1

1985

19823 63-68

19894 34-37

19972 13-17

1982

2002.6
1

3
4

20004 115-118

11999 136-146

2002.10
73-81

20013 40-49
3
132001.7 65-106
4

1995.7
5

141996.3
135-154

11999 136-146
6

1983
2

10

19874 143-150

1986.5

19883 121-124

19915 21-24
9

291971
10

32
1999.12 75-89
1978.10 1-8
8

11

12

13

14
15

/
16Jennifer Holmgren

17

11

71998.4
1-20

12002.5 11-23
12
41996.11 415-39
13
1989
14
43
1997.9
111-126

51999.3
1-30
15

1994.12
16

261998.6
1-42
17
Jennifer Holmgren, Widow Chastity in the Northern Dynasties: The Lieh-n Biography in the
Wei-Shu, Papers on Far Eastern History 23(1981), pp.165-186.
4

18

Andersen Chiu

19
Richard L. Davis

Chiu

Davis
20

21

22

Katherine Carlitz

18

4:12000.3
17-42
19
Andersen Chiu, Changing Virtues? The Lien of the Old and the New History of the Tang, East
Asia Forum 4(1995): 48-59.
20
Richard L. Davis, Chaste and Filial Women in Chinese Historical Writings of the Eleventh
Century, Journal of the American Oriental Society 121.2(2001): 204-18.
21
122002.12
22

24 2000.3

113-131
5

23

Susan Mann

24
25Susan

26
27

23

Katherine Carlitz, Desire, Danger, and the Body: Stories of Womens Virtues in Late Ming China,
Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994),
pp.107-110Katherine Carlitz
1994.6 157-186
24
Susan Mann, Historical Change in Female Biography from Song to Qing Times: The Case of Early
Qing Jiangnan (Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces), Transactions of the International Conference of
Orientalists in Japan 30(1985): 65-77.
25
Susan Mann , Suicide and Survival: Exemplary Widows in the Late Empire,

1993
23-39

Susan Mann , Talented Women in Local

Gazetteers of the Lingnan Region during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,
31995.8 140-141
26
Susan Mann, Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China,
Journal of Asian Studies 46(1987): 37-48.
27
Susan Mann, Presidential Address: Myths of Asian Womanhood, The Journal of Asian Studies
59.4(Nov.2000): 835-862.
6

28 1990 90

95 29

3031

28

21994.6

1945-1995721996.6
29

251997.6
61998.8
30

1998.6

3.41998.9
39-55

101999.6
27-55

2001

2002.6

2001
31

52002.12
73-79

1998.6
7

32

33

34

35

36

37

32

1994 10 241
1995
Partica Ebrey, Women, Marriage, and the Family in Chinese History, in Paul S. Popp ed.,
Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese Civilization (Berkeley: Univ. of California
Press, 1990), pp.197-223.Andrew C.K. Hsieh and Jonathan D. Spence, Suicide and the Family in
Pre-modern Chinese Society, in A. Kleinman and T.Y. Lin ed, Normal and Abnormal Behavior in
Chinese Culture (Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, 1980), pp.29-47. Tien ju-kung, Male Anxiety
and Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical Values in Ming-Ching Times(Leiden: E.
J. Brill, 1988).
34
13
35

36

336-337

37
191
33

300

1368-1736

gender
1970
sex
80 Joan Wallach Scott Gender and the Politics of
History

38

38

Joan Wallach Scott, Gender: A Useful Category of History Analysis, in Gender and the Politics of
History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp.29-33.
10

39

1736

40

41 35
42

39
40
41
42

11993 227
1975.4142-144
1979.10 136
1979-1986
11

43

13681736

43

1999.5 332
12

44

44

1997.12 313
13

14

45

45

2002.2
15

16

1679

1727-1814

2
1920 30
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1975
2

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1974.10 31
454

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1968.4 4-5
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111935.3
41-45
17

1999

5
6

16451736

30

16
5
271999.4 21
6

9921999.8 1-22
7

1933

1968
53-180

1994
177-2361.
34 2. 44 3.

18

91 1739 95 9
1679
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78

10
31 454

1997.12
6

303

1998
336

4267

11

1970
15 17a

10
12

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1997 349
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473
1995 9 1
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15
1980
16

1676-1753

1718

1679

1634-16911629-1682

1642-171119

20

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16 12a

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1849-1944

221929.12 383
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2 12b
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22
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181
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[]
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16381702

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[]
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1998 228
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6 72
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313 309
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1995

416

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17 14 5 226 15 241

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1997.12 3 62
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31 454
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257 17a
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79

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19 77 9 205 56 310

205 57 208

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173 174

173 176-178 175

1985
66

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1930.5.7

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251939.6
213-238
231-59
416
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1997.6
11
205 147

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1990.5 469-470
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1988.12 298-303

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79

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248
241953.6 133
77

19942 83-93
78
Matthew Fryslie
The
Historians Castrated Slave: The Textual Eunuch and the Creation of Historical Identity in the Ming
History, PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2001.
79
9 173
80
2 10b
76

29

81

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1739

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19994 67-73
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19-21
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1968 7
108
19994 68-70
109
Hol-Lam Chan, The Historiography of the China Dynasty: Three Studies (Wiesbaden:
Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, 1970), p.21.
110
1611998.6 155-182
106

34


111

112

113313

416
114

1. 313
2. 416
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1645
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221994.6
185-189
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113
241953.6 107-34
114
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313

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336 336

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=239

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275 263
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[]

[]

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416 416
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Wolfgang Franke
1992 833
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7580
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1962 302
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2000.3
113-131
33
11 16a
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31

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37

[]38
1499-1566
1526-1590

35

9 1
D. C. Twitchett, Chinese Biographical Writing, in W.G. Beasley and E. G. Pulleyblank ed.
Historians of China and Japan(London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1961),p.106; Wang
Gung-wu, The Chiu Wu-tai Shih and History Writing during the Five Dynasties, Asia Major, new
series 6:part1, 1957, pp.8-12.
37

205

20011 25-33
38
21b
36

51


39

40

1594-1658
1656
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1529-159345
1558-1632

164041

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15%43
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39

7 3
5 1b
41
Wolfgang Franke,, An Introduction of the Sources of Ming History
47
42
2 8a
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Wolfgang Franke 831
40

52

1593

44

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4849

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44

264 3a
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32 4
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218 89
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Thomas A. Wilson

241 66-721994.3
49
69-73
45

50

20 6
53

51

1.2.
3.4.52

53

51

1410 1 422

19942 85
53
David S. Nivison Aspects of Traditional Chinese Biography,
Journal of Asian Studies 21.4(1962): 457-463.
52

54

54

55
56

57

416

54
55
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57

5 15a
71984.6 78
5 274
1983 23 4a
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1-2-2
416

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301 189

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199-200
9

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1967 24 17a
1980 205-208
1988.2 50
108

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1981 4 8-9
1985
21
Lisa Raphals, Sharing the Light: Representation of Women and Virtue in Early China (Albany:
State University of New York Press, 1998), Ch1-3.
22

1986.5 145-155

20

109

23

24

25
26

27

23

85 6 32
1 4
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1998
4

284
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36 1950
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481 13184
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1983

1a
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5 153
36
D. C. Twitchett, Chinese Biographical Writing, in W.G. Beasley and E. G. Pulleyblank ed.
Historians of China and Japan (London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 95-96.
29

111

37

38

39

[
]40

41

37

Grant Hardy
, Can an Ancient Chinese Historian Contribute to Modern
Western Theory? The Multiple Narratives of Ssu-ma Chien, History and Theory 33.1(1994): 20-38.
38
1991.10 231
39

1999.7 25-26
40
24 1701
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112

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61 2112
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4 102
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201996.11 397

11 1969 488
51

Twitchett
, Chinese Biographical Writing, in W.G. Beasley and E. G.
Pulleyblank ed. Historians of China and Japan. p.108-113.

52
129 3260
114

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77-6 BC

54

53
54

49 1697
27 7-8
115

55

56

16BC
57

55

86 2526 86 10b
Marina H. Sung Lieh-n

The Chinese Lieh-n Tradition, in Richard W.Guisso and Stanley Johnnesen, eds., Women in
China(Youngstown, New York: Philo Press,1981),pp.63-74.
57
1986.5 4
56

116

58

59

1.

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982

51999.3
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118

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1981
59
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67

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Herbert Franks, Some Remarks on the Interpretation of Chinese Dynastic Histories, Oriens
3(1950): 120-1.
68
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72

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1060 150

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30 31 54
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15

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4:12000.3
17-42
12
Jennifer Holmgren, Widow Chastity in the Northern Dynasties: The Lieh-n Biography in the
Wei-Shu, Papers on Far Eastern History, 23(1981): 175.
13

291971 28

14
Andersen Chiu 57-58
5829
15
1340 796 13b-15
15b-17
128

16

1344

1344

1345

5
17
18

19

20

21

16

491
128

1978.10 1-8
17
Hol-Lam Chan, The Historiography of the Chin Dynasty: Three Studies.
(Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, 1970)
18
1985.10 166
19

321999.1275-89
20
19904 123
21
1991 265
129

22

23

Richard L. Davis
Davis

24

22

520-521
1983
24

1982
159-189 Richard
L. Davis, Chaste and Filial Women in Chinese Historical Writings of the Eleventh Century, Journal
of the American Oriental Society, 121.2(2001): 204-218.
23

130

25

19

26

25

26
84 2781
131

27

28

1804

2803

27

28-30
28
477
132

1977-1978

1983

1983

29
29

133

17 8

Jennifer Holmgren

30

Jennifer Holmgren
31

261998.6 11-21
30
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Changing Virtues? The Lien of the Old and the New History of the Tang, East Asia Forum
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, The Social Uses of

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Sixteenth-Century Thought, in Margery Wolf and Roxane Witke ed. Women in Chinese Society
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), pp.13-38.
21
Katherine Carlitz, The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of Lien Zhuan, Late
Imperial China, 12.2(1991): 124-138.

22
413 18
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Ellen Felicia Soulliere, Palace Women in the Ming Dynasty:1368-1644,Princeton Unv. Ph.D.
dissertation1987 71-75
50
Katherine Carlitz, The Social Uses of Female Virtue in Late Ming Editions of Lien Zhuan, Late
Imperial China 12.2(Dec.1991): 126.
51

47562
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53
1
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56 77.42%

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Furth
Charlotte Furth,The Patriarchs Legacy: Household Instructions and the Transmission of
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University of California Press, 1990), pp196-98; 203.
56

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46
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Joseph Dennis
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16b
267

7709

15

16

7707
7693

7714

7695
17 7716
18

7732

15

16 40a
32 69 21-25
17
61990 31
821-2
18

11
6

60b
16

268


19

7734

13.98% 68.82%
82.8% 3.22%
12.55% 10.75%20 56.27% 1-3-3

211458

221571

19

22
55

285a
20

21

105
90 16 15.2% 93
22
291 12a 2 5
269

23

24

13.2-14.2
1511

25

26

271672
1675
28
1723
29

3031
23

60 1a 5 8
65 1b-2a 5 4
25
24 34b
26
65 23
27

1999 115-117
28
323 4a
29
323 5b-6a
30

81934
19-35
24

270

1688

32

1728

33

1712

1715

1995.10 122-123
31

400-414
32
323 4b
33
323 12
271

1735
34

351736

1713

36

7689-7690

7575

37
38

34

323 13
136-147
36
79 457
37

58 1989

7
38
8a
35

272

391735

40

4142
43

44

416

45

39

1670

324

1a1653

323 1b
40
323 13b
41
1970 4 13 2
42
1997 10 240
43
561
44
Mark Elvin, Female Virtue and the State in China, Past and Present 104(1984): 122-3.
45

12611985
3 23
273

46

47

48

46

1295 24

9b-10a
47
67 1547-8
48
70 1591
274

1468-1559

491527-1602

50

51

52

53

49
50
51
52
53

1270 7b
5 211
1138 9 1b
14 24-26a
7
275

7741

54

55
56

1445-1499

57

54

33 1993
15

2a
55
1992 10
493-494
56
243-50
57

1252 39

34b
276

58

59

60

61

1531-1593

62

63
1427-1502

58

9 39a

13
23

2b
60
48 301
61
51a
62
194 6b-7a
63
13 14b
59

277

64

65

66

67

68

64

1249 9 17
14 8
66
1 6b
67
1249 58 8b
68
1639-1710

1316 39

12
65

278

69

70
1528

71

69

22-24

2001 295-337
71
1474-1543
1266 5

22
70

279

1532-1595
72

73

74

75

72
73
74
75

23 2b

302 9 38
1960 693
3 12b-13a
280

76

77

78
79

80

76

1983 3b

78

21 3b-4a
79

10 16
25

80
107-108
77

281

81

82

81

91985
9

372
82
376
282

83

83

1457 413 19
283

284

366231

300

279 0.82%

53.77% 1-3-2
13.98% 68.82%
82.8% 3.22% 12.55%
10.75%
3.59% 56.27% 1-3-3

1979 112

2
1914 1844-19271850-1933
1928 1868-1950
3
30

46

46 10
285

18%5%

24%18%

2000.8 337
1629

1980.8 151-187
5

286

616
13

2781-82

2792-93 2793-94

2795

Jennifer Holmgren, Widow Chastity in the Northern Dynasties: The Lieh-n Biography in the
Wei-Shu, Papers on Far Eastern History 23(1981): 174.
287

10%

2793-2794
2801-2803

1980

1266 8 16

1994.12I
9
4:12000.3
28-29
8

288

197910

13%

54 4

11
12

10

Jennifer Holmgren Widow Chastity in

the Northern Dynasties: The Lieh-n Biography in the Wei-Shu, p.175.

11

11999 136-146
12
142
289

13

1487-1563

141498-1583
151547-1629
16

1475-1531

17

18

1374-1471
19

13

1600-19502001.8.23-25
14

72 6

66b
15

98 14
38a 20 80b
16

165 14

27a 8 39b
17

1249 45
9b-10a
18
10 25a
19

30 2

290

1506-1571

20

21

22
1521-1593

23

1525-1593

22
20
25 19a
21
20a
22
4 52
23

145 26

3b-4b
291

24
25

26

27

28

29

24

117 43

16b-17b
25
43 18b-19b
26
Francesca Bray, Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial ChinaBerkeley:
University of California Press, 1997,p.257.
27

250 18

39b-41a
28

241 14

22b-23a
29
30 7
292

30
31

32

33

34

35

36
30

250 18

27b
18 38b
32

316 45

7
33

32 7
46a
34
411977
1a
35
1 2a
36
1 24b 2 4a
31

293

37

381614-1681
39

40

1638-1661

41

42

43
44

37

3 3b
1 23a
39

1991 62

45
40
1313 24
17b
41
3 10b
42
3 15b-16b
43
3 20
44
3 22b-23a
38

294

45

46

47

48

49

45

4 1
2
47
4 8a
48

1990
1

69-71
2 25
49

40
46

295

50

51

52

53

50

8 35b-36a
(1606)
1983 37
52

4
43

1
53
89 23 46
51

296

541435-1508
55

56

1501

57

58

59

54

23
21

1a
55

1254

4b
56
58
57
2 13 1
58
13 3b
59
17 49
297

60

61

62

60

514-544
61
Susan Mann, Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structures of Qing Dynasty China,
Journal of Asian Studies 46.1(1987): 45-48.
62
7 166-167
298

63

64

65

66

1547-1629
67

63

1402 24 7

64

65

4
43

59-60a
66

13
8

49a
67

1970
8

32b
299

68

69
70

71

68

43 19b

102002.12
199-219
70

19955 73-74
71
204
69

300

72

73
1357-1402

74

75
76

72

3 164
Susan Mann
Talented Women in Local Gazetteers of the Lingnan Region during the Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Centuries,31995.8 140
74
1235 21 58
75

1242 9

5b-6a
76

7
25

6 28b
73

301

77

1628-1699

78

79

1508-1576

80

81

1567-1631

82

77

4
43

41a
78
1323 5
23a
79
25a
80

100 16
31-33a
81
1250 30 9b
82

1295 7

19b
302

7716
772183

7727

84

7756

7726

7729-30

83
84

177 5a-b
79 5b-6
303


85

86
416

87

88

89

85

177 13a
18b21b
87

20 5

269
88

1979
6

502
89
Mark Elvin 50
, Female Virtue and the State in China, Past and Present 104(1984): 124.
86

304

305

7729

7723

1232 2

17b-21b
306

1597-1679

42
19

1a
3

30
38 1b
4

161 10
23
5
1223 11 50a
6

7a
307

9
10
1638-1661

11

1276 5

30

Male Anxiety and

Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical Values in Ming-Ching Times, esp. Ch5
Susan Mann

Suicide and Survival: Exemplary Widows in the Late Empire,

1993
23-34
9

1999.1 138-148
10

115 1b
11
10 10b
8

308

12

13

14

7705

15

16

12

13 2a

30 13
3a
14

4b
15
18 5a
16

58

12 385
13

309

17

18

19

20
1426

211653

22

23
1474-1543

17

37

25b

19
1984 1 14
20

1975.7 31
641-642
21
Tien Ju-Kang, Male Anxiety and Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical
Values in Ming-Ching Times.pp.61-62.
22

311999.6
28-35

23
Katherine Carlitz, Shrine, Governing-Class Identity, and the Cult of Widow Chastity in Mid-Ming
Jiangnan, The Journal of Asian Studies 56.31997: 612-640.
18

310

241594
25

26
18.65%
27

24

1266 7

20b-22a

1293 4

13a
26
Susan Mann 18

Suicide and Survival:

Exemplary Widows in the Late Empire, 27-36
Andrew
C.K. Hsieh and Jonathan D. Spence, Suicide and the Family in Pre-modern Chinese Society, in
Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture
Mann

,
Historical Change in Female Biography from Song to Qing Times: The Case of Early Qing Jiangnan
(Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces), Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan
30, 1985: 65-77.
27
Tien Ju-Kang, Male Anxiety and Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical
Values in Ming-Ching Times.pp.48-60.
25

311

28

29

301604-1677

31

28
29
30
31

5 434-436
436
5 434
1979 17 395-396
312

32

33

34

612

13164

35

32

279-298

249 6

11b
34
2 16291662
1647 1706-08 Lynn A. Struve,
The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619-1683: A Historiography and Source Guide (Ann Arbor, Michigan:
Published by the Association for Asian Studies, 1998), pp.362-363.
35

49

33

313

36

37
38

39
40

41

42

12
36
Richard L. Davis, Wind against the Mountain: The Crisis of
Politics and Culture in Thirteenth-century China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
37
1991 4 8
38
49 3
39
33 15 16b
40

1962
20

824-825
41

1295 24

9
42

9 18

21b-22a
314

43-1663

44

45

46

47
416

43

Manhood and Nationhood:

Make Literatis Writings on Chaste Women in the Aftermath of the Fall of the Ming Dynasty,

2002.10.22-24
44
19
1988 12 12 10
45
1979.5 21 414
46
21 438
47

1987 1
315

279

48
1644

49
50

51

48

3 14a
21
50
Richard L. Davis
Wind against the Mountain: The Crisis of Politics and Culture in
Thirteenth-century China, pp.184-188.
51

1991
49

316

52

53

54

1634-1713
1644

55

56

57
1631-1647

52

291993

17-18
53
33 15 15b-16a
54
18
55

26

1323 13b
56

122 12

1-2a
57
311992.3
69-94
317

58

124 20
59

115 41.22% 192 59.9%

102 53.13.%

18.65%
38% 20

60

1630-1696

61

58

1930

292002.6
63-85
59

60

1628-1644 29.91% 52.89%

1995 172-174
61

2531989

4 129b
318

1644

62

1698

[]

63

416

62

33 1 2a

122 12

3-4a
63

319

257

64
65

66

67

68

64

1980

65
2002.9 361-362
66
12-17
67

1992 712-716
68
1999.1 441
320

69

70

1672

71

69

2002.2 187

2002
70

349-352
71

1986
28

2581
321

72

73
74

75

76

72

12 1783

1996
11

191
74
5 372-373
75
2 56-57
76
4 366
73

322

77

78

1596-1672

79

80

81

77

10
2001.5 1-20
78

302002.6 39-56
79

281993
8
7
80
10 3b
81
Carlitz

157-158 Carlitz

323

82

7744 7744
7747

7748

83

84

18 11
82

320
83

2001.10
311-319
84
2a-3b
324

85

86
331 48

87

88

85

14 22
31
87

132002.3 220
88
5 25a 6
86

325

89

90
91

92
93

94

89

6 18a 7

90
1247 23 11
91

1997
24-31

2811999.6
255-272

3.41998.9
92
Frederic Wakeman, Jr.

1998.3
809-810
93
Frederic Wakeman,
Jr. 809
94
Lynn A. Struve, The Hs Brothers and Semiofficial Patronage of Scholars in the Kang-his Period,
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42:1(Jun.1982): 231-266.
326

95

96
97

981612-169499
1645

100

95

2 13a

97

10

6b-11a

98

18b
22 1594 19 1680

99

1998
30
564-569
100
Grace S. Fong
Signifying Bodies: The Cultural Significance of Suicide Writing by Women in
Ming-Qing China, in Paul S. Ropp, Paola Zampweini and Harriet T. Zurndorfer ed. Passionate
Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China ( Leiden: Brill, 2001) ,pp.105-142.
96

327

101

102

103

104

105
1061821-1902

107

101

2 11a
1978.6 245-262
103
277 18a
104
28-29a
105

1992 707
106

3 12b-18b
107

9
2a
102

328

1633-17101699-1700

10816821694
575
360

109

110

108

Lynn Struve , The Hs Brothers and Semiofficial

Patronage of Scholars in the Kang-hsi Period, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 42:1(Jun.1982):
231-266. The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619-1683: A Historiography and Source Guide, pp.35, 40-41.
109
1987 1
110

329

111

112
113

34 14.23%

114

115

116

111

2
2 14
113
Lynn Struve, The Ming-Qing Conflict, 1619-1683: A Historiography and Source Guide, p.40.
114

1995.10 225227
115
1313 25 15
116
111

1-26

298-230
112

330

1759
1644-1645

117

118

119

120

1609-1671

1652

117

711996.3 1-25

1611998
19-58
118

1996.12 144-182
119
286 12 3 8
120
20002 94
331

121
122

123

7757

24
1637-1704

121

1984 71-76
123
19 9
122

332

124
1518 1677
24

125

126
416

257 14

7758

7759

7760

124
125
126

248 5

11
Frederic Wakeman, Jr. 838-840
13 3-4a
333

127

128

416
257

7689

127

Dorothy Ko(), The Complicity of Women in the Qing Woman Cult, in

467-472
128

261998.6 11-14
334

129

130

131

132

129

Matthew Fryslie, The Historians Castrated Slave: The Textual Eunuch and the Creation of
Historical Identity in the Ming History, PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan, 2001.
130
Matthew Fryslie
140-141
131
James Bunyan Parsons foreign
, The Peasant Rebellions of the late Ming Dynasty (Tucson: Published for the Association for Asian
Studies by the University of Arizona Press, 1970), p.260.
132
911993.11 42
335

1728-1804[]

1331727-1814
134
135

133
134
135

1977.12 9 219
31 455
5 274
336

[]

48

1701-1754

1973.6
48

359
247

4114

5
328-376

1995.6

1997.6

151935.7
1991
553-577

151967
46-66

161988
101-131

2000.8 386-414
3

1973.10 4
6-7a
4
70-71
5
5 229-230
6

303 8

26 12a

370
1 19a
248

454
7494
8512

9
10

1368

1388

11

12
1648

131652

6 114

1984

428
9

212-213Mark Elvin
515 4

222Female Virtue and

the State in China, Past and Present 104(1984): 116.
512

515 212
10
681 973
416
1704 2344

11

1989
79
37

457
12

364 14b-15a 29 10

72 1993
54
12b

13

249

14
1713

15
1727
16

17

1.

14

13a

15

67 1991

323 5a
16

17

110 5a 9 11 1457

79
457
250

18

1336-1374

19

20

1475-1531

21

22

23

18

19

1237 9

48b-49a
20
53b
21
1249 40 9
22

13 1985.3 7-25
23
14 7 15b-16a
251

24

25

26 7582-7583

27

28

29

30

24

16
67 8a 6 2
26
Mark Elvin

53 19b
Female
Virtue and the State in China, p.116 18
27
7 12 79b
28
14 7 11b-12a
29
1476-1545

1263 7

9
30
7 12 81a
25

252

1304

31

32

1.
33
2.

31

2001.7 17

517
32
17 518 5
33
232 4a 18 12
253

34
3.

35

36

37

38

531-532

39

34

477 3a 38 10
87 8a 7 8
36
1979 83 10b
37

512 23 161
37 a
38
364 14b-15a 29 10
39
92 1985
35

254

40

41
30
30

42

2.
40

26
19

27a
41
1966.2 48 13b
42
16 17 3a
255

43

1651

44
45
1727

46

138247
481500
49

43

4 9-10a

598 65

28b

45

61998.8 21
46
323 9
47
146 5a 15 7
48
152 1b 16 2
49
161 3a 13 4
44

256

50

51

521447-1516

[]

53

50

271 1b-2a 21 10
51
43 15b 3 5
52

53
1250 36 18a
257

54

55

56

57

54

5 29b-30a
55
3 25b
56
68
57
79 457
258

58

59

60

61

1378

62

1425

58

79

457
59

101
60
111 1b-2a 9 3
61
10 17 180 82 98

19924 44
62
118 2a 11 4
259

63

40

64

651374

66

67

63

9 4a 9

76 1-4

145 24 21b
65

6
5

33
66
93 1b 7 9
67
150 6 15 12
64

260

68

69

70

71

68

127 11b
24 32b
70
24 34b
71

1997 1
69

261

721393

73

1523

74

1505
1532

75

76

72

1964.4
18

25b
73
6 5 33
74
24 34b-35a
75
78 47
76
47b
262

1564
771582
78

79

80

77

78 43
16 41b-42a
79

32
1992 69 25
80
1997 23
78

263

1588

81
1483
82

83

1511

84

592
81
194 5 16
82
244 6a 19 9
83

93-128
84
77 6b 6 7
264

77391801-1865

7725

1645
1782

416

1856 1 53

5a
2

337

416
416
416

69 29%

338

339

340

341

3
416 259
41648-1711
5 416
416

40
129 2
35b-36a 2a
5

1977.3
3

323-324
4

342

1:496 1:105 1:27.77

5 8
10 7725

1340 794 14b

Male Anxiety and Female Chastity: A Comparative Study of Chinese Ethical Values in
Ming-Ching Times 40
8
61
7

343

10

9
10

Keith Jenkins1996.12 150

20002 94
344

Twichett

11

12 Nivison

13

14

narrative
structural15

11

D. C. Twitchett
1973 29Chinese Biographical Writing, in Historians of China and Japan (London: Oxford
University press, 1961), pp. 95-114.
12
D. C. Twitchett, Biography, The Writing of Official History under the Tang (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 62-83.
13
Davis S. Nivison, Aspects of Traditional Chinese Biography, Journal of Asian Studies 21.4(1962):
457-63.
14
Frederick W. MoteDenis Twitchett 813
15
Peter Burke, History of Events and the Revival of Narrative, in Peter Burke ed., New
345

Haden White
Grant Hardy

16

17

18
19

Perspectives on the Historical Writing (PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992),
pp.233-248.
16
Grant Hardy, Can an Ancient Chinese Historian Contribute to Modern Western Theory? The
Multiple Narratives of Ssu-Ma Chien, History & Theory, 33.1(1994): 20-38.
17

2002.12 136-152
18
155-156
19
161
346

20

21
1866-1934

22

20

1995 32-40
21

22

11 1969
11

347

23
24
1990
25
26
27
28

29

23

19881

19983 65-70

20012 26-35

1999.4

1995.1 90

20
2001 215-218
24
2002.2
25

81985.12

1989.6
71984.6 163-208
26

1995

111997.11
27

15
1994.12 235-257
21999.7 13-39
28

171998.6 65-9262002 1-21

2001
29

21991 188
348

349

30

31
Susan Mann
32Kathryn Bernhardt

33

34

30

1984 372
31
Susan Mann, Women, Family and Gender Relations, in Willard J. Peterson ed.,
The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), Vol.9, Part1: The
Ching Empire to 1800, pp.428-472.
32
Precious RecordsWomen in Chinas Long Eighteenth Century.
33
Kathryn Bernhardt, A Ming Qing Transition in Chinese Womens History? The Perspective from
Law, in Gail Hershatter eds. Remapping China: Fissures in Historical Terrain (Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1996), pp.42-58.
34
Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China.
350

1736

35

1725

36

37 3.122714118688 3.3494821284138

Susan Mann
39
42

35

1998.7 95-108
36

37

38

1979 112
39
Susan Mann, Historical Change in Female Biography from Song to Qing Times: The Case of Early
Qing Jiangnan (Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces), Transactions of the International Conference of
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351

40

104
41

Susan Mann

42

40

10a

151967.12 64
121964.12 44-48
42

282001.12
173
41

352

Paul Cohen
present43

fact

43

Paul A. Cohen, History in Three Keys: the Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1997), p.297.
353

354