MONDAY

DEVELOPMENTS
The Latest Issues and Trends in International Development and Humanitarian Assistance

Positive
Change Through
Advocacy May 2008
Vol. 26, No. 5
InterAction

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
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ISSN 1043-8157
Features
03 Inside this Issue
04 Global Poverty Act Offers
Opportunity to Strengthen U.S.
Development Assistance
06 What the Candidates Are Saying
About International Development?
07 Iraq Action Days: Advocating for
Humanitarian Assistance
08 Preparing for the G8 Summit
10 Who’s Advocating for Aid Workers
in Sudan?
12 Safe Drinking Water and
Adequate Sanitation Crucial to
Eradicating Poverty
14 The Ottawa International Forum on
Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Civil
Society and Aid Effectiveness
16 The Missing Dimensions of the
Accra Agenda for Action:
Rights-Based Development
18 Saying “No” in a “Say Yes” Business
19 Housing for the Poor and Urban
Slums – A Crisis in Need of Attention
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alliance of U.S.-based international
20 Reliance on Supplemental Funding for
development and humanitarian Humanitarian Response Programs
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more than 160 members operating in every
developing country, InterAction works to
overcome poverty, exclusion and suffering Also in this Issue
by advancing social justice and basic
dignity for all. 22 Inside Our Community
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Inside this Issue

Positive Change Through Advocacy

By Sam Worthington, President
and CEO, InterAction

F
or more than two decades InterAction and its members
have advocated for Congress and the White House to
increase the International Affairs Budget for relief
and poverty-reducing programs. To be sure, we can
boast some major successes. But while the overall level for
the International Affairs Budget has tripled over recent years,
many program areas of longer-term development have not

Photo courtesy: Martha Hourican

kept pace and urgent humanitarian needs are chronically un-
derfunded. Increasingly we ask not just how much is needed,
but also how can scarce resources be used more effectively?

Next January the country will have a new administration,

a new Congress and a new opportunity to elevate poverty
focused development. Between now and then InterAc-
tion’s advocacy will continue to respond to the daily chal-
lenges confronting our sector while laying the groundwork
for greater aid effectiveness in the future. A year ago we
were in the midst of trying to understand and respond to
the effects of the “F” (foreign assistance) reform process at
USAID and the State Department. Few at that time could
have predicted the explosion of interest that the broader
reform issue commands today. InterAction’s positions and
principles on effective humanitarian and development as-
sistance have never been more relevant and needed than
they are in the current debate.
Numerous recent articles, books, commission reports and
congressional hearings have buttressed three themes of In-
terAction’s advocacy on aid reform: (1) global challenges
now, and in the future, require the U.S. to effectively use
all of its foreign policy assets: defense, diplomacy, and de-
velopment; (2) properly resourced, civilian-led humanitar-
ian and development assistance must be elevated; and (3)
the fragmented U.S. foreign assistance system badly needs
revamping and restructuring.
foreign assistance. We will also advocate for the creation of
a National Development Strategy and the establishment of a
cabinet level department for global development.
This month in Monday Developments, we explore the real
effects our community’s advocacy is having on policy
change. Highlights include a summary of the recent Iraq
Action Days forum and its efforts to focus Congressional
attention on the humanitarian issues the conflict has pro-
duced. We also investigate advocacy that directly targets
safe water, climate change and urban housing.
During recent travels to Darfur, I witnessed first-hand the
hardships of the Sudanese people, as well as the stress and
challenges affecting those who support them. In this issue
we ask: “Who is advocating for Sudan’s aid workers?” We
also look at the effects of proposed legislation such as the
Global Poverty Act, as well as recent and upcoming forums
in Ottawa and Accra. In addition, we examine important ad-
vocacy issues for July’s G8 Summit.

Within the expanding debate on how to reform U.S. foreign
assistance policy, InterAction continues to advocate for pro-
grams and institutional structures that put saving lives and
poverty reducing development at their core. Going into next
year, we will closely follow efforts to reauthorize the For-
eign Assistance Act, and call upon the next administration to
enter into a grand bargain with Congress and civil society
organizations to forge a new paradigm for more effective
The success of InterAction’s advocacy rests upon the ag-
gregate strengths of its 165 member organizations and its
many friends and strategic allies. There is still much work to
do in terms of educating the next administration, Congress,
and opinion leaders on how poverty focused development
works and why it matters. The best way to restore our na-
tion’s standing around the globe is to proudly and confident-
ly show the rest of the world America’s human face.

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 3

Global Poverty Act Offers Opportunity to
Strengthen U.S. Development Assistance
By Kimberly Burge, Senior Writer/Editor and Erin Tunney, Sr. International Policy Analyst, Bread for the World
M
ore and better poverty-fo-
cused development assis-
tance is a critical compo-
nent of the effort to meet
the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs). These eight, achievable ob-
jectives were adopted by the nations of
the world, including the United States,
in 2000 in order to improve the quality
of life of hundreds of millions of poor
people around the world. By Bread
for the World’s calculations, funding
for poverty-focused development as-
sistance has more than doubled since
2000. The Global Poverty Act now
pending before Congress affords an
opportunity to make this assistance
work even more effectively.
The Global Poverty Act would make
the eradication of extreme poverty and
achievement of the first Millennium De-
velopment Goal (to cut in half by 2015
4 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
the number of people living on less than
$1 a day) an official part of U.S. policy.
It would require the president to de-
velop and implement a comprehensive
plan to carry out that policy.
Congress can improve U.S. assistance
to ensure the maximum benefit reaches
those in greatest need. The Global Pov-
erty Act calls for a strategy to determine
the right mix of aid, trade, debt policies
and investments. The strategy should
also include consultation with the pri-
vate sector, civil society and develop-
ing countries themselves as critical
components to global development.
Coordination of U.S. government pro-
grams and policies is critical to en-
suring the maximum effectiveness of
U.S. development efforts. However,
the government’s implementation of
U.S. global development policies and
programs is currently split up between
12 departments, 25 different agencies,
and almost 60 government offices.
For example, U.S. trade policies greatly
affect the ability of a country to grow
its economy, develop, and reduce the
poverty within its borders. Yet, the U.S.
Trade Representative is not involved in
the discussion of a country’s develop-
ment strategy. The same holds true for
the Treasury Department and its work
on debt cancellation, and with interna-
tional financial institutions like the IMF
and the World Bank. The U.S. Agency
for International Development (USAID)
was once the lead in development pro-
gramming. Now less than 40 percent of
official development assistance flows
through USAID programs, as more and
more agencies and departments are cre-
ated across the federal government and
take on international assistance pro-
gramming. Without coordination, these
policies can undercut each other and di-
minish the overall effectiveness of U.S.
development assistance.
Many InterAction members recognize
these problems and have begun work
on a comprehensive reform of U.S. for-
eign assistance. Efforts have focused
not only on coordination, but also on
gaining clarity around the purposes
and objectives of U.S. aid. Foreign as-
sistance goals must be articulated and
prioritized to allow for the proper mea-
surement of results. Without clear-cut
objectives for assistance, programs are
pulled in many directions without a
stated measure of accountability. The
Global Poverty Act would be an im-
portant step in this direction.
The Act, introduced in the House of
Representatives (H.R. 1302) on March
1, 2007, by Representatives Adam Smith
(D-WA) and Spencer Bachus (R-AL),
accumulated 84 cosponsors and passed
the House by voice vote on Septem-
ber 25, 2007. Senators Barack Obama
(D-IL), Chuck Hagel (R-NE), and Maria
Cantwell (D-WA) introduced the bill in
the Senate on December 7, 2007. It cur-
rently has 13 other bipartisan cosponsors.
On February 14, 2008, the Senate For-
eign Relations Committee passed the bill
out of committee by unanimous vote.
In the fight against hunger and poverty,
the world as a whole has made sig-
nificant progress and the United States
should be proud of its contributions to
these efforts. The United States part-
nered with the Rockefeller Foundation to
launch a “Green Revolution” in Asia that
quadrupled food yields and prevented
predicted famine and widespread hun-
ger. Assistance from the U.S. and other
donors eradicated smallpox and is close
to wiping out polio. Twenty-nine million
more children in sub-Saharan Africa are
in school now than were a decade ago.
United States development assistance
is currently providing HIV/AIDS treat-
ment for approximately 1.45 million
men, women, and children worldwide,
allowing them to help build their com-
munities and countries. In the past few
years, Congress has increased federal
funding for poverty-focused assistance
by about $1 billion per year, and other
countries have followed suit.
These successes and the increase in as-
sistance have made an important differ-
ence. But the United States is not yet on
track to fulfill the promises it made by
signing on to the MDGs. 2015 (the tar-
get date for achievement of the MDGs)
looms ever closer.
Bread for the World’s grassroots mem-
bers will be working to bring about more
and better poverty-focused development
assistance throughout the year. In 2008,
Bread’s main legislative campaign calls
for: (1) an increase of at least $5 billion
in poverty-focused development assis-
tance for the U.S. government’s 2009
fiscal year; and (2) for Congress to pass
the Global Poverty Act so that this assis-
tance is better coordinated and reaches
those in greatest need.
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 5
What the Candidates are Saying About
International Development?
As the country draws closer to the November 4 election, the three leading contenders for the presidential
nomination are speaking out more on global development issues. The following are quotes taken from vari-
ous statements in reference to the U.S. role in international humanitarian and development issues.

Hillary Clinton
“America has a long and proud history of fighting poverty and encouraging economic development
around the world. But that commitment has lagged relative to our own wealth, and in comparison with
other prosperous nations. We need again to reclaim this great tradition, which is a testament to the
kindness, generosity, and wisdom of the American people. America has long represented the ideal of
opportunity. We must once again reclaim our leadership in promoting opportunity around the world.
We do this first and foremost because it is right. And we do it also because it is smart. Gnawing hunger,
poverty, and the absence of economic prospects are a recipe for despair. Globalization is widening
the gap between the haves and the have-nots within societies and between them. Today, there are
more than two billion people living on less than $2 a day.” – Senator Hillary Clinton’s global development
agenda, 2007

John McCain
“Today we are not alone … In such a world, where power of all kinds is more widely and evenly dis-
tributed, the United States cannot lead by virtue of its power alone. We must be strong politically,
economically, and militarily. But we must also lead by attracting others to our cause, by demonstrating
once again the virtues of freedom and democracy, by defending the rules of international civilized so-
ciety and by creating the new international institutions necessary to advance the peace and freedoms
we cherish.” – Senator John McCain speech to The Los Angeles World Affairs Council, March 26, 2008

Barack Obama
“The United States should provide global leadership grounded in the understanding that the world
shares a common security and common humanity. We must lead not in the spirit of a patron, but the
spirit of a partner. Extending an outstretched hand to others must ultimately be more than just a matter
of expedience or even charity. It must be about recognizing the inherent equality, dignity and worth of
all people. It will require American leadership that leverages engagement and resources from our tradi-
tional allies in the G8 as well as new actors, including emerging economies (e.g. India, China, Brazil and
South Africa), the private sector and global philanthropy. Yet, while America and our friends and allies
can help developing countries build more secure and prosperous societies, we much never forget that
only the citizens of these nations can sustain them.” – Senator Barack Obama at a foreign policy forum in
New Hampshire, November 27, 2007

For more information and analysis of what the can-

didates are saying about global development, check
out the Center for Global Development’s blog “Views
from the Center” at http://blogs.cgdev.org/globalde-
velopment/ and the ONE Campaign’s ONEVote08.org/
ontherecord which allows readers to compare the
candidates’ plans.

6 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

Iraq Action Days:
Advocating for Humanitarian Assistance
By Leah Berry, Program Associate, InterAction

D
espite minimal media cover-
age of the issue, Americans
are becoming increasingly
aware of the humanitarian
crisis in Iraq and in countries hosting
Iraqi refugees. The level of U.S. sup-
port to address the crisis, however, is
grossly inadequate, and does not even
come close to meeting the needs of the
families who have been displaced or
agencies responding to humanitarian
needs in the region spoke about the
conflict, the challenges facing Iraqis,
and the American and international re-
sponses to the crisis.
The forum’s last panel was devoted
entirely to discussing the way for-
ward – what can be done to address
the existing problems and overall cri-

Photo courtesy: Oxana Minchenko

otherwise affected by the ongoing con-
flict in Iraq.
While estimates vary, recent figures
from the International Organization of
Migration report that approximately
4.5 to five million Iraqis have been dis-
placed since 2003; one to two million
are refugees living primarily in Syria
and Jordan, while 2.7 million have
been internally displaced. Nongov-
ernmental organizations (NGOs) work
hard to provide assistance to these dis-
placed and vulnerable populations, but
they simply do not have the resources
to fully support the millions of Iraqi
people who lack sufficient food, health-
care, shelter, education opportunities,
jobs and overall security. Moreover,
with funds rapidly diminishing, some
of the organizations fear that they will
have to cut services further still.
Recognizing an urgent need to push for
additional support for Iraqi refugees
and displaced families, InterAction,
in partnership with approximately 30
other DC-based NGOs, organized the
Iraq Action Days, a three-day event
to focus Congressional attention on
the humanitarian crisis and advocate
for a substantial increase in funding to
assist displaced and vulnerable Iraqis.
On April 14, the first day of the Iraq
Action Days, over 220 people attended
the all-day policy forum at which key
experts on Iraq and representatives of
sis. Many of the speakers in the other
three panels also touched on this sub-
ject. Emphasizing the important role
individual Americans have in advo-
cating for assistance to Iraqi families,
Ken Bacon, President of Refugees
International, stated that this problem
can only be resolved with the work of
many dedicated individuals. “I think
that you are the beginning of that team
of people around the country,” Mr. Ba-
con noted, “who will be supporting the
State Department’s efforts and press-
ing them to do more, because there is
a lot more to be done.”
In the two days following the forum,
approximately 80 grassroots activists
and several members of the aid and
development community met with
over 64 Congressional offices to do
just that: to advocate on behalf of Iraq
refugees, internally displaced persons,
and other vulnerable Iraqi individuals
and communities. The specific asks,
as outlined in the advocacy packets
put together by the Iraq Action Days
organizers, are: (1) to strengthen hu-
manitarian aid to the region and to
provide additional funds to interna-
tional and non-governmental organi-
zations currently providing assistance;
(2) to increase support for develop-
ment projects, which are necessary for
long-term peace in Iraq; and (3) to in-
crease the number of vulnerable Iraqi
refugees admitted into the U.S.
Iraq Ambassador to the U.S., Samir
Shakir Mahmoud Sumaida’ie, gives the
opening keynote address at the Iraq
Policy Forum on April 14th.
While the two days of advocacy in-
cluded a morning of grassroots activ-
ism training that focused on strategies
relating to advocacy for Iraqi refugees
specifically, many of the participants
already possessed a great deal of ex-
perience and extensive knowledge
about the humanitarian situation in
Iraq. Grassroots activist Madeleine
Stix, a high school senior from New
York City, noted that many of the other
participants not only knew a great deal
about the Iraqi humanitarian situation,
but had in fact lived and worked in Iraq
or the surrounding region.
The majority of the meetings with
Congressional representatives and staff
were well received. Erik Gustafson,
Director of the Education for Peace in
Iraq Center (EPIC), and activist/author
Ramzi Kysia continue to emphasize the
bipartisan nature of the issue and main-
continued on next page

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 7

 Preparing for the 2008 G8 Summit
continued from previous page

tain that there was not a lot of disagree-

ment over the advocacy asks. To garner
By John Ruthrauff, Senior Manager Member Advocacy, InterAction
strong support from all representatives,

the grassroots activists at times focused
on the connection between additional
humanitarian assistance and long-term
stability in Iraq and the surrounding re-
gion, emphasizing that stability in the
region is in U.S. security interests. The
activists were also very clear on the fact
that the issue is humanitarian assistance
to Iraqi families, and not a debate over
the war or military policies – an impor-
tant point.
While the great majority of the con-
gressional representatives and staff
were receptive to the requests, it is
still unclear who will provide leader-
ship in Congress and in the adminis-
tration, and whether these issues will
be prioritized and pushed forward.
Elizabeth Campbell, Director of Ref-
ugee Council USA (RCUSA), notes
that while the large number of Hill
visits illustrates a success for the ad-
vocacy movement, there is still much
to be done and people should remem-
ber that a long-term commitment is
necessary.
T
he annual G8 Summit is pre-
sided over by the head of state
of the host country which
also sets the agenda. In July
of 2008 the Summit will be held in
Hokkaido Japan. Each fall InterAction
organizes a G8 Summit NGO Coordi-
nation Group of members and allies
to provide input into the U.S. position
leading up to the Summit. In recent
Summits, U.S. leadership has been
critical in advancing debt relief, HIV/
AIDS funding and other assistance to
the poorest countries of the world, par-
ticularly in Africa.
Previous Summit Commitments
In 2005, G8 countries made historic
commitments to work towards ending
extreme poverty, especially in Africa.
The promises included: fighting HIV/
AIDS and malaria while strengthening
health systems; canceling unsustainable
debt of the poorest countries; expand-
ing access to education, clean water and
sanitation; and supporting agricultural
development. Although progress has
been made on many of these commit-
ments, InterAction has again urged the
United States to exercise its leadership
role to ensure that the U.S. and other
G8 countries implement their previous
commitments. For an analysis of the
G8 government commitments from the
2005 Gleneagles Summit and their ful-
fillment or the lack thereof, see ONE’s
DATA Report 2007 (available at www.
thedatareport.org). The 2008 edition will
be available on the web site in June.
Policy Decisions
Similar to previous summits, policy is-
sues for the 2008 G8 Hokkaido Toyako
Summit are being discussed and agreed
to in a series of ministerial meetings
during the six months prior to the Sum-
mit. During this time InterAction has
been and continues to communicate its
positions to the U.S. Sherpa (the lead
U.S. staff for the Summit) who is based
at the National Security Council. This
year the activities have included:

Some advocates are concerned that

the urgently needed humanitarian as-
sistance will be tied up in wider politi-
cal debates over the war and spending
during the U.S. fiscal crisis. Moreover,
as noted by the Policy Forum’s closing
keynote speaker, Representative John
D. Dingell of Michigan, in light of the
myriad competing issues on the policy
agenda, “getting the Congress to focus
on this matter is not going to be an
easy task.”

Nevertheless the majority of Iraq Ac-

tion Days participants were positive
about the experience and many left on
Photo courtesy: Gerald Martone

Wednesday feeling empowered and

motivated to do more to advocate on
behalf of Iraqi families.

For video highlights, photos and addi-

tional information, visit www.iraqac-
tiondays.org

8 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

December: InterAction’s G8 NGO
Coordination Group submitted poli-
cy statements to the White House on
health, climate change, education and
agriculture. These were written by
teams from the Coordination Group.
January: A delegation from the Coor-
dination Group met with the Japanese
Minister of the Economy, and repre-
sentatives of JICA (Japan International
Cooperation Agency (the Japanese
equivalent of USAID) and JBIC (Ja-
pan Bank for International Coopera-
tion)) at the Japanese Embassy.
March: Members of the Coordina-
tion Group met with the Sherpa and
his team at the NSC. Three weeks
later, Coordination Group members
met with NSC staff responsible for
climate change and health, education
and agriculture.
April: InterAction, ONE, and PATH
participated in international NGO
meetings in Kyoto and met with seven
of the G8 country Sherpas to present
policy statements on development is-
sues and climate change.
May: A delegation of InterAction
members’ CEOs met with the Sherpa
to discuss the Summit’s agenda, espe-
cially the newly emerging food crisis.
International Alliances
As a multilateral decision-making
event, the G8 Summit, necessitates us-
ing international alliances of NGOs to
increase our influence. One important
example is the G7 Platform Alliance,
which includes InterAction and its
counterparts in the other G7 countries.
This alliance provides InterAction
contact with NGOs with information
and access in each of the key countries
attending the Summit. InterAction also
works with the G8 Working Group of
GCAP, the Global Campaign for Ac-
tion Against Poverty led by World Vi-
sion International. Coordination and
planning meetings are being held in the
G8 host country, Japan, in the fall and
again in the spring prior to the Summit.
InterAction Community
Prepares for the 2008 G8 Summit
As InterAction prepares for the 2008 G8 Summit, we call attention to four
specific areas where the United States can play a leadership role.
Global Health Care
We commend President Bush for demonstrating leadership in the fight
against HIV/AIDS with the establishment of the President’s Plan for
Emergency AIDS Relief. InterAction urges the United States to continue
its leadership by pressing the G8 Summit to commit to reduce the
mortality rate among children under five by two-thirds (Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) 4). The U.S. should lead an international
effort to increase investments by the G8 countries to achieve the
health targets of MDG 5 to reduce maternal mortality by three-
quarters, requires improving maternal health by ensuring universal
access to reproductive health care, expanding emergency obstetric
care, and increasing skilled birth attendants.
Climate Change
The effects of global warming are being felt and will continue to
increase due to global greenhouse gas emissions. We applaud the
recent attention by the United States to human-induced climate
change. However, the G8 countries need to reaffirm the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change and the Bali Action Plan as their central
frameworks for addressing climate change. To achieve this, they need
to commit substantially increased assistance to vulnerable developing
countries. To accomplish the goal of limiting global temperature to
no more than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit above pre-industrial levels, G8
countries need to lead reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions
to below 50 percent by mid-century.
Education
We applaud the role of the United States. in identifying education as one
of its top three development priorities. We urge the U.S. to lead the G8
in: committing to providing the estimated $11 billion annual funding
considered necessary to reach Education for All, a global commitment to
ensure that all children receive a quality basic education. The G8 should
also: renew their commitment to the universal primary education, MDG
2, and gender equality at all levels of education, with increased attention
to fragile and conflict affected states; and affirm a new G8 commitment
to ensure that education is an integral part of humanitarian responses to
conflict and emergencies.
Agriculture
InterAction urges the addition of agriculture and the food crisis to the
G8 agenda. The President’s Initiative to End Hunger in Africa (IEHA),
announced in 2002, seeks to cut hunger in Africa in half by 2015. IEHA’s
key principles include building alliances and broad-based political
and financial commitments among development partners in Africa
and focusing investments on core activities to eliminate hunger in
Africa. However, sufficient resources have not been forthcoming.
It is important for the G8 to significantly increase its support for
agricultural development.
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 9
Who’s Advocating for Aid Workers in Sudan?
By Sam Worthington, President & CEO, InterAction
I
chose Darfur as the location for my
first humanitarian visit because it re-
mains the world’s largest and most
sustained humanitarian intervention.
I went with a simple mission in mind: to
bring attention to the needs of humani-
tarian workers in the region and to in-
crease my understanding of their work.
The crisis in Darfur recently marked its
five-year anniversary, yet the death and
violence in the region remain constant.
Like the refugees, aid workers have
been wondering, “How much longer?”
The crisis in Darfur recently marked its
five-year anniversary, yet the death, and
violence in the region remain constant.
10 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
The well-being of aid workers should
be of concern to all of us as they stand
on the front lines of the effort to address
the suffering caused by this intractable
conflict. Their situation also sheds light
on the challenges and needs of their
counterparts working in so many other
places around the world that unfortu-
nately do not share the same spotlight.
Most international humanitarian work-
ers stay in Darfur for one to two years.
The year is split into cycles, with many
international staff spending 10 weeks in
the field, a short time at home, and then
returning for another 10 weeks. Some
stress is obvious and the workdays tend
to go on forever. Other stressors are more
insidious: a request to go home to bury a
father or simply visit family is often de-
nied; a year’s worth of effort erased by
a combat operation; and the toll of time
slowly breaking down the hardiest soul.
It is living with constant stress: from
harsh living conditions, to restrictive
and often frustrating travel logistics
and fear. It is the desire of aid work-
ers to make any possible progress in
a stalemate war that only seems to get
worse for the civilians of all sides who
call Darfur home. It is the burnout, the
fear of having a local colleague killed
or raped, the time away from family or
Photo courtesy: Judith Warren, Operation USA
yet another bout of disease, the stress
of living in a compound that is secure
for now, and the knowledge that de-
spite all the hardships, their energy and
concern should not be for themselves
but for the people of Sudan.

Adding to the hardships is the reality

that time is not on the side of the NGO
humanitarian worker. Every movement
of NGO expatriate staff is regulated and
limited by government controls. Their
space to work, the humanitarian space
that enables a group of people to care
for others within a war zone, is getting
smaller. Humanitarian space requires
some degree of security, not protection
from the barrel of a gun, but from the
warring sides and knowledge of the
land and respect from its people.

Photo courtesy: Judith Warren, Operation USA

In Darfur, 13,000 humanitarian work-
ers keep over two million internally
displaced people (IDPs) alive. The
vast majority of these aid workers are
committed locals. Simply by being
present in Darfur, aid workers ensure
that the sad status quo doesn’t turn
into an even greater disaster. They
feed, care for and shelter some 2.5
million people each day. They also
deal with mass migrations such as the
8,000 IDPs that migrated from one
area to another swelling the Zam Zam
Camp in Darfur to over 47,000. They
work through 80 international NGOs,
the International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC), and a massive UN
humanitarian presence.
Operationally, beyond the obvious need
for funding and security, two things
make this humanitarian effort possible.
The first is the incredible professional-
ism of the various NGO staffs and their
leadership. And the second, while not
glamorous, is equally important: lots
and lots of coordination. Humanitarian
work in Darfur is run on meetings, e-
mails and phone calls.
While in Darfur, I took part in some of
these coordination meetings to explore
how this incredible aid effort works,
what keeps it going, and what stresses
might cause it to fall apart. The UN
recognizes that about 70 percent of the
work on the ground in Darfur is han-
dled by NGOs. And for international
NGOs everyday is an uphill battle.
“I’ve reached the end of my useful life
on the ground,” commented one expe-
rienced relief worker after two years
in Geneina, the capital of West Darfur
state. Many of the world’s most expe-
rienced humanitarian workers covered
the first two or three years of the Darfur
crisis. But now at the end of its fifth year,
recruitment has become a challenge be-
cause Darfur is not the ideal place for a
first humanitarian tour. For some, after
a year, it is time to move on with a tour
in Darfur checked off to complete a re-
sume. You can’t blame them.
Recognizing the need to strengthen ef-
forts to address these conditions, Inter-
Action recently created the space for
members’ human resource staff, opera-
tional staff and psychosocial personnel
to discuss the best ways to help hu-
manitarian workers recognize and deal
with cumulative and critical incidence
stress. We will continue to work with
our members and other partners to ad-
dress the need for available resources
for humanitarian staff to address issues
such as pre-deployment training, man-
agement training, and stress reduction
and self-care techniques.
To participate in the
InterAction Staff Care Working
Group or to join the Staff Care
email list, please contact:
Linda Poteat, Director of
Disaster Response
202-667-8227 ext. 526

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 11

Safe Drinking Water and Adequate Sanitation
Crucial to Eradicating Poverty
By John Sauer, Communications Director, Water Advocates
A
ccording to the United Na-
tions, getting on track to
meet the Millennium Devel-
opment Goals in both drink-
ing water and sanitation will mean
better health, longer lives and greater
dignity for billions of the world’s poor-
est people. The UN also says improv-
ing access to safe drinking water and
sanitation will contribute 30 percent,
on average, to achieving all the Mil-
lennium Development Goals.
What this means is that the lack of safe
drinking water and adequate sanitation
undermines all forms of poverty eradi-
cation, including achieving universal
primary education, promoting gender
equality, improving maternal and child
health, and ensuring environmental
sustainability.
Over 1.1 billion people don’t have safe
drinking water and more than 2.6 bil-
lion don’t have access to basic sani-
tation. This leads to one child dying
every fifteen seconds from preventable
water-and sanitation-related diseases.
This is the sad story behind the statis-
tics. The good news is that something
can be done. Unlike many other global
challenges, the solutions to the safe
drinking water and sanitation disaster
exist now. With more financial sup-
port, public awareness and political
will, millions of lives can be saved.
In 2005, Congress took a historic step
towards addressing this crisis by pass-
ing a law called the Senator Paul Si-
mon Water for the Poor Act. This Act
explicitly identifies drinking water and
sanitation for the world’s poor as a pri-
mary objective of U.S. foreign devel-
opmental aid. It recognizes water and
sanitation’s importance in all aspects of
poverty eradication and makes water
12 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
and sanitation the only Millennium De-
velopment Goal enshrined in U.S. law.
The U.S. government’s appropriations
for its 2008 fiscal year (FY) provided
the first clear-cut opportunity to fund
the Water for the Poor Act. Congress
responded, appropriating $300 mil-
lion, and these FY 2008 funds should
be made available in the field by Au-
gust or September. The prospect of new
funding has galvanized USAID and the
State Department to identify the high-
est priority countries (based on need
and likely effectiveness of aid) and has
reversed what had been a long, slow de-
cline in support for drinking water and
sanitation at many USAID Missions in
the world’s poorest regions.
Advocacy for safe drinking
water and sanitation is
still at risk of fading away
unless a critical mass of
support for the sector is
achieved.
The Act and the FY 2008 appropria-
tions were a direct result of the work
of bipartisan leadership from both the
Democratic and Republican parties.
This was encouraged by the advocacy
work of a host of nonprofits, including
civic groups, the faith-based commu-
nity, humanitarian organizations, de-
velopment agencies, global health ad-
vocates and education organizations.
Increased U.S. government support is
in turn encouraging increased private
funding for international safe drinking
water and sanitation from foundations,
corporations, and the civic and faith-
based communities. The Global Wa-
ter Challenge was created to channel
private funds to water and sanitation
projects and Rotary International has
created the Water and Sanitation Ro-
tarian Action Group to help heighten
Rotary’s involvement in the sector.
Also, upcoming meetings of the En-
vironmental Grantmakers Association
and the Council on Foundations will
– for the first time – feature sessions
on the global safe drinking water and
sanitation issue.
As recently as three years ago, there
was no full-time U.S.-based advocacy
on behalf of safe drinking water and
sanitation internationally and the is-
sue was often off the radar screen
of public attention. And while today
momentum is certainly building, ad-
vocacy for safe drinking water and
sanitation is still at risk of fading
away unless a critical mass of support
for the sector is achieved. There is a
great need for continued, strategic ad-
vocacy and increased understanding
of water and sanitation’s central role
in decreasing poverty.
For FY 2009, Water Advocates and
other organizations will urge the ap-
propriation of $500 million to imple-
ment the Water for the Poor Act, with a
scaling up of well-monitored programs
in high priority countries. In addition,
Congress will be urged to provide
funding for a high-level Coordinator
at USAID in Washington, DC to fa-
cilitate effective implementation of the
Act. The President has asked Congress
for funding to add 300 new USAID
Foreign Service Officers abroad (as
part of an overall 1,000 person hiring
initiative), and many water organiza-
tions will urge that FY 2009 appro-
priations’ language recommend that a
certain number of the new hires have
expertise in water.
More work is also being done to en-
courage citizen sector participation.
One example is the U.S. WASH-in-
Schools Initiative, launched on March
12th at National Geographic. This is an
effort with a broad-based coalition to
address the specific problem that 50
percent of schools in the developing
world lack access to water, sanitation
and hygiene education (WASH).
Together, water and sanitation will be
one of the 21st century’s most important
issues, which, if we don’t get right, will
continue to undermine efforts to support
positive and sustainable development.
The problem is already real today for
those blinded by trachoma and those
missing school because they are home
sick suffering from diarrhea. The UN
estimates that 4,500 children die each
day due to illnesses related to water
Children in Buena Vista, Honduras, celebrate the availability of safe water and sanitation in their mountain village.
and sanitation. The problem will be
made worse by climate change, the
impacts of which will adversely affect
the poorest and those already lacking
access to water and sanitation.
When is comes to advocacy – and in-
creasing funding for effective drinking
water and sanitation programs interna-
tionally – everyone has a role to play.
More developmental NGOs should in-
volve their constituencies around this
critical issue. It is important to expand
the network of NGOs advocating on a
consistent basis on behalf of the Water
for the Poor Act.
There is a need for NGOs to work more
closely with the USAID’s Global De-
velopment Alliance to increase public
private-partnership matches on behalf
of safe, affordable water and sanita-
tion. NGOs also need to scale up their
work in the field and, where possible,
to encourage host governments to pri-
oritize drinking water and sanitation.
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008
Scores of InterAction members have
been working quietly (and with little
attention) for years implementing
water and sanitation projects, saving
and improving the lives of the world’s
poorest citizens. It’s time that these ef-
forts were recognized and the founda-
tion built to expand them.
Of course, some level of responsibil-
ity rests with the organizations them-
selves to ratchet up water and sanita-
tion’s prominence internally in their
own goals and strategy, and to commu-
nicate advocacy opportunities to their
staff, donors and members. With the
water and sanitation challenge, there
exists an opportunity to help put an end
to this silent disaster.
Note: A panel on these issues will be
part of the 2009 InterAction Forum, to
be held on May 6-9 in Washington, DC.
The proceedings at the Forum will be
covered in a separate issue of Monday
Developments later this spring.
Photo courtesy: John Kayser/Water For People
13
The Ottawa International Forum on
Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Civil Society
and Aid Effectiveness
By Sylvain Browa, Senior Manager, Partnerships and Development Impact, InterAction
I
n February 2008, the OECD/DAC’s
Advisory Group on Civil Society
and Aid Effectiveness hosted an
international forum entitled Multi-
Stakeholder Dialogue on Civil Society
and Aid Effectiveness in Ottawa, Can-
ada. The forum was held in anticipa-
tion of the upcoming Accra High Level
Forum III (Accra HLF3) on the Paris
Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. The
Accra HLF3 will bring together de-
velopment ministers of developed
and developing countries, heads of
multilateral and bilateral development
organizations, and several heads of
civil society organizations to assess
progress and identify needed actions to
broaden and deepen the implementa-
tion of the Paris Declaration principles.
The Ottawa forum gathered over 200
participants from donor and recipient
governments, multilateral develop-
ment agencies, Northern and Southern
NGOs and civil society organizations
(CSOs), and independent experts. The
U.S. NGO participants included, In-
terAction, Academy for Educational
Development (AED), CARE USA,
Center for International Private Enter-
prise (CIPE), Heifer International, and
Oxfam America.
With a strong focus throughout on
the key role that civil society plays in
the international aid system, thematic
roundtables drew particular attention
to issues of legitimacy, democratic
ownership in the implementation of
the Paris Declaration, enabling en-
vironments and nurturing equitable
North-South relations between civil
society groups.
The following is a brief overview of
some of the conclusions of the fo-
14 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
rum’s roundtables and other issues of
particular interest to the InterAction
community.
Roundtable conclusions
Legitimacy: Recognition of CSOs’
Roles and Voices as Development
Actors
Recognizing the critical roles CSOs
play in aid, aid effectiveness and de-
velopment requires that governments
and donors create a space for CSOs,
both North and South, to become ac-
tive participants in discussions on these
issues – a goal enshrined in the eighth
Millennium Development Goal which
commits signatories to “developing a
partnership for development, recog-
nizing the variety of actors engaged
in development.” Roundtable partici-
pants called for donors to engage in a
dialogue with recipient governments
about the importance of CSOs and the
need to ensure that CSOs are active
participants in development decision-
making processes at all levels.
A variety of tools and mechanisms are
available to facilitate the active partici-
pation of civil society in the North and
the South, including: (1) establishing
‘‘observatories’’ on CSOs where a va-
riety of actors in the aid system (local
government, donors and civil society)
come together to look at a sector in a
particular country or region, analyze
their respective roles as development
actors and plan, deliver and monitor
aid collaboratively; (2) creating a per-
manent mechanism at the OECD for
a continuing dialogue with civil soci-
ety beyond the Accra Agenda; and (3)
building CSO involvement in devel-
opment programming into any donor
agreements, including priority setting,
development of the programs, and on-
going monitoring and evaluation.
Democratic Ownership and the
Implementation of the Paris
Declaration (PD)
Participants, particularly NGO and
CSO representatives, were skeptical
about donor and recipient govern-
ments’ commitment to expand the
ownership of aid programs, given the
power imbalances, the behind-closed-
doors nature of aid politics and the
Accra HLF3’s decision not to re-visit
the PD principles. The discussions,
however, called for governments to
broaden ownership to encompass lo-
cal ownership, and pave the way for
multi-stakeholder participation in
development policy formulation pro-
cesses. This would entail improving
transparency and access to informa-
tion, especially around budgets and
procurements, supporting CSO capac-
ity to monitor the policy process, and
working with CSOs to develop alterna-
tive policy solutions, drawing on local
knowledge from the grassroots.
Alignment should lead donors (in-
cluding donor nation CSOs) to reduce
conditions that stifle domestic policy
space, to facilitate policies rather than
designing them, and to support South-
ern CSOs in demanding accountabil-
ity from their governments. Harmon-
ization should mean multi-stakeholder
co-ordination, preferably at the sec-
toral level, done in a decentralized
manner. Better co-ordination could
reduce transaction costs, but should
not be limited solely to national plans
and poverty reduction strategy papers
(PRSPs).
The challenge facing development ac-
tors in the aid effectiveness process is
how to localize and democratize the
PD principles. Reducing poverty and
inequality should be the end purpose
of management for results and mu-
tual accountability. This requires con-
tinuous dialogue to build a common
understanding of these two concepts.
This, in turn, requires resources and
procedures to allow for local definition
of results and indicators, along with an
independent and rigorous monitoring
and evaluation system to assess the de-
velopment outcomes of the Paris Dec-
laration at the national level.
Enabling CSOs as Effective Aid
Deliverers and Fostering Equitable
Relations Between Northern and
Southern CSOs
For CSOs to be effective in planning,
delivering and evaluating aid, it is criti-
cal that all aid actors commit to “do-
ing business differently.” Discussions
on this theme highlighted a number of
necessary commitments by the various
actors, including:
Recipient governments should imple-
ment legislative frameworks that allow
for an independent and effective civil
society (e.g., recognizing CSOs’ roles,
voices and activities, and facilitating
their registration). They should also es-
tablish mechanisms for ongoing multi-
stakeholder dialogue to address specific
development issues and policies.
Donors should adopt “good donorship”
practices in support of civil society in-
cluding core institutional support, long-
term partnership commitments, com-
mon funding modalities, flexibility and
responsiveness, appropriate contracting
practice and procedures, and single re-
porting. Donors should balance capacity
building efforts between governments
and CSOs, and encourage Northern
CSOs to be responsive to local demands
and to operate in line with partner coun-
tries’ development strategies.
Northern and Southern CSOs need to
build sustainable and more equitable
relationships, improve downward ac-
countability processes and practice,
and develop self monitoring and evalu-
ation mechanisms. They should trans-
form existing unequal power relations
into ones that promote complementari-
ties and solidarity, and that protect the
space for growth of Southern CSOs.
Other Issues of Particular
Interest to U.S. NGOs
Increasing U.S. NGOs engagement
with the OECD/DAC on the limita-
tions of PD principles
The U.S. NGO delegation attended a
CSO-only side meeting that addressed
this issue. InterAction will facilitate
U.S. NGOs’ participation in a number
of upcoming opportunities, includ-
ing: (1) a CSO response to the draft
communiqué for the Accra HLF3;
(2) participation in the international
CSO working group that liaises with
the OECD/DAC (the group, which in-
cludes InterAction has drafted a policy
paper that is in circulation for CSO en-
dorsement around the globe, available
at www.betteraid.org); (3) participa-
tion in the CSO parallel forum planned
for August 31–September 1 in Accra
(the forum expects about 400 CSO
participants from around the world);
and (4) the Accra HLF3 (September
2-4) will provide 80 accreditations to
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008
CSOs to attend all components of this
meeting, including the roundtable dis-
cussions and the ministerial meeting
on September 4. InterAction will work
with members and other U.S. NGOs to
ensure a strong U.S. NGO in Accra.
Ensuring U.S. NGOs contribute to
the CSO Aid Effectiveness Initiative
The NGO and CSOs in attendance
agreed to meet in Paris June 29-30,
2008 to launch a CSO initiative on aid
effectiveness. The meeting will be or-
ganized by the French NGO platform
Coordination SUD and facilitated by
CONCORD, the European umbrella
CSO network and InterAction. A num-
ber key U.S. NGOs are expected to
participate.
U.S. NGOs engagement with U.S.
government on aid effectiveness and
the PD Principles
The U.S. NGO delegation met with
the USAID representative at the con-
ference to begin discussions on how
US NGOs could collaboratively work
with the US government on a number
of issues raised in the aid effectiveness
process. USAID welcomed the oppor-
tunity to engage U.S. NGOs on the po-
tential impact of the PD principles on
its partners. InterAction will facilitate
this process as well.
Photo courtesy: Dan Craun Selka
15
The Missing Dimensions of the Accra Agenda for
Action: Rights-Based Development
By Nancy Alexander, Consultant
A
t the OECD-DAC’s 2005
high-level forum on “aid
effectiveness,” the interna-
tional community endorsed
the Paris Declaration (PD). Then, in
a closed-door session, a few ministers
attached 12 “Indicators of Progress”
to the PD that are used to track an-
nual progress toward the goals of the
PD. There is not a single indicator
that relates explicitly to the goals of
sustainable human development, in-
cluding the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs). Hence, there seems
little basis for the claim in the Accra
Agenda for Action (AAA) that “[t]he
Paris principles are providing a solid
platform for accelerated progress on
gender equity, environmental sustain-
ability, respect for human rights and
good governance that is fundamental
to good development results.” The
AAA is the proposed outcome docu-
ment for the high-level forum on aid
effectiveness in Accra, Ghana next
September.
Rather than upholding universal val-
ues, the PD attempts to unify, or “har-
monize,” the aid delivery systems of
creditors and donors, and align them
with the policy priorities of recipient
countries as presented in their national
development strategies or Poverty Re-
duction Strategies (PRSs). These goals
are not being advanced in ways that
uphold the ownership and sovereignty
of partner countries. A positive agenda
is needed:
The PD and AAA should require
that all assistance uphold or “do no
harm” to international conventions
and treaties relating to, for instance,
human rights, labor rights, and the
environment. Instead, under current
arrangements, citizens must continue
16 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
to struggle against forms of aid that
undermine their rights.
The design of PRSs should be democ-
ratized. The first of the twelve PD In-
dicators of Progress is intended to mea-
sure ownership. It states that by 2010,
75 percent of countries must have an
“operationalized national development
strategy” or PRS. Many developing
countries object to this indicator.
A government cannot “own”
its national development
strategy if it is graded by
its creditors according to
yardsticks it does not design.
It is unlikely that any country can
“own” a PRS that must be graded and
approved by the boards of the IMF and
World Bank in order to gain access to
most international assistance. When
PRSs were launched in 1999, govern-
ments’ PRSs were to be “broadly en-
dorsed” by the boards of the IMF and
World Bank and used as a guide and
framework for all assistance. Instead,
PRSs are assigned letter grades. As of
February 2007, seven years after the
launch of PRSs, no country had re-
ceived an “A” on its PRS; five coun-
tries received a “B.” Bank officials
state that they will help governments
raise their PRS grades, but they miss
the point. A government cannot “own”
its national development strategy if it
is graded by its creditors according to
yardsticks it does not design.
The “aid effectiveness” process should
ban intrusive policy conditions. The
PD promotes new conditionality frame-
works: performance assessment frame-
works (PAFs), which are attached to
operations that inject aid into national
budgets (“budget support”). The 12 re-
cent PAFs I have analyzed included an
average of 60 conditions.
Tanzania’s PAF is a 12-page matrix of
conditions, with 49 pages of annexes
that recount the government’s progress
(or lack thereof) on the conditions. The
PAF was prepared with little participa-
tion and, since it consolidates the con-
ditions of all donors and creditors, it is
not amenable to change.
The AAA states that the design of con-
ditions should be improved “so as to
make them more effective at promot-
ing ownership.” But if governments
are designing the conditions through
participatory processes, they will au-
tomatically promote ownership. It also
emphasizes the importance of “stream-
lining” conditionality when, in actual-
ity, certain kinds of structural condi-
tions (e.g., privatization, user fees for
basic services, or wage ceilings) should
simply be banned.
The aid cartel needs to be disbanded.
Donors are expressing concern that,
when the IMF declares that a govern-
ment’s economic policy is “off-track,”
donors and creditors withhold their
aid, including budget support. To avoid
losing parts of their budget financing,
governments will sometimes be more
accountable to external actors than do-
mestic constituencies. The AAA should
ensure neither the IMF nor financiers
of budget support operations should
run the aid system as a cartel. Precipi-
tous withdrawal of significant levels of
aid – particularly in response to IMF
signalling – should be precluded.. Do-
nors and creditors should ensure aid
predictability over the medium-term
and sharply limit the bases for with-
drawal of support.
IA Advocacy Agenda
Budget support processes should be InterAction is working on the following advocacy issues:
democratized. The PD urges donors
and creditors to diminish funding for • Budget and appropriations, including emergency/
projects and, by 2010, provide two-
thirds of all aid through programmatic supplemental humanitarian funding
approaches that finance budget sup- • Partner Vetting System
port and the implementation of policy
frameworks for each sector (“Sector- • Preserving humanitarian space from military and
Wide Approaches (SWAps)). In gener- administration encroachment
al, these programs are designed in top-
down ways with heavy donor/creditor • Foreign Assistance Modernization
engagement and conditionalities. More- • A cabinet-level department of global development
over, according to evaluation experts,
there are no effective ways to measure • Non-funding-related humanitarian advocacy
the impacts of these programs.
• Millennium Challenge Corporation monitoring
At the Accra High-Level Forum on • The G8 summit
Aid Effectiveness, it would be useful if
citizens’ groups presented alternative • U.S. government policy and practice on contracting
Indicators of Progress for the PD and and acquisitions
exposed the ways the PD is diminish-
ing the policy space of their govern-
ments in ways that, ultimately, hand-
cuff democratic process.

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 17

Saying “No” in a “Say Yes” Business
By Joseph Mettimano, Vice President for Advocacy, World Vision
A
few years ago I agreed to meet
with an impressive group of
advocates who were forming
a coalition to take action on
a critical human rights issue. As they
presented a well-prepared PowerPoint
presentation with graphic images that
detailed the horrific abuses that were
involved, I found myself becoming
passionate and energized to get deeply
involved in this emerging campaign
that they were asking me to join.
What they were describing was one
of the key human rights issues of the
21st century and a number of notable
players were forming the movement
that would take it on. By the end of the
meeting, I was a “convert” and I knew
this was going to be a vigorous cam-
paign that could make a big difference
in the lives of many people.
With a certain mind, but a regretful heart,
my answer to their request was no. Un-
derstandably, they were surprised.
But my response was not based on
the merit of the issue or the abilities
of the group, but was out of necessity.
My team already had a robust list of
urgent issues and priorities we were
pursuing and our remaining band-
width was low. During my 18 years in
Washington, DC I have had to make
this difficult decision many times. It’s
never easy.
Clearly, those of us who work in the
humanitarian or human rights field
have the honor and privilege to be
involved with issues of great conse-
quence. I’m thankful everyday for be-
ing in this line of work. And, without a
doubt, there are a multitude of impor-
tant and urgent issues in the world that
need our attention. Naturally, as caring
people, our impulse is to take on all of
them: “How can I say no to…(fill in
the blank)?!”
18 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
However, one of the keys to our suc-
cess on any particular issue, or set of
issues, is our ability to stay focused.
Simply put, saying yes to everything
ultimately results in being effective at
nothing. This is as true for large orga-
nizations as it is for smaller ones.
Success stories throughout history
have illustrated that staying focused,
on-track with a mandate and keeping
“the main thing, the main thing” is
critical. I’m reminded of Dwight D.
Eisenhower who said, “We succeed
only as we identify in life, or in war,
or in anything else, a single overriding
objective, and make all other consider-
ations bend to that one objective.”
One of the keys to our
success on any particular
issue, or set of issues, is our
ability to stay focused.
In the humanitarian field, it is equally
critical that every organization holdfast
to its mission statement, mandate and
strategy as we make difficult decisions
about what we are going to focus on. The
challenge for all of us is having the wis-
dom and discernment (and, sometimes,
the courage) to know when to say yes.
When I first joined World Vision, one
of the first things my supervisor en-
grained in me was that we are to al-
ways ask the question of any potential
new venture, “What is the specific ob-
jective?” But, more than this, I have to
ask myself, is this issue part of World
Vision’s mission and mandate? Do we
have a voice on this issue? Do we have
experience and credibility? Do we
have the resources to do it well and can
we “move the needle?”
To be clear, I’m not suggesting that we
need to be rigid and not make room
to address important issues as they
emerge. After all, we need to be nimble.
But we also need to be disciplined.
Now I’m fairly confident that what I’m
raising here is not news to most Mon-
day Developments readers. Most of us
are put in this situation on a regular ba-
sis. But the challenge before us is how
do we, as a collective community, cre-
ate the space so that we say yes more
than we say no. How do we better or-
chestrate our respective organizations,
whether it is advocacy in Washington,
DC or programs in the field, to provide
maximum coverage of the key issues
and deliver with maximum impact?
In many ways, InterAction provides the
forum to accomplish part of this goal.
Moreover, there is a plethora of work-
ing groups and consortia in the field that
work to harmonize efforts, as well. How-
ever, all too often, I think we stop short
of finding this “collaborative utopia.”
Consider this quote from Jeffrey Sachs
related to cooperation in the field: “The
issue of aid harmonization is also crucial.
A discussion in 2000 about aid to Tan-
zania noted that there are ‘thirty agen-
cies involved in providing development
funds, 1000 projects, 2500 aid missions
a year, all with separate accounting, fi-
nancial and reporting systems’… In
order to harmonize aid, the various aid
agencies should operate on the basis of
their true competitive advantage.”
Let me emphasize two interrelated
points. First, while many of you may
not need this verification, let me just af-
firm that it’s okay to say “no.” Second,
we can be assured that our individual
decisions are not “fatal” if we work
together to serve the needs of the poor
and oppressed, and as a community we
leverage and coordinate our efforts.
Those who we aim to serve deserve
nothing less.
Housing for the Poor and Urban Slums –
A Crisis in Need of Attention and Action
By Christopher Vincent, Director, Congressional Relations/International Affairs, Habitat for Humanity
T
oday, one billion people live
in slums, with the expectation
that three billion will be liv-
ing in slums by the year 2030.
While inadequate shelter and access to
basic services remains a serious dilem-
ma in need of attention in rural settings,
the problems are often compounded in
urban settings. And, since the world is
urbanizing at a rapid rate, with this year
marking the first time in history that
more than half of the world’s popula-
tion will live in an urban area, there is
a growing need for the global develop-
ment community to focus on the issues
of shelter and urban slums.
Cities today, especially in developing
countries, simply do not have in place
the systems, capacity or political will
necessary to deal with the growth of
their populations – giving rise to ever
growing and expanding slum com-
munities. For example, while Africa
is the least urbanized continent today
with 37 percent of the population liv-
ing in urban areas, by the year 2030 it
is expected that over half the popula-
tion will live in urban areas and most
of that growth will be in informal and
slum communities.
While the issue of inadequate housing,
informal settlements and slum forma-
tion has been given relative priority in
the Millennium Development Goals
under Goal 7 Target 11, which aims to
achieve significant improvement in the
lives of 100 million slum dwellers by
2020, the focus given to housing and
urban issues by U.S. foreign assistance
has dramatically declined in recent
years. For many years USAID had a
housing guaranty program that provid-
ed $100 million or more each year in
loans to developing countries. USAID
also had a network of regional offices
that provided assistance in housing and
urban policies and programs with par-
ticular attention to the needs of lower
income groups. Both of these programs
have been eliminated.
Given the trends towards urbaniza-
tion and the concentration of poverty
within slum communities around the
world, U.S. foreign assistance should
be increasing attention to the issue
rather than eliminating housing and ur-
ban focused programs.
Finding the appropriate interventions
in informal and slum communities
can be extremely challenging and of-
ten entails multi-sectoral approaches,
something U.S. foreign assistance is
not necessarily well-suited to tackle
structurally.
The global development community
has focused on the issue of secure
tenure as a key priority for improving
slums given many believe secure ten-
ure is a pre-condition for other poverty
reduction and development assistance
programs to have any lasting impact.
As UN-Habitat’s Global Campaign
for Secure Tenure states: “Security of
tenure is a fundamental requirement
for the progressive integration of the
urban poor in the city, and one of the
basic components of the right to hous-
ing…It guarantees legal protection
against forced eviction…The grant-
ing of secure tenure is one of the most
important catalysts in stabilising com-
munities, improving shelter conditions,
reducing social exclusion and improv-
ing access to urban services.” Provid-
ing secure tenure is not a silver bullet
for slum improvement, but it is an im-
portant element – and an essential first
step that helps empower the poor to
tackle other important challenges.
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008
What should the U.S. development
community do?
For the U.S. to become a leader in
solving this issue of reducing pov-
erty and the number of people living
in slum conditions, a huge effort will
be needed to educate numerous audi-
ences about complex issues faced in
dealing with shelter and urban issues.
The United Nations has designated the
first Monday of every October “World
Habitat Day” to reflect on the state of
human settlements and the issue of
adequate shelter for all. Habitat for
Humanity will be spending consider-
able time and effort trying to focus
the world’s attention on the issue of
shelter, slums and the role secure ten-
ure has in helping reduce poverty. We
challenge other organizations to use
World Habitat Day as a tool to focus
attention on the issues of shelter and
urban slums. Given the multitude of is-
sues ranging from access to clean wa-
ter, environmental sustainability, and
health related issues, there is plenty of
opportunity – and certainly a need for
everyone to understand the issues and
help drive change that will give rise to
lasting, sustainable solutions for the
poor living in slum conditions.
All indications are that urbanization will
continue unfettered for years to come.
Local, city, national and international
policy-makers need to understand this
process better and begin focusing on so-
lutions that increase opportunities for the
poor that empower them to take advan-
tages of the opportunities urbanization
can afford. Working to ensure tenure se-
curity for the one billion people around
the world currently living in slums, and
planning for the next two billion people
expected to move into slums over the
next few decades is a crisis in need of
attention and action.
19
Reliance on Supplemental Funding for
Humanitarian Response Programs
By Ken Forsberg, Legislative Manager, InterAction
T
he federal government’s an-
nual appropriations cycle has
become a two-step process. In
addition to the regular annual
appropriations bills, mid-year supple-
mental appropriations bills are now an
expected part of the budget process, in
large part because much of the Defense
Department’s budget for the Iraq and
Afghanistan wars has been covered
through mid-year supplemental fund-
ing requests. There is therefore now an
expectation of a second chance each
year to fund certain programs.
With budget ceilings increasingly tight-
er, humanitarian accounts (disaster, ref-
ugee, and food aid) in annual appropria-
tions bills have become vulnerable to
reductions during the regular appropria-
tions process because of the expectation
that these accounts stand a better chance
for mid-year supplemental “emergency”
funding than accounts that fund long-
term development. The budget requests
and regular appropriations for humani-
tarian accounts have routinely been less,
sometimes significantly less, than what
recent history has repeatedly proved to
be necessary. The accompanying table
and graph illustrate this trend for the In-
ternational Disaster Assistance account,
one of several humanitarian accounts
that InterAction tracks.
20 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
This causes program cuts, delays and
disruptions that carry very serious, ir-
reversible human consequences, re-
gardless of any eventual “make-up”
funding provided in supplementals.
Financial uncertainty and delay at the
beginning of the fiscal year can lead
to drastic scale-backs and shutdowns
of programs as NGOs have to close
offices and let staff go. Funding may
eventually be restored, but the damage
incurred is irreversible: it is not possi-
ble to “backfill” urgently needed life-
saving assistance such as food, water,
primary health or emergency obstetric
care. Lives are lost. Crisis readiness is
reduced as reserves are tapped. Scarce
funds are lost to the inefficiencies of
stop-and-start operations. And credi-
bility is damaged, as the undependabil-
ity resulting from fitful and uncertain
funding causes recipients and other
global relief organizations to question
the reliability of the U.S. government
and U.S.-based NGOs as partners in
relieving human suffering.
InterAction members the American
Refugee Committee, CARE and the
International Rescue Committee took
the lead on advocacy on this issue,
identifying the trend and drafting a pa-
per presenting the problem – including
real examples of the damage caused – in
the fall of 2006. At their request, Inter-
Action public policy staff then picked
up the baton, revising and adding data
tables and graphs to the paper illustrat-
ing the problematic funding trends.
The paper was finalized in February of
2007, and has been distributed regularly
to key congressional and administra-
tion staff, including appropriations and
budget committee staff. (To receive a
copy of the paper email Ken Forsberg
at kforsberg@interaction.org.)
The problem has become a standard
part of our budget and appropriations
advocacy messaging, and is regularly
raised in letters and meetings as an on-
going problem. When appropriate, we
have added a “responsible budgeting”
message to the humanitarian one, since
some members of Congress, beyond
any humanitarian concerns they might
have, are concerned about the fiscal
practice of using “off-budget” supple-
mental funding (i.e. spending that is not
part of our annual national fiscal plan
comparing spending and revenues) to
cover programming we know will be
necessary up-front.
Appropriations and Budget Committee
staff have become more aware of the
human costs of relying on supplemental
funding to fund humanitarian program-

ming. Yet tight budget conditions con-
tinue – thanks to a costly war, domestic
political pressures to increase funding
for domestic priorities, and antipathy
to raising taxes – so appropriators and
budgeters continue to face tough choic-
es among competing demands. Aware-
ness of the problem has therefore not
yet translated into change. The adminis-
tration’s 2009 budget request for the hu-
manitarian accounts was again low, with
administration officials again planning
on using supplemental funding to make
up the shortfall. For Congress’s part,
the 2009 budget resolution, if agree-
ment is reached between the House
and Senate (negotiations were ongoing
at press-time), will suggest an increase
for international affairs spending. (The
congressional budget resolution does
not prescribe spending to the level of
specific accounts.) The magnitude of
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008
the expected increase, however, would
not appear to be enough to allow full
funding of the humanitarian accounts in
regular 2009 appropriations bills.
In any case, the chances of regular
2009 spending bills being passed this
fall appear to be slim, with a continuing
resolution likely to be used instead to
provide for spending to simply contin-
ue at current levels, as Congress waits
for a new administration more likely
to support its priorities. All of this sug-
gests that the next best opportunity for
breaking the cycle of dependence on
supplemental funding for humanitarian
programming will come in 2009, when
a new administration presents its first
budget, for its 2010 fiscal year. Inter-
Action and its members will continue
to educate Congress on this issue in
the meantime, and will work to engage
with the transition team of the new ad-
ministration, urging them to break this
harmful cycle and to start fresh with
responsible budgeting that makes the
most of our humanitarian spending.
21
Inside our Community
Mercy Corps Brings Emergency Aid to
Southern Iraq  cannot contain the runoff from the ongoing torrential rains in
Mercy Corps has provided water, medical supplies and other
forms of emergency assistance to the war-weary southern
Iraqi provinces of Basra, Maysan and Wassit following the
March 28 ceasefire between the Iraqi Shia cleric Maqtada al-
Sadr and Iraqi and U.S. forces. The agency distributed water
in Basra and three month’s stock of disposable first aid and
medical supplies to two hospitals in Kut.
The humanitarian situation rapidly deteriorated in southern
Iraq on March 25 when fighting erupted between al-Sadr’s
Mahdi Army and Iraqi and U.S. forces. The violence para-
lyzed cities like Basra, Baghdad, Kut and Amarah. According
to OCHA, nearly 700 people were killed and more than 1,500
injured, the majority of them civilians. Paul Butler, Mercy
Corps’ Iraq country director, said the organization also made
preparations in anticipation of more violence. “It’s a difficult
and tense situation,” he said.
Episcopal Relief and Development Responds to
Floods in Namibia
Episcopal Relief and Development is providing emergency
assistance to communities in Namibia affected by devastating
floods. Namibia has been experiencing a drought for the past
22 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
several years and the dry river beds in the north of the country
neighboring Angola. The rains have inundated Namibia and
cut off entire villages from any means of escape except by he-
licopter. At least 42 people are confirmed dead and thousands
have been displaced by the floods.
The situation in Namibia is dire. President Hifikepunye Po-
hamba has appealed for international aid, stating that the
country cannot cope with the disaster on its own. Thousands
of acres of crops have been destroyed, raising fears of a loom-
ing food shortage. Episcopal Relief and Development’s part-
ner in Namibia, Anglican AIDS Programme, is responding to
the most severely affected areas, providing supplies such as
blankets, clothing, food, medicine and clean water. A cholera
outbreak in the Ohangwena region threatens to spread to other
areas, so immediate assistance is extremely critical.
“Rains are continuing and flood levels have yet to recede,”
says Janette O’Neill, Senior Director of Africa Programs for
Episcopal Relief and Development who has just returned from
the country. “The diocesan hospital, St Mary’s Odibo, is bat-
tling a cholera outbreak. Emergency support is being used to
meet the needs of families displaced by this disaster.”
Somalia Crisis Deteriorating, International
Medical Corps Warns
Increased fighting has intensified the humanitarian crisis in
Somalia, according to the International Medical Corps (IMC),
which reported a sharp increase in disease and malnutrition
among internally displaced persons in recent months. The crisis
has made the IMC’s Somali operations difficult and precarious.
“We clearly see the humanitarian toll of the catastrophic situ-
ation in Somalia in our clinics,” said Patrick Mweki, Interna-
tional Medical Corps country director in Somalia. “The long-
term displaced people become more susceptible to diseases,
and the new arrivals put further pressure on the overstretched
aid infrastructure.”
In a joint statement with 38 other aid organizations of the So-
malia NGO consortium, the IMC expressed the urgent need
that safe access for humanitarian supplies must be ensured,
civilians must be protected, and the environment of impunity
must be addressed. It warned that the humanitarian crisis will
become more and more complex and will continue to deepen
in the absence of a political solution to the current crisis.
ADRA Norway Releases Children’s
Educational Musical
The Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) in
Norway completed Different, But Still Alike, a new musical to
promote children’s education and teach Norwegian children
about diversity.
ADRA Norway is selling CDs of the musical to choirs, schools,
libraries and the general public to raise funds for children’s edu-
cation projects. The CD includes songs, lyrics, pictures, and in-
formation about ADRA. It also includes a resource booklet with
sheet music, scripts for the dramatic presentation, and questions
to stimulate discussions about topics, such as freedom of choice,
fellowship, unity, the environment, and diversity.
“The musical focuses on how we are all different, with differ-
ent backgrounds, cultures and different stories,” said Gry Hau-
gen, communications consultant for ADRA Norway. “Through
learning about the lives of children in other countries we can
build solidarity and work for freedom and justice.”
There are currently 11 Norwegian schools working on the play
created by ADRA Norway. The musical, composed of stories
about children from Peru, Cambodia, Ethiopia and Norway,
can be used in its entirety, or separately, as a tool to promote
discussions in the classroom. An English version is planned
for the future. For additional information visit www.adra.org.
Air Serv International Hires New Director
Air Serv International has recruited Suzanne Musgrave to serve
as its new Director of Marketing and Development; she assumed
her new position at the end of March. “We were impressed with
Suzanne’s grasp of the distinct challenges facing humanitarian
organizations today,” explained Christopher Johnson, Air Serv’s
CEO. “As a non-sectarian, not-for-profit aviation company, Air
Serv is unique among international humanitarian organizations.
While other groups serve the needy directly with food, books
and clean water, we primarily fly humanitarian workers safely
and reliably into harsh and often dangerous environments. The
delivery of humanitarian aid critically depends on the supply
chain (typically 65-85 percent of relief budgets) for which Air
Serv forms an essential and unique link.”
Musgrave plans to communicate this crucial message through
Air Serv’s new fundraising programs. “With 24 years of expe-
rience as an essential link in the humanitarian delivery chain,
Air Serv needs to be recognized and appreciated for its ongo-
ing excellence in the global struggle to serve as a catalyst for
positive change among the most disenfranchised of our fel-
lows. I am very excited to be a part of Air Serv’s mission.”
Musgrave brings strong marketing, public relations and fundrais-
ing skills to Air Serv. She most recently served as Director of De-
velopment at Highland School, a private school located in War-
renton. Prior to this, Musgrave served Wolf Trap Foundation for
the Performing Arts and the Meadow Outdoors Foundation, both
in Virginia, in fundraising and corporate sponsorship.
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 23
Inside INTERACTION
The Humanitarian and
Development Community
Remembers Julia Taft
T
he international humanitarian
and development community
offers its support and condo-
lences on the passing of former In-
terAction President/CEO, Julia Taft.
The following pieces were printed in
a memory book that was later sent to
her family. As the many words of re-
membrance express, Julia was a won-
derful humanitarian worker and colleague and will be missed
by many in this community. Julia served InterAction twice as
president. From 1994 to 1997 she was the coalition’s second
chief executive, leading the coalition through a period of ex-
pansion and growing influence in Washington, DC. In 2006,
while already ill, she agreed to serve as Interim President as
the board searched for a successor to Dr. Mohammad Akhter
following his resignation. She remained in that capacity for six
months until the current President, Sam Worthington, took the
helm. While we have learned a great deal from Julia, we will
miss her passion and commitment to those she served.
“Please accept the sincere condolences of myself personally
and Christian Children’s Fund on the passing of Julia Taft, a
name that for many years has been synonymous with the ex-
emplary relief work that she led “on the ground” and around
the world. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell said it best
when he referred to Julia as an “image of American openness
and generosity.” Her long-time work with refugees is also leg-
endary: what an extraordinary and commendable life of public
service. I know that I express the sentiments of many, many
colleagues when I say that the world is a much better place for
thousands of people whose lives Julia not only touched, but
healed. She will be missed.” – Anne Lynam Goddard, Presi-
dent and CEO, Christian Children’s Fund, Inc.
“A few weeks ago, I wrote a note to Julia upon learning that
she was receiving hospice care. In that note, I told her ‘thank
you’ one last time. Knowing and working with her has been a
pleasure; losing her is painful. She lived a remarkable life and
I feel fortunate to have known her. I send my condolences with
deep sorrow.” – Daniel E. Pellegrom, President, Pathfinder
International
“Julia’s passion was contagious, inspiring many of those for-
tunate to work with her to make extraordinary efforts to help
those for whom she had such compassion. Her raucous laugh-
ter echoing through the office lifted spirits sometimes deflated
by witnessing so many lives lost to the machinations of evil ty-
24 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
rants and irresolute politicians.” – Jim Bishop, Vice President,
Humanitarian Policy & Practice, InterAction
“Back in the mid-1980s, I was working in Geneva, trying to drum
up interest in the particular needs and resources of refugee wom-
en. I remember saying to a colleague, ‘someone should write a
book about refugee women so that people will understand what
this issue is all about.’ Lo and behold, a year or so later, a book
came out on refugee women in developing countries, written by
Julia Taft. I didn’t know Julia then – in fact our first discussion
was brainstorming about how to get UNHCR to address gender
issues. But that was just the beginning. Over the years, I came to
appreciate Julia’s work in many different ways. At InterAction
she impressed – and sometimes frightened – everyone with her
sky-high energy level. Many times I felt breathless just listening
to her brainstorm about what more could be done, what more
should be done for refugees. And when I was chair of InterAc-
tion’s working group on refugees and migration and Julia was
Assistant Secretary of State for BPRM, I remember her tracking
me down while I was traveling, waking me up in the middle of
the night and demanding to know what the voluntary agencies
were going to do about a particular crisis. I remember strug-
gling to wake up and thinking – ‘what’s Julia going on about this
time?’ Now I don’t even remember which particular crisis it was,
but I remember her passion, her commitment, her insistence that
the U.S. needed to do better. The last time I saw Julia was shortly
before Christmas when she was asked about the U.S. response
to Iraqi refugees. As always, she was full of vim and vigor. She
knew exactly what the U.S. should be doing: we should be doing
much more and we should be doing it better. I admired Julia tre-
mendously – for her commitment and clearly-articulated sense
of justice, but also for her sense of style and her rollicking sense
of humor. Many of us in the humanitarian community are better
off for having known and worked with Julia. More importantly,
the world’s refugees are better off because Julia lived and cared
and worked so passionately for them. In this moment of sadness,
we also give thanks for the wonderful life of Julia Vadala Taft.
Our prayers and thoughts are with her family.” – Elizabeth Fer-
ris, Senior Fellow and Co-Director, Brookings-Bern Project on
Internal Displacement 
“I always remember Julia and the encouragement she provided
to me during the most difficult assignment I’ve ever had. I
worked in Somalia for CARE managing a USAID umbrella
grant in the early 90s at the beginning of the war. During a trip
to DC, I met with Julia when she was the director at Interac-
tion. Many NGOs at the time wanted access to the funds en-
trusted to us by USAID. We were struggling with a few groups
trying to work the political system to have money diverted
to them. She really put things in perspective, and advised me
to do what was right for the Somali people. For the next two
years, when the going got tough during the war, I always re-
membered to ‘do what was right,’ as advised by Julia. I often
remember her words even now. Few people go through life
having such a positive influence on the world as Julia did!”
– Robert G. Laprade, Program Director, Tsunami Recovery
Program, American Red Cross
“I give thanks to God for the life and service of Julia Taft. I
had to pleasure to work with her when she served as InterAc-
tion’s CEO. She was a woman of vision and passion, and she
knew how to mobilize those around her to get things done! My
sincere sympathies to Julia’s family as you mourn her loss;
may the love of family and friends bring you comfort and may
God’s steadfast promise of life eternal give you peace.” – Kate
Wolford, President, The McKnight Foundation
“There are a few heroes who have entered and deeply affected
my life. Julia Taft was high among them. It is easy to have one’s
passion dulled by engaging in constantly battling countless and
senseless tragedies tearing apart hundred of thousands of lives
through the deadly combination of man-made and natural di-
sasters whose victims were usually among the world’s most
impoverished. Julia never lost that passion and commitment to
take on all challenges to save and make better lives for these
people, be they sick, homeless or hungry. During her tenure at
InterAction, Julia asked me to serve as the co-chair of its advo-
cacy committee. It was at that time that I was privileged to fully
witness her commitment, courage and determination. Beyond
that however, I came to know Julia for her friendship, generos-
ity and sparkle. It was a blessing to just be around her when she
Different Needs, Equal Opportunities:
InterAction to Develop E-Learning Course on Gender Equality
As humanitarian workers prepare for work in the field, there
needs to be a concerted effort to build their knowledge and
skills on gender equality and on how to effectively incor-
porate gender awareness in their daily work. Since a large
majority of humanitarian actors never receive such train-
ing, this interactive online E-learning will attempt to ad-
dress this gap by providing a way for workers to strengthen
their knowledge at any time.
InterAction, in collaboration with the Inter-Agency Stand-
ing Committee’s Gender Sub Working Group on Gender
and Humanitarian Action, is developing an interactive E-
learning course to help UN and NGO humanitarian staff
mainstream gender into their work. The overall objective of
the E-learning Initiative for Gender Equality is to strength-
en the understanding and capacity of humanitarian workers
on why gender equality programming is important and how
it can be implemented in practical ways in the delivery of
humanitarian protection and assistance programs.
The online course will provide practical approaches to sec-
would sneak out of a meeting to have another cigarette. Though
deeply saddened by her passing, I will always celebrate the life
of this extraordinary person.” – Donald D. Cohen
“I will always remember Julia as a force to be reckoned with,
combining intelligence on the issues, passion for the humani-
tarian cause, the ability to charm even the most hardened rebel
or government representative and the sheer will to get the job
done. Julia was already a legend when I joined the humani-
tarian ‘movement’ in 1991 and in my early years at OFDA,
tales of her major role in negotiating Operation Lifeline Su-
dan, together with Jim Grant of UNICEF, took on the aura of
a legend. Of course, Julia went on to do many more remark-
able things in InterAction and in the State Department refugee
bureau and beyond, but I come back to OLS because, having
had the pleasure to contribute to its continuation in the 90s,
I consider it the most remarkable international humanitarian
effort of our time, and we will forever be indebted to Julia for
her efforts.” – Valerie Newsom Guarnieri, Country Director
and Representative, World Food Programme-Philippines
“I have had the privilege of knowing Julia from the time she
was President of InterAction. Her passion, ability, vision and
warmth set InterAction on its course to success and touched
all who knew her. We will all miss her – but she lives on in
our daily work and our in thoughts.” – Linda Pfeiffer, Ph.D.,
President & CEO, INMED Partnerships for Children
tor-specific actors on how to ensure that the needs of women,
girls, boys and men are being met in humanitarian situations,
as well as ensuring their full participation in all aspects of
humanitarian programming. The IASC Gender Handbook:
Women, Girls, Boys and Men, Different Needs – Equal Op-
portunities and the IASC Gender-based Violence Guidelines
will form the foundation for this creative training approach.
The course will include information on the core issues of
gender and on how to ensure gender concerns are taken into
consideration in all aspects of humanitarian response. The
course is expected to be finished in July 2009 and should
be seen as an additional tool and not as a replacement for
current gender training efforts.
InterAction is currently looking for InterAction members to
serve on the Advisory Committee for this project. If you are
interested in participating or would like more information,
please contact Julie Montgomery, Senior Coordinator and
Technical Specialist, InterAction, at jmontgom@interation.
org or call 202.667.8227, ext 572.
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 25
 E ar th D ay A dvocacy
Career DevelopmentS
By Michael Haslett, Senior Communications Associate, InterAction
In honor of Earth Day, we met with some people who doing environmental advocacy at the Next month’s issue
grassroots and national levels.
will be a a recap
We spoke with Will Hughes from American Rivers, Jason Kowalski from Step It Up, and Phil of InterAction’s
Aroneanu from 350.org to talk about their approaches and experiences with environmental Annual Forum.
advocacy. American Rivers (americanrivers.org) uses advocacy, innovative solutions and a
growing network of partners to protect and promote our rivers as valuable assets that are vital Our Question
to our health, safety and quality of life. In 2007, Step It Up became the first U.S., open-source, to you:
web-based, national day of action dedicated to fighting climate change. It has now expanded
to a year-round effort (1sky.org) and gone global through 350.org, an international campaign to
muster support around the world for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
to 350 parts per million, which is the ratio scientists have determined to be the best level to limit How do you
climate change. The following are some of their thoughts on turning ideas into action.
make large
Getting organized events help your
career? Does
“With climate change, advocacy is so applicable because you can do something at the local networking
level or at the regional level, but in the end you realize that what will need to happen right
now is federal level legislation. So with that realization I sat down with some good friends in these
with similar opinions and decided that we have the tools to make a difference. We know environments
how to make the Internet work, we know how to get friends together on campus to get stuff
done, why not try it on the national level.” – Jason Kowalski really work?
“We’ve got this open source web platform where people can submit their ideas. People are
able to vote on which ideas they think are the best and are actually taking action in their
communities on those ideas that sort of bubble up as the best ideas. For example, just a Send your
couple of weekends ago in Salt Lake City, 350 cyclists rode their bikes around the city hall in responses
support of this 350 goal.” – Phil Aroneanu by email to
Michael Haslett
Working with partners
at mhaslett@
“One of our strengths is working with state environmental organizations and bringing them interaction.org,
and their power to bear on a particular representative or their senator … to get them on with “Career
board for a bill. [Also], we bring these organizations one day [a year] and we go on the Hill,
meeting with every single representative/senator that they have, and that is even more Developments” in
powerful because the people are actually there in person.” – Will Hughes the subject line.
Also, feel free to
“We work with the usual suspects, we work with environmental groups. But we’ve also reached
out to faith communities, we’ve reached out to [minority groups] and worldwide we are comment on this
going to be reaching out a lot more to humanitarian groups and to human rights groups who month’s reader
are becoming increasingly interested in climate mitigation versus just adaptation and fixing responses.
the more frequent disasters that are happening around the planet, really preventing them
ahead of time by dealing with climate change.” – Phil Aroneanu
“For us, it was get together in your community and take a picture of your action. And we got
thousands of pictures, because there were 2,000 actions across the country. A number of
congressmen went to the events themselves – congressmen, presidential candidates. John
Edwards took a parade of people to the New Orleans Superdome.” – Jason Kowalski

Further Reading on the Web

Want us to focus on a specific career
To learn more about these three groups go to:
350.org
development topic? Let us know.
Americanrivers.org
Email Michael at mhaslett@interaction.org
To see what Step It Up is doing now, go to 1Sky.org

26 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS


POSITION
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Vice President of
Development
New York, NY
AFS Intercultural Programs USA seeks
a Vice President of Development who
works to build a more just and peace-
ful world by creating international and
intercultural learning experiences and
offers a training ground for tomorrow’s
leaders. Reporting to the President, the
VP will build a comprehensive devel-
opment program and manage a large
team. Ideal candidates are fundraising
leaders with 10+ years progressive ex-
perience, demonstrated successes, with
strong supervisory experience, and
a commitment to AFS-USA’s mission.
Prior experience with a national fund-
raising organization preferred. Send
resume in confidence to Cecilia Roddy,
Development Guild/DDI: afsusa@devel-
opmentguild.com. Visit www.usa.afs.
org or www.developmentguild.com
Development Manager –
Foundations
Berkeley, CA
Hesperian, publishers of Where There
is No Doctor, seeks an experienced
Development Manager, responsible
for foundation income and relations to
raise approximately $1 million annually
from diverse new and existing institu-
tional sources including private foun-
dations, government, and international
development organizations. The DM
will join our 4 person fundraising team:
two staff responsible for Individual giv-
ing, and one associate assisting in rais-
ing institutional funds. We are looking
for someone with a successful record
in all aspects of foundation fundrais-
ing, research, building and sustaining
relationships with foundation staff,
proposal and report writing, and strate-
gic planning for fundraising programs.
Send resume, cover letter, two writing
samples and salary requirements to:
jobsearch@hesperian.org. Visit: http://
hesperian.org/
Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org
Country Director
Afghanistan
Mercy Corps has been working in Af-
ghanistan since 1986, recently focusing
on agricultural and economic develop-
ment, initiatives that provide access to
services, and opportunities for mar-
ginalized Afghans. The Country Direc-
tor is the senior management position
for Mercy Corps in Afghanistan with
supervisory and managerial respon-
sibility over personnel, programs and
policies. MA/S or equivalent and 7-10
years experience in international relief
and development. Please visit www.
mercycorps.org/aboutus/jobs for fur-
ther qualifications. The position will be
based in Kabul with frequent domes-
tic and occasional international travel.
Please apply for positions with Mercy
Corps at www.mercycorps.org/abou-
tus/jobs
Closing Date: June 16
Country Director
Pakistan
Mercy Corps has been operational in
Pakistan since 1986 and in recent years
has expanded considerably, with pro-
grams throughout the country. The
Country Director is the senior manage-
ment position for Mercy Corps in Paki-
stan with supervisory and managerial
responsibility over designated in-coun-
try personnel, programs and policies.
MA/S or equivalent in social science,
management, international develop-
ment; 7-10 years experience in interna-
tional relief and development. Please
visit www.mercycorps.org/aboutus/
jobs for further qualifications. The posi-
tion will be based in Islamabad with fre-
quent domestic and occasional interna-
tional travel. Please apply for positions
with Mercy Corps at www.mercycorps.
org/aboutus/jobs
Closing Date: June 16
Program Director/
Chief of Party
Democratic Republic of Congo
The International Rescue Committee
seeks a Community Driven Reconstruc-
tion Program Director/Chief of Party to
lead a Consortium including the IRC
(lead agency), Care International and
the International Foundation for Educa-
tion and Self Help (IFESH) implement-
ing a large scale CDR program in the
DRC. This 3-year program aims at sup-
MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008
porting 280 communities representing
1.78 million inhabitants to reduce pov-
erty, increase social cohesion, improve
access to social services, increase un-
derstanding of good governance and
improve linkage with authorities at
local level. The CDRPD provides vision,
leadership and management oversight
as well as technical support to the field-
based CDR Program Coordinators. He or
she is also accountable for the consis-
tency of approach and implementation
in accordance with the agreed model of
programming throughout the country.
Suitable candidates for this position will
be bilingual in English and French, with
at least six years of senior international
management experience, and a strong
grasp of both consortium management
and community driven reconstruction-
type programming.
Director of Human
Resources
Washington, DC
Pact seeks a HR professional to lead the
human resources function of a high
performing, rapidly growing, people-
centered global development orga-
nization with offices in 26 countries
in Africa and Asia. The successful can-
didate will be a leader who is a high-
energy and value-driven HR activist;
have a creative vision for assisting the
organization to attract, develop and
retain staff; is experienced in applying
strategic direction to the HR function; is
an institution builder with strong team
building, negotiation and interpersonal
communications skills; has experience
of multi-lateral grant and contract HR
planning and administration. The Direc-
tor will provide direction for continued
improvement in processes and systems
for people management; will develop
and oversee Pact’s core HR areas of
global talent management, competitive
staff compensation, staff wellness and
security, and regulatory compliance;
will develop and implement HR poli-
cies and initiatives in support of Pact’s
strategic objectives of technical, mana-
gerial, and administrative excellence
in a compliant, safe work environment
that reflects Pact’s culture and values;
will supervise and guide headquarters
HR professionals with the goal of being
pro-active, effective and responsive to
the professional growth and develop-
ment of Pact employees. The Director is
continued on next page
27
Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org
continued from previous page
an active member of Pact’s Coordinat-
ing Group and global network of HR
practitioners. Excellent compensation
package provided. Visit Pact’s website
– www.pactworld.org – for detailed job
description and to submit your online
application. EOE
Chief of Party
Tanzania
Catholic Relief Services seeks a Chief
of Party for the USG-funded AIDSRe-
lief Project, based in Tanzania. CRS is
the consortium lead for AIDSRelief. The
COP directs all aspects of the Tanzania
AIDSRelief program and ensures the
goals and objectives of the project in
Tanzania are fulfilled. The COP must be
able to provide vision, strategic lead-
ership and management guidance. To
apply please go to www.crs.org.
Regional Technical Advisor,
ARV Thearapy
East Africa
CRS is the consortium lead for AIDSRe-
lief, a multi-country program to provide
increased access to antiretroviral ther-
28 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
apy (ART) to persons with HIV/AIDS.
The project is funded by the Health Re-
sources Services Administration (HRSA),
as part of the President’s Emergency
Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). As the
lead agency, CRS has the responsibility
of managing and coordinating the ac-
tivities of five consortium members in
nine countries. Currently, CRS is seeking
a Regional Technical Advisor, AIDSRelief
Anti-Retroviral Therapy in East Africa to
support this worthy project. Please visit
our website for additional information
at www.crs.org and refer to requisition
# I 08 059.
Regional Technical Advisor,
Health Systems management
East Africa
CRS is the consortium lead for AIDSRe-
lief, a multi-country program to provide
increased access to antiretroviral ther-
apy (ART) to persons with HIV/AIDS.
The project is funded by the Health Re-
sources Services Administration (HRSA),
as part of the President’s Emergency
Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). As the
lead agency, CRS has the responsibility
of managing and coordinating the ac-
tivities of five consortium members in
nine countries. Currently, CRS is seeking
a Regional Technical Advisor -Health
Systems Management in East Africa to
support this valuable project. Please
visit our website for additional informa-
tion at www.crs.org and refer to requisi-
tion # I 08 060.
Sign up for
InterAction’s
weekly email job
announcements.
InterAction offers a weekly
emailed listing of extensive
employment and internship
opportunities in the field of
international development
and humanitarian assistance.
Subscriptions are available
for renewable periods of
one month for US $20 or
three months for US $40.
Institutional rate, $400/year.
www.interaction.org
 Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org

Director of Personnel – Chemonics International

Washington, DC
Chemonics International seeks a director of personnel to oversee and manage the day-to-day work and
operations of its personnel department. Primary responsibilities include: overseeing management of
compensation, benefits, affirmative action programs; reviewing benefit and retirement plans for com-
pliance; reviewing compensation structure and making recommendations for salary and compensation
levels across company, including merit raises, promotions, bonus and other incentive plans; managing
and maintaining compliance in the areas of Affirmative Action and Equal Opportunity; supervision and
development of eight-person staff; ensuring corporate compliance with federal and state regulations regarding employment
practices and immigration; contributing to department, division, corporate strategies; assisting with research and selection pro-
cess for enterprise HRIS; providing ongoing assessment and evaluation of key human resource metrics; advising executive staff.

Qualifications: -Foreign language preferred

-Advanced degree preferred -Willingness to travel and work abroad required
-Minimum eight years applicable human resources experience -Demonstrated ability to communicate clearly, orally and in
with a strong background in compensation. CEBS certification writing
preferred. -Ability to work both independently and collaboratively
-Strong understanding of federal and state employment law required
-Strong understanding of benefit and retirement plans -Demonstrated ability to manage and supervise department
-Strong knowledge of USAID compliance policies staff, multiple project teams, and other initiatives
-Ability to operate at advanced levels of authority -Demonstrated integrity, independent thinking, judgment,
-Experience living or working in developing countries preferred and respect for others
-Permanent U.S. work authorization required.
Send electronic submissions with expression of interest to personnel_director@chemonics.com by COB, May 5, 2008.
No telephone inquiries, please.

VP of Communications and Public Engagement – Warwick, RI

Plan USA, an international child-centered development organization working in 49 countries in Africa, Asia
and Latin America, seeks a VP of Communications and Public Engagement to provide leadership, strategic
direction, oversight, coordination and priority setting for the organization. Working in conjunction with the
Media Director, Youth Engagement Director and Communications Director, will spearhead the effort to ad-
vance and promote Plan USA’s mission, values and programming throughout the nation and will develop
an advocacy portfolio around issues affecting children and youth.

Minimum requirements include a Bachelor’s degree; master’s preferred in communications or a related

field, 6+ years of high level generalist experience developing/implementing comprehensive communica-
tions plan and strategies for large and/or national organizations, knowledge of trends in communications,
media relations, and public education/engagement; excellent organizational, interpersonal and networking
skills with large groups as well as with individuals. Must be able to travel (domestically and internationally) for 25% of the time

Director of Business Development – Washington, DC

Plan USA, an international child-centered development organization working in 49 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America,
seeks a Director of Business Development. Reporting to the VP for International Programs, this person will provide leadership and
support to the operations of the Business Development Unit. Will define and organize Plan USA’s ambitious institutional funding
growth targets for child-centered community development.

Minimum requirements include a Master’s level degree and a minimum of 10 years professional experience of which 5 years as a
manager and 5 years in related field of responsibilities; highly motivated and capable individual with excellent leadership, written
and verbal communication skills, and a proven track record in development resulting in program funding and expansion. Organi-
zation and ability to manage multi-disciplinary teams in the daily pursuit of a defined funding strategy are crucial to success in this
position. Proficiency in another international language is preferred.

Cover letter and resume to: hr@planusa.org FAX 401-738-5608’ mail: HR, Plan USA, 155 Plan Way, Warwick, RI 02886. EOE
Visit our website: www.planusa.org

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 29

Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org
Director of New Business
Development
Richmond, VA
Christian Children’s Fund is offering the
opportunity for a results oriented per-
son to provide leadership, direction and
coordination of its fundraising among
institutional foundations, government
and multilateral agencies. The Direc-
tor of New Business Development will have a mandate to grow CCF’s
funding from these sources. This position will report directly to the Vice
President of Global Programs and will supervise an existing team with
a commitment to build the team as required.
The candidate will have:
• A demonstrated track record of success in developing winning
proposals in partnership with international, national and local
implementing partners.
• A strong knowledge of – and existing relationships with – institutional
foundations, government and multilateral agencies and other “key
players”, preferably in relation to programming in support of children.
• Experience in building organizational fundraising capability, with an
emphasis on building staff skills and abilities.
• Strong and enthusiastic interpersonal skills and an ability to
communicate orally and with excellent presentation skills.
CCF offers an excellent working environment, and a generous salary and
benefits package. The ability and desire to travel is a must.
Please submit your application directly by visiting our website
www.christianchildrensfund.org EOE M/F/D/V
30 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS
Country Director, Egypt (Cairo)
Egypt Country Office
Save the Children, the leading international relief and development
agency striving to improve the lives of women and children in need,
seeks a strong Country Director for its programs based in Cairo,
Egypt to lead strategic planning, growth, and management of all op-
erations and personnel in the country office. The CD will also main-
tain overall responsibility for administration, fiscal management,
and grant management of programs; direction, supervision, and
evaluation of staff; and the design, implementation, evaluation, and
analysis of program activities. S/he is also responsible for all donor
services, including sponsorship, and represents the agency with do-
nors, partner agencies, local institutions, and the media.  
Advanced degree in a developmental sector e.g., public health,
maternal,  or child health, plus at least six years of  management re-
sponsibility in development projects outside the US. Demonstrated
experience in managing field operations; proven track record of pro-
gram management, implementation, monitoring and fundraising;
and demonstrated experience in financial and grants management,
budget control and strategic planning. Proven knowledge of public
funding mechanisms such as USAID, DFID, UN, EU, private founda-
tions and sponsorship; excellent communication skills (oral and
written) in English; knowledge of Arabic preferred; and strong team
building, cross-cultural and representational skills is required.  
How to Apply:
Qualified candidates should apply directly on-line to:
www.savethechildren.org/careers/index.asp
and specify position #3641.
Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 31

Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org

The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) is an organization of international development professionals –
researchers, advocates and program managers – committed to creating and sharing the tools, approaches and techniques
needed to catalyze change for women worldwide.
Because of rapid growth, we are seeking qualified staff to fill several senior level positions crucial to our mission. These key
roles require vision and creativity coupled with proven expertise to move our research forward and apply that research to
policies and programs in developing countries. These positions are based in the Washington, D.C., headquarters but involve
targeted international travel to implement initiatives, monitor the impact of our work, and further ICRW’s visibility and reach.

Vice President, Health and Development Division

This senior leadership role in the organization functions as a member of both ICRW’s executive team and several cross-
functional management teams. You will be responsible for broad oversight of the three technical teams that represent
ICRW’s research agenda for Health and Development: HIV and AIDS and Development; Gender, Violence and Rights; and
Reproductive Health and Nutrition. The Vice President will participate in the strategic planning process, incorporating the
Division’s objectives: expanding the Division’s research and program portfolio, and fundraising, and coordinating program
area needs and activities with other ICRW divisions. You will provide leadership in promoting ICRW’s visibility and reputation
in the program area, represent ICRW with partners, governments, NGOs, the private sector and donors, and serve as an ICRW
spokesperson at public events and forums.
Gender and Agricultural Specialist
The Gender and Agricultural Specialist will help lead ICRW’s Economic Development Team to shape and develop its
portfolio on the importance of gender in agricultural development. As a senior member of the team, you will take the
primary responsibility for working with a major U.S.-based foundation to integrate gender issues into its global initiative on
agriculture. The engagement with the Foundation involves input on RFPs and proposals, technical assistance to Foundation
staff on proposal reviews, gender integration, and grantee support.
Senior Evaluation Specialist
The Senior Evaluation Specialist will provide leadership in measurement and evaluation support to a major U.S.-based
Foundation and its grantees. Your primary responsibility will be to ensure the ICRW internal team provides well-conceptualized
guidance to the Foundation and its grantees in framing and assessing key questions for performance, process and impact
evaluation, including, but not limited to, conceptual and instrument design, program design, research training and capacity
building, data management and analysis, and synthesis of project results in reports, presentations and papers.

Senior Technical Specialists, Gender and HIV / AIDS and Gender-Based Violence and Sexuality
These peer senior technical roles will contribute significantly to guiding and developing ICRW’s portfolio of work on gender
and HIV and gender and violence. Both roles will have primary responsibility for developing, leading and managing projects,
often within complex consortia, that involve research on project interventions, technical assistance and policy advocacy
that address the complex intersection of gender, gender-based violence and HIV and AIDS. Each position serves as a senior
member of the technical teams, helping to lead the conceptual development and fundraising for gender, gender-based
violence, rights and HIV and AIDS, and integrating these research themes with the Division’s broader portfolio on gender,
health and development.
Senior Social Demographer
The Senior Social Demographer will help lead the population and social transitions team to develop and expand specific
portfolios on gender, population and development. Your focus areas may include adolescents and transitions to adulthood;
determinants and consequences of women’s empowerment; son preference; and the linkage between fertility desires,
contraceptive use and abortion behavior. You will also serve as a mentor and manager for junior researchers, participating in
strategic thinking and donor/partner relations, and contributing significantly to ICRW’s institutional and business development.

In exchange for the talent and energy you bring to ICRW, we offer an environment that supports your continued professional
growth through challenging, meaningful and high-visibility work, a community of creative and motivated professionals with
whom you can collaborate and a total employment package that represents competitive compensation and benefits.
We invite you to contact Dora Ann Daniel at ddaniel@icrw.org with your resume and a cover letter as an e-mail attachment.
She then will establish a time to speak with you about your goals and vision as a development professional, share more
detailed information about our professional opportunities, and discuss how you might put your skills to work at our
organization. She also will discuss next steps toward setting up a personalized interview.

32 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 33

Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org

“Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex,

and more violent. It takes a touch of genius — and a lot of
courage—to move in the opposite direction.”
— Albert Einstein, at whose suggestion the IRC was founded

LÉONCE BARHERENDUBA
Security and Logistics
DR Congo

It takes the best to prevail against the worst of crises.

To join us, please visit: theIRC.org/Jobs

IRC_MonDev_MayAd.indd 1 4/18/08 12:27:04 PM

34 InterAction MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS

 Interested in placing a job announcement or advertisement? Email publications@interaction.org

SKILL
AND
PASSION
AT WORK Program Manager for Government Relations
Washington, DC
Current The Program Manager for Government Relations will be a key
Openings senior member of a staff team responsible for managing and
Finance Director carrying out InterAction’s ongoing work on U.S. foreign assistance
DR Congo reform. In particular, she or he will be responsible for covering
the work of, and maintaining relationships with key staff of the
Community Driven Office the Director of Foreign Assistance (F), the U.S. Agency for
Reconstruction Program International Development (USAID), and key congressional offices
Area Coordinator
and committees . The position reports to the Senior Director for
DR Congo
Public Policy and works closely with other Public Policy Unit staff.
Country Directors
Afghanistan and Pakistan Essential functions: Gathering information on changes in OFA,
USAID, MCC, and OGAC policies and practices; producing timely
Senior Technical Advisor, analyses of foreign assistance-related issues for use in advocacy
Environmental Health and by IA members; staffing and supporting InterAction’s
HQ New York Foreign Assistance Reform Task Force, and facilitating on-
going communication between InterAction members and U.S.
Deputy Director of Programs
West Sudan government staff (Congress and administration) on these issues.

Gender Based Violence Qualifications: The ideal candidate will have extensive knowledge
Coordinators of U.S. foreign assistance content and decision-making; have had
Sudan and Uganda at least five years experience working on foreign assistance related
issues, preferably with a federal agency or with an organization
that implements foreign-assistance funded projects; have proven
To learn more about working ability to work effectively as part of a team, multi-task, set priorities,
with us, please visit
adapt to change, and solve problems. Superior speaking and
writing skills are a must. The requisite education and experience
theIRC.org/Jobs for the position is a master’s degree, or the equivalent, in a field of
study directly related to international development.

Salary and Benefits: InterAction provides competitive salaries

and excellent benefits.

To apply, submit a cover letter and resume to advocacy@interaction.

org. Please indicate in your cover letter and email subject line the
position that you are applying for. The position will remain open until
filled though active review of applications will begin on May 15 and
applications received before that date will be preferred. Due to the
large number of applications received, only short-listed candidates will
be contacted. No phone calls, please.

IRC_thirdPage_MayAd.indd 1 4/18/08 12:33:10 PM

MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS May 2008 35
1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 210
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 667-8227
Fax: (202) 667-8236
publications@interaction.org
www.interaction.org

FIRST CLASS MAIL

InterAction is the largest alliance of U.S.-based international
development and humanitarian nongovernmental
organizations. With more than 160 members operating in every
developing country, we work to overcome poverty, exclusion
and suffering by advancing social justice and basic dignity for all.