

y (t) = x (t) * h (t) F(s) = X() = {f (t)} {f (t)}

delta function lemniscate infinity symbol

Numeral symbols
Name zero one European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

0 1 I

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Greek alphabet letters

Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi English Equivalent a b g d e z h th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

Chi Psi Omega

ch ps o

kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Roman numerals
Number Roman numeral

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30
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not defined I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX
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Mathematical symbols list (+,-,x,,=,<,>,...)

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM M V X L C D M

See also
Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set theory symbols
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