2001

279-309


1983 (Commensurability,
Comparability, Communicability) CCC
(local incommensurability)(lexical structure)
(taxonomic structure)

1970 (Postscript1969)
(Reflection on My Critics)
(exemplar)(disciplinary matrix)1

3
CCC

CCC

2
Lakatos, Imre & Musgrave (1970) (eds.), Criticism and Growth of Knowledge; F. Suppe
(1977)(ed.), The Structure of Scientific Theories, W. Stugmueller (1976), The Structure of Dynamics of
Scientific Theory, F. Suppe (1989), The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism

(Gestalt shift)

(global incommensurability)

(untranslatability)

(Popper 1970, Toulmin 1970, Kitcher 1978, etc.)

(essential
component)
Kuhn 1991: 3

(interpretation)

(kernel terms)

(Kuhn 1983)5

(lexical structure) (taxonomic

structure)

(1994)
1999
(Explaining Scientific Revolution)
(Post-Kuhnian Philosophy and Sociology of Science)

(1999)
3

(Voltas battery)
(black-body)
6

Kuhn(1987)7

(Max
Plank)(Ludwig Boltzmann)

E
(cells)(elements) e e

(container)(cavity)(resonators)

7
Kuhn(1987), What Are Scientific Revolutions? Kuhn 1987a, The Shearman Memorial
Lectures
4

e
0, e, 2e, 3e
(1/3)e (4/5)e e e

.
(Kuhn 1987: 17) e
e
(energy atom)(quantum)

8
e
e

e
e
e

(taxonomic categories).(holistic)
(Kuhn 1987: 20)

CCC

e e

1909
(oscillators)
5

(local holism)
(Kuhn 1983: 682)

(The Road Since Structure,

1991)

(as evolution from, rather than evolution towards)

(Kuhn 1983, p.681-683)

(theory of reference)
(theory of sense or intension)

(synchronic slice across the sciences)(diachronic

slice)(specialties)

(Kuhn 1991: 7) 10

(1991: 7)

(speciation)

(lexicon)(1991: 8)

10

(Kuhn 1991, p.7)

7

11

12
13

1415

1970 1980
(Toulmin)(Shapere)

1980

CCC
11

12
(social constructivism)(Strong Pragram)
Giere

(Durkheim, 1915)(Mannheim, 1952)(Wittgenstein,

1953)(Peter Winch, 1958)(Mary Douglas, 1970)
(Juergen Habermas, 1972)(Harold Garfinkel, 1970)
(ethnomethology)(Giere 1988, p. 51)
13
Paul FeyerabendImre LakatosLarry Laudan Dudly ShaperePhilip Kitcher

14
. Nancy Nersessian(1992) Ronald Giere,
David Gooding, Paul Thagard
15
Bas Van FraassenFederick Suppe

(strong form of social constructivism)

(reality)
(convention)
16

17(Kuhnism)

18
(cognitive school)

(conceptual change)
(Nancy Nersessian, 1989)
(Paul Thagard,
1990, 1992)
19(Ronald Giere
1988, 1999)

20

(1998)

(science studies)

Gross, Paul
& Levitt, Norman (1998), Higher Superstition
17

Kuhn 1991, p. 3-4

18
Hacking, Buchwald, Xiang Chen, Daiwie Fu

19
(1992)
(explanatory coherence)(connectivism)

20

(Philosophy of Science)
(British Journal of Philosophy of Science)
16

(specie-genre)(kind of)
21 (kind
links)(part-whole links)
(property links)

(rule links)(instance links)

(1992, p.193, Fig 8.1)

K
P

(categorization)

22

Thagard 1992, ch.3, 4, 5

(Synthesis)
21
1989 (kind links)
(property links)

(relation links) 1990

(part-whole links)

(rule links)
(instance links)

22
(1999)
10


(1)
(2)

(conceptual
revolution)

(Thagard 1992: 202)

(explanatory coherence)
A B A
23

(hold together)

24
P Q
(Thagard 1992: 65)
1. P Q
2. Q P
3. P Q R

23

Thagard 1992, ch. 4

24

11

4. P R
Q S
P Q
(analogous)
(competing
explanation)

A B B
A
B (vortex theory)

(1) (2)
(3)
25(Thagard 1992: 204-205)

(Lakatos)

(Thagard 1992, ch.5)

(1)
(2)

26

(naturalized)

25

(qualitative)
(numerical laws)
70
20 50 30
(Thagard 1992, pp. 204-205)
26

12


(A theory of science)
27

(Giere 1988: 17)

(Giere 1988, 1999)

(1)(variations)
(random variations)(2) (selection)
(3) (transmission)(Giere 1988:
17-18; 1999: 48-49)

(Giere
1999: 49)
(representation)(judgement)

(decision)(Giere
1988, ch3, 4, 6)

(Giere 1999: 46-55)28

(Thagard 1992, p. 130)

27
Giere 1994, 1999(ch. 6)(1998)
28
1988 1999

13

29

(Giere 1988: 275; 1999: 44-45)

(Giere 1988: 275)

(stages)(Laudan)
(rational progress)
(Giere 1999: 54)

(standard)(Giere 1999: 38)

(natural selection)

(pp. 46-48)
29

(Giere 1999, p. 46)

14

(post-Kuhnian
period)

(1994)
H2O

95-122
(1999)

, No.2
(1998)

1998

------(1999)

Giere, Ronald N. (1988), Explaining Science (Chicago: The University of Chicago

Press).
------(1994), The Cognitive Structure of Scientific Theories, Philosophy of Science 61:
276-296.
------(1999), Science without Laws (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press)
Gross, Paul, & Levitt, Norman (1998), Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its
Quarrels with Science, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press).

15

Kitcher, P. (1978), Theories, Theorists, and Theorical Change in The Philosophical

Review 87, No.4. (October 1978): 519-547.
Kuhn, T. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolution (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1970).
------(1970a), Reflection on My Critics, in I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave (Eds.) Criticism
and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp.
231-278.
------(1970b), Postscript1969, in The Structure of scientific revolution, 2nd ed.
------(1983) Commensurability, Comparability, Communicability, in P. D. Asquith and
T. Nickles (Eds.) PSA 1982, Proceedings of the 1982 Biennial Meeting of the
Philosophy of Science Association (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association),
pp.669-688.
------(1987a), What is Scientific Revolution?, in Lorenz Krger, Loraine J. Daston, and
Michael Heidelberger (Eds.) The Probabilistic Revolution, Vol 1: Ideas in History
(Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press).
------(1987b) The Presence of Past Science. The Shearman Memorial Lecture (London:
University College, London University).
------(1989) Possible Worlds in History of Science, in S. Allen (Ed.) Possible Worlds in
Humanities, Arts, and Sciences (Berlin: de Gruyter Press), pp.9-32.
------(1991) The Road Since Structure, in PSA 1990, Proceedings of the 1982 Biennial
Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association (Philosophy of Science Association),
pp.3-13.
Lakatos, Imre & Musgrave (1970) (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
(Cambridge: Cambridge university press).
Nersessian, Nancy (1989) Conceptual Change in Science and In Science Education,
Synthese 80: 163-183.
------(1992), How Do Scientists Think? Capturing the Dynamics of Conceptual
Change in Science, in Giere(1992)(ed.), Cognitive Models of Science (Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press), pp. 3-44.
Popper, Karl (1970), Normal Science and its Dangers, in Lakatos & Masgrave
(1970)(eds.), pp. 51-58.
Stegmller, Wolfgang (1976), The Structure and Dynamics of Theories (Heidelberg:
Springer-Verlag).
Suppe, Frederick (1977)(ed.), The Structure of Scientific Theories, 2nd ed. (Urbana:
University of Illinois Press).
------(1989), The Semantic Concept of Theories and Scientific Realism. (Urbana:
University of Illinois Press).

16

Thagard, Paul (1990), The Conceptual Structure of the Chemical Revolution, in

Philosophy of Science 57: 183-209.
------(1992) Conceptual Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Toulmin, S. (1970), Does the Distinction between Normal and Revolutionary Science
Hold Water? in Lakatos & Masgrave (1970)(eds.), pp. 39-47.

17