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Stress-Strain Material Laws
Strains and Stresses are Connected by Material Properties of the Body (Structure)
Recall the connections displayed in previous lecture: MP internal forces stresses strains displacements size&shape changes
MP displacements strains stresses internal forces The linkage between stresses and strains is done through material properties, as shown by symbol MP over red arrow Those are mathematically expressed as constitutive equations
Historically the first C.E. was Hooke's elasticity law, stated in 1660 as "ut tensio sic vis" Since then recast in terms of stresses and strains, which are more modern concepts.
Assumptions Used In This Course As Regards Material Properties & Constitutive Equations
Macromodel material is modeled as a continuum body; finer scale levels (crystals, molecules, atoms) are ignored stress-strain response is reversible and has a preferred natural state, which is unstressed & undeformed relationship beteen strains and stresses is linear properties of material are independent of direction deformations are so small that changes of geometry are neglected as loads (or temperature changes) are applied
Elasticity
L0
gage length
E, and G are not independent. They are linked by E = 2G (1+), G = E/(2(1+)), = E /(2G)1
gaged length
(b)
P
Stress state
y z
x Cartesian axes
xx
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Strain state
xx
0 0
yy
0 0
zz
The elastic modulus E is defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain: E =
def
whence = E , =
The sign in the definition of is introduced so that it comes out positive. For structural materials n lies in the range [0,1/2). For most metals (and their alloys) is in the range 0.25 to 0.35. For concrete and ceramics, 0.10. For cork 0. For rubber 0.5 to 3 places. A material for which = 0.5 is called incompressible. If is very close to 0.5, it is called nearly incompressible.
T
gaged length For distribution of shear stresses and strains over the cross section, cf. Lecture 7 y z x Cartesian axes
(b) T
xy
0 0
0 0 0 0 at all points in the gaged region. Both the shear stress yx = xy as well as the shear strain xy = yx vary linearly as per distance from the cross section center (Lecture 7). They attain maximum values on the max specimen surface. For simplicity, call those values = max xy and = xy
Stress state
yx
0 0 0
Strain state
yx
xy
0 0 0
The shear modulus G is defined as the ratio of the foregoing shear stress and strain: G =
def
whence = G , =
x
gaged length At the reference temperature T0 (usually the room temperature) the gaged length is L 0 . Heat the unloaded specimen by T while allowing it to expand freely in all directions. The gaged length changes to L = L 0 + L. The coefficient of thermal expansion is defined as =
def
L L0 T
whence L = L 0 T
T The ratio T = xx = L /L 0 = T is called the thermal strain in the axial (x) direction. For an isotropic material, the material expands equally in T T all directions: xx = T yy = zz , whereas the thermal shear strains are zero.
+ T = M + T E
expresses that total strain = mechanical strain + thermal strain: the strain superposition principle Strain To Stress:
= E ( T )
A problem in Recitation 3 uses this form
1 E xx E yy zz E = x y 0 yz 0
zx
E 1 E E 0 0 0
E E 1 E 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 G 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 G 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 G
x x yy zz x y yz zx
For derivation using the strain superposition principle, as well as inclusion of thermal effects, see Lecture notes
x x E (1 ) yy E zz E = 0 x y 0 yz 0 zx
in which
E (1 ) E E 0 0 0 = E
E E (1 ) E 0 0 0
0 0 0 G 0 0
0 0 0 0 G 0
0 xx 0 yy 0 zz 0 x y 0 yz G zx
E (1 2 )(1 + )
This is derived by inverting the matrix of previous slide. For the inclusion of thermal effects, see Lecture notes
Stresses
x x yx 0 x y yy 0 0 0 0
Strains
yx 0
xx
x y
yy
0 0
zz
1 E xx yy E = zz E x y 0
E 1 E E 0
x x 0 yy 0 xy 1 G 0 0 G
x x yy x y
in which
E E 0 = E
E E 0 E 1 2
xx
x y
yy